Person Page - 1639

     Owain ap Gruffydd died on 17 January 1235.²
Owain ap Gruffydd was buried after 17 January 1235 at Strata Florida Abbey, Wales.²
     EDV-22.

     EDV-21.

     Owain ap Maredudd married Angharad ferch Owain ap Maredudd, daughter of Owain ap Maredudd of Cydewain and Marared ferch Maelgwn.^2,3

     EDV-20.

     Llywellyn ab Owain Lord of Iscoed married Eléonore de Bar, daughter of Henri III de Bar Comte de Bar, Seigneur de Torcy en Brie, graf von Nassau and Eleanor (?) Princess of England.³

Llywellyn ab Owain Lord of Iscoed died in 1309.³
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Burke's Guide to the Royal Family London, 1973 , Reference: 325.² EDV-19.

     Alice de Killingholm of Boythorpe, Yorks married Walter de Faucomberge 2nd Lord Faucomberge, son of Sir Walter de Faucomberge 1st Lord Faucomberge and Agnes de Brus,
; his 2nd wife, her 1st husband.^1,2 Alice de Killingholm of Boythorpe, Yorks married Sir Ralph de Bulmer 1st (last) Lord Bulmer, son of Sir John de Bulmer Knt., of Wilton in Cleveland and Bulmer, Yorkshire and Theophania de Morwick, before 11 February 1319
; her 2nd husband, probably his 2nd wife.^1,2
Alice de Killingholm of Boythorpe, Yorks died on 22 June 1356.²

     Sir Ralph de Bulmer 1st (last) Lord Bulmer was born circa 1285.² He married Alice de Killingholm of Boythorpe, Yorks, daughter of Sir John de Killingholm of Boythorpe, Yorks, before 11 February 1319
; her 2nd husband, probably his 2nd wife.^1,2
Sir Ralph de Bulmer 1st (last) Lord Bulmer died on 22 June 1356; Richardson says d. "shortly before 16 Feb. 1357."^1,2
      ; Ralph de Bulmer, 1st Lord Bulmer, *about 1285, +sh. before 16 Feb. 1357, m. before 11 Feb. 1318/9 Alice de Killingholm, widow of Walter de Fauconberge (she +22 June 1356.)² He was 1st and last Lord (Baron) Bulmer on 25 February 1342.³

     Goronwy ab Ednyfed Fychan ap Cynwrig Seneschal of Gwynedd was born circa 1200.³ He married Morfudd ferch Meurig of Gwent.^6,7,3

Goronwy ab Ednyfed Fychan ap Cynwrig Seneschal of Gwynedd died in 1268.^2,3
      ; [2m.] Goronwy ab Ednyfed Fychan, Seneschal of Gwynedd, *ca 1200, +1268, bur Bangor; m.Morfudd ferch Meurig, of Gwent.³

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Burke's Guide to the Royal Family London, 1973 , Reference: 325
2. The Ancestors of Richard Vaughan, Bishop of London -1607 2002, William Addams Reitwiesner, Reference: 680-1056.² EDV-20.

     Tudor Hen ap Goronwy ab Ednyfed Fychan Seneschal of Gwynedd married Angharad ferch Ithel Fychan ab Ithel Gam ab Hen Ithel Gam of Tegeingl, daughter of Ithel ab Ithel Gam ab Hen Ithel Gam and Adles ferch Richard ap Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd.^5,2,3
Tudor Hen ap Goronwy ab Ednyfed Fychan Seneschal of Gwynedd was born circa 1245.³
Tudor Hen ap Goronwy ab Ednyfed Fychan Seneschal of Gwynedd died on 11 October 1311.^2,3
      ; Tudur Hen, Seneschal of Gwynedd, *ca 1245, +11.10.1311, bur Bangor; m.Angharad ferch Ithel Fychan (*ca 1260) of Tegeingl.³

; Leo van de Pas cites: The Ancestors of Richard Vaughan, Bishop of London -1607 2002, William Addams Reitwiesner, Reference: 528.² EDV-19.

     Goronwy ap Tudor ap Gronwy Forester of Snowdon married Gwerful ferch Madog ap Iorwerth ap Madog, daughter of Madog o'r Hendwr ap Iorwerth ap Madog and Efa ferch Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn.^6,2,3
Goronwy ap Tudor ap Gronwy Forester of Snowdon was born circa 1285.³
Goronwy ap Tudor ap Gronwy Forester of Snowdon died on 11 December 1331.³
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: The Ancestors of Richard Vaughan, Bishop of London -1607 2002, William Addams Reitwiesner, Reference: 264.²

; Goronwy ap Tudur Hen, Forester of Snowdon, [of Trecastell], *ca 1285, +11.12.1331, bur Bangor; m.Gwerful ferch Madog ab Iorwerth, Baron of Hendwr.³ EDV-18.

     Tudor Fychan ap Goronwy ap Tudur Rhaglaw of Dindaethwy, of Trecastell married Margaret ferch Thomas, daughter of Thomas ap Llywelyn of Iscoed,
; his 2nd wife.^1,6,2,3 Tudor Fychan ap Goronwy ap Tudur Rhaglaw of Dindaethwy, of Trecastell married Malt ferch Madog ap Iorwerth ap Madog
; his 1st wife.^7,3 Tudor Fychan ap Goronwy ap Tudur Rhaglaw of Dindaethwy, of Trecastell was born circa 1310.³
Tudor Fychan ap Goronwy ap Tudur Rhaglaw of Dindaethwy, of Trecastell died on 19 September 1367.^2,3
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Burke's Guide to the Royal Family London, 1973 , Reference: 325
2. The Ancestors of Richard Vaughan, Bishop of London -1607 2002, William Addams Reitwiesner, Reference: 132.²

; Tudur Fychan, Rhaglaw of Dindaethwy, of Trecastell [& Penrhyn], *ca 1310, +19.9.1367, bur Bangor; 1m: Mallt ferch Madog, [of Penllyn]; 2m: Margred ferch Tomas, of Ceredigion.³ EDV-17.

     Maredudd ap Tudur Fychan ap Gronwy ap Tudur Escheator of Anglesey married Margred/Margaret ferch Dafydd Fychan ap Dafydd Llwyd ap Cynwrig, daughter of Dafydd Fychan ap Dafydd Llwyd (of Trefeilir) ap Cynwrig ap Gronwy and Nest verch Ieuan ap Gruffudd ap Hywel.^7,4,3,2,8

Maredudd ap Tudur Fychan ap Gronwy ap Tudur Escheator of Anglesey died after 1404.²
      ; Per Genealogy.EU: "[2m.] Maredudd ap Tudur, Escheator of Anglesey, fl 1392-1406; m.Margared ferch Dafydd Fychan, of Trefeilir."³
Maredudd ap Tudur Fychan ap Gronwy ap Tudur Escheator of Anglesey was educated; Genealogics cites: EDV-16. He was living between 1392 and 1406.³

     Maredudd ap Rhys Gryg died in 1244.¹

     Rhys ap Maredudd died in April 1292.¹
      ; RHYS AP MAREDUDD ruled Cantref Mawr, 1271-83. In the general rebelliousness of Rhys's sons in the early 1190s, Rhys Gryg (also known as Rhys Fychan, or Rhys the Younger) the fourth son of RHYS AP GRUFFYDD who was probably born in the 1170s, claimed the territories of Cantref Mawr and Cantref Bychan in Ystrad Tywi, including the ancestral castle of Dinefwr. His father soon reclaimed the lands and Rhys was imprisoned. Rhys remained supportive of his brother, GRUFFYDD, but after the latter's death in 1201, the heartland of Deheubarth, Cantref Mawr in Ystrad Tywi, was claimed first by MAELGWYN AP RHYS and then, in 1204, by Rhys. Rhys initially sided with King JOHN, who in 1211 aided Rhys in his battles against his nephews, the sons of Gruffydd, who had taken sides with LLYWELYN THE GREAT of Gwynedd. Later that year, however, Rhys realised the grand plans of John and, with his brother Maelgwyn, transferred their support to Llywelyn. Thereafter Rhys remained loyal to Llywelyn. In 1216 he was confirmed in his position as lord of Cantref Mawr and most of the other territories in Ystrad Tywi. Little else is recorded of Rhys's lordship of Ystrad Tywi. However in 1231, during the great rebellion against the Normans, Rhys was found fighting alongside his brothers. He was involved in the long and unsuccessful siege of Carmarthen Castle in the winter of 1234, where he was mortally wounded. He died soon after at Llandeilo Fawr and was buried at St David's Cathedral.
His territories passed to his son, Rhys Mechyll. None of these later princes of Cantref Mawr can be regarded as significant rulers of parts of Wales. After Rhys Mechyll's death in 1244, Cantref Mawr came under the lordship of his brother, Maredudd, who remained in power until 1271. Maredudd stayed loyal to the English king HENRY Ill, which led to him having to forfeit lands to Llywelyn AP GRUFFYDD of Gwynedd. His son, Rhys, was a proud and disappointed man. With the accession of EDWARD I, Rhys proclaimed his loyalty and endeavoured to reclaim some of his former patrimony. The result was humiliating. In 1283 Edward forced Rhys to quitclaim his castle at Dinefwr and he was publicly humiliated by Edward. In 1287 Rhys led a rebellion which saw him regain lands around Ystrad Tywi, but it was short-lived. By January 1288 he was in hiding. He was eventually betrayed and in April 1292 was arrested, tried for treason and executed. With his death the old royal line of Deheubarth was effectively extinguished.

     Maelgwn Fychan ap Maelgwn ap Rhys Lord of Ceredigion married Angharad ferch Llywelyn Fawr, daughter of Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales.^1,3

Maelgwn Fychan ap Maelgwn ap Rhys Lord of Ceredigion died in 1257.¹
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Burke's Guide to the Royal Family London, 1973 , Reference: 323, 325.¹

     Bleddyn ap Cynfyn King of Gwyness and Powys married Haer ferch Cillin, daughter of Cillin y Blaidd Rhudd.²
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn King of Gwyness and Powys was born circa 1025.¹
Bleddyn ap Cynfyn King of Gwyness and Powys died in 1075 at Powis Castle, Montgomeryshire, Wales.¹
     GAV-25.

; BLEDDYN AP CYNFYN Powys and Gwynedd, 1063-75. Born: c1025; Died: (murdered) probably at Powis Castle, 1075; aged 50. Married: (1) name unknown, 2 sons; (2) name unknown, dau. Brochwell ap Moelyn of Anglesey; 2 sons, 2 daughters; (3) Haer, dau. Cillin ap Blaidd Rhudd of Gest; 1 son; (4) Morien, dau. Idnerth ap Cadwgan, 2 sons. Although Bleddyn was a puppet ruler, installed along with his brother RHIWALLON, by EDWARD THE CONFESSOR after the death of GRUFFYDD AP LLYWELYN, he was a good one, and benefited the inhabitants of north Wales considerably, to the extent that after his death he was remembered as "the comfort of Wales". Bleddyn and Rhiwallon were the half-brothers of Gruffydd, whose mother had remarried after the death of her first husband LLYWELYN AP SEISYLL. Her second husband, Cynfyn ap Gwerstan, may have been half Saxon, for the name Gwerstan may only be a Welsh form of Werestan, a Mercian name where the Were- prefix was common. If this were the case, it would account for Gruffydd's sympathetic attitude toward certain Mercian families, and might explain why Edward selected Bleddyn and Rhiwallon as vassal kings. They were, in fact, strong allies, for after the deaths of Edward and HAROLD II, they remained supportive of the Mercians in their battles against the Normans, especially during 1067 and 1068, when they ravaged Herefordshire. Because of their actions the Normans had to take the Welsh seriously, and WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR established two castles at Shrewsbury and Chester under the control of two of his most powerful barons, to contain the Welsh extremists.
Bleddyn and Rhiwallon were then faced with an internal revolution as the young sons of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, Maredudd and Idwal, who were only in their late teens, challenged for the throne. The battle of Mechain in 1070 was decisive, for there Maredudd, Idwal and Rhiwallon fell, leaving Bleddyn the sole ruler of Gwynedd and Powys.
There followed a brief respite in Bleddyn's life, when he undertook many activities for which he was most fondly remembered. He was a generous king, bestowing much upon the churches and the populace and was also the first king in over a hundred years to revise and develop the laws of HYWEL Dda. Unfortunately, this period was short-lived for, in 1073, the Normans under Robert of Rhuddlan, began their advance through North Wales, defeating Bleddyn in a surprise attack. Much weakened, Bleddyn became easy prey for RHYS AB OWAIN of Deheubarth who betrayed Bleddyn in 1075, leading to his murder. Bleddyn's descendants, however, became the main ruling family of Powys.¹

     (?) ferch Maredudd married Caradog ap Gwyn.¹

     GAV-26 EDV-27.

     Caradog ap Gwyn married (?) ferch Maredudd, daughter of Maredudd ap Owain King of Deheubarth and Gwynedd.¹

     GAV-26 EDV-27 GKJ-27.

     Trahern ap Caradog Prince of North Wales married Nesta ferch Gruffyd (?) of North Wales, daughter of Gruffydd (Griffit) I ap Llywelyn Prince of North Wales and Eadgyth (Edith) (?) of Mercia, Queen of England,
; NB: Ashley lists Trahern as Nesta's 1st husband. Weis, Genealogics and Med Lands do not list him.²
Trahern ap Caradog Prince of North Wales died in 1081.¹
     GAV-25 EDV-26.

; TRAHERN AP CARADOG Gwynedd, 1075-81. Trahern was a prince of Arwystli in southern Powys who took his opportunity at the death of BLEDDYN AP CYNFYN to seize control in Gwynedd. He was challenged by GRUFFYDD AP CYNAN, a more direct claimant to the throne and a grandson of IAGO AB IDWAL AB MEURIG, who succeeded in defeating Trahern at Dyffryn Glyngin in Merioneth, but Trahern bounced back trouncing Gruffydd at the battle of Bron yr Erw and sending him into exile in Ireland. After establishing himself in Gwynedd, Trahern took on RHYS AB OWAIN of Deheubarth and defeated him at the battle of Goodwick in 1078. Rhys died soon after. Trahern regarded that as revenge for the death of Bleddyn, whom he claimed as a first cousin, although the relationship was possibly more distant than that. RHYS AP TEWDWR claimed succession to Deheubarth, and Trahern failed to force home his claim. Instead Rhys was temporarily deposed by another pretender to the throne, CARADOG AP GRUFFYDD, which forced Rhys into exile. He met with Gruffydd ap Cynan and the two combined forces to invade Wales and reclaim their respective lands. At the climactic battle of Mynydd Cam in 1081 both Trahern and Caradog were killed. Although Trahern's descendants continued to rule in Arwystli, Trahern might have rested more peacefully had he known that his great-great grandson would come to the throne of Wales and be remembered by all as Llywelyn The Great.¹

     GAV-24 EDV-25.

     Llwelyn II ap Gruffydd Prince of Wales was born circa 1225.¹ He married Eleanor de Montfort, daughter of Simon VI de Montfort 6th Earl of Leicester and Alianor (Eleanor) (?) of England, Countess of Leicester, on 13 October 1278 at Worcester, Worcestershire, England.^1,2,5

Llwelyn II ap Gruffydd Prince of Wales died on 11 December 1282 at near Builth; killed in battle.^1,2
      ; For an interesting historical novel about the life of Llwelyn, his war with the English, and his times, try Sharon Kay Penman's The Reckoning.⁶

; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III 642.² He was Prince of Wales, [Ashley, pp. 361-363] LLYWELYN (II) AP GRUFFYDD (LLYWELYN THE LAST) Gwynedd (west Gwynedd from 25 February 1246, effectively 30 April 1247) June 1255-11 December 1282; styled prince of Wales from 1258. Born: date unknown, but probably c 1225. Died: 11 December 1282, aged about 57. Buried: Cwm Hir Abbey. Married:13 October 1278 at Worcester, Eleanor, dau. Simon de Montfort; 1 daughter. Llywelyn was the last native ruler of Wales. The sudden death of his uncle, DAFYDD Al' LLYWELYN, just as events had turned in his favour, gave HENRY III of England an unexpected advantage. He was able to sweep through Wales, meeting no organized resistance and, one by one, the minor princes submitted to him. The Treaty of Woodstock on 30 April 1247 concluded the affair and saw Llywelyn and his elder brother OWAIN, the senior princes of Gwynedd, also submit to Henry. The Treaty was severe. Henry invoked many clauses from previous agreements and reclaimed vast areas of Wales directly for the crown, including some territory that had been lost since the reign of OWAIN GWYNEDD, a century earlier. These lands were incorporated as part of England in perpetuity. Moreover, whilst Henry still respected Welsh law, the Treaty brought with it certain obligations which required the recognition of English law. Any lasting vestige of Welsh autonomy was quashed. Owain and Llywelyn were allowed to administer Gwynedd, which now consisted of Anglesey and the few can trefi on the adjacent mainland, as vassals to Henry. Moreover Henry actively supported other young claimants to the remaining Welsh territories, probably in the hope that internecine wars would wear down Wales and enable Henry to mop up the remnants and take control of the whole country.
However, it did not work out that way. Llywelyn had more political acumen than Henry gave him credit. Over the next eight years he entered into a series of secret alliances with neighbouring princes ensuring their support. Then, in June 1255 he met his brothers Owain and DAFYDD in battle at Bryn Derwin. They were defeated and imprisoned and Llywelyn became sole ruler of Gwynedd. The following year Llywelyn called in his support and his new alliance conquered East Gwynedd, ejecting its English lords. Over the next two years, Llywelyn swept through Wales reclaiming all the territory lost to Henry. Although Henry attempted a punitive expedition in August 1257, it failed dismally and Henry, already in serious trouble at home with his barons, was forced to reach an agreement with Llywelyn on 17 June 1258 which granted him authority over the conquered lands. At that point Llywelyn declared himself "Prince of Wales", and the native princes transferred their fealty from Henry to him. Under the Peace of Montgomery, agreed with Henry III in 1267, Llywelyn was recognized as the sovereign of Wales. Wales (which at this time still excluded some of the territories in the south) for the first and only time had become a single sovereign state. In the decade leading up to 1267, Llywelyn had allied himself to Simon de Montfort, and this resulted in considerable gains as Llywelyn took control of much land in the Welsh Marches. Llywelyn contracted to marry de Montfort's daughter, Eleanor, in 1265 but the marriage was delayed, first when de Montfort died, and then when the new king, EDWARD I, detained Eleanor at Windsor. The marriage eventually took place in 1278. They had one daughter, Gwenllian, but unfortunately Eleanor died in childbirth in 1282.
After de Montfort's death, as Llywelyn endeavoured to consolidate his principality into a more unified whole, it became increasingly apparent that his territories were held together more by fear and the strength of his own personality than by any inherent loyalties. His actions to sustain law and order became increasingly severe, and respect for the prince visibly evaporated. Also the lack of an heir fuelled factionalism. In 1274 a plot against his life by his brother Dafydd and GRUFFYDD Al' GWENWYNWYN of southern Powys was uncovered that resulted in the two conspirators fleeing to England. Llywelyn promptly overran Gruffydd's lands. That year saw a new king on the throne of England, Edward I, who openly supported the two princes. Edward did not initially plan to enter into conflict with Llywelyn - the two in fact had a high degree of respect for each other. However, Llywelyn's failure to attend Edward's coronation in 1274 or pay homage to Edward, despite several demands, angered Edward irretrievably. Moreover, Llywelyn's high-handedness towards the church in wanting a share of revenues caused as much dissension among church officials, as other actions did among his lords and subjects. The last straw came when Llywelyn refused to pay homage in 1276, despite Edward traveling to Chester. In reaction Edward stopped Llywelyn's bride-to-be, Eleanor de Montfort, traveling to Wales and detained her at Windsor. Llywelyn's hot-headedness and pride made it impossible for him to climb down and the two were set on a collision course. In November 1276 Llywelyn was declared a rebel and hostilities began. Edward knew he could soon turn the dissension amongst the Welsh to his advantage. His first test of the Welsh borders in 1276 saw resistance crumble immediately in northern Powys where its prince, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ap Madog promptly changed his allegiance to Edward. Edward's progress through Wales was systematic and clinical. Within a year Llywelyn was forced to submit and, under the Treaty of Aberconwy, he was relegated to ruling only the heartland of Gwynedd, west of the Conway. Although he retained the title "Prince of Wales", it was meaningless. He was also forced to share that kingdom again with his brother Owain, who was resettled in the cantref of Llyn in 1278.
Although humiliated, Llywelyn maintained his dignity. He treated Edward with the utmost respect and endeavoured to maintain amicable relations, while also seeking to regain his hold on Wales. Over the next four years he began to re-cement relationships with the various princes across Wales. In some cases he was successful; in others woefully unsuccessful. Territorial disputes, especially with Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn, who had been restored by Edward in southern Powys, began to fray Llywelyn's temper. Throughout this period Wales was in uneasy humour, uncertain over the degree to which they should support Llywelyn or respect Edward. In the end it was the inevitable unrestrained irresponsibility of Llywelyn's brother Dafydd that sealed the fate of Wales. Dafydd, in league with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ap Madog of Powys, ravaged the borders around Oswestry in March 1282. Whether or not Llywelyn was himself aware of the revolt, he was soon caught up in it and had no other choice but to become its leader. Edward was outraged and, though he had to react swiftly, he planned his strategy with cool deliberation, marshalling forces that would be powerful enough to resolve the matter once and for all. It was a much harder struggle than in 1277, but Edward was relentless. Victory would almost certainly have been his, even if Llywelyn himself had not been killed in December 1282. He was killed, not in a pitched battle, but in a scuffle by an opportunist who did not realise at the time who he was. The war continued for four more months under the command of Dafydd, but in April 1283 he surrendered at Castell y Bere and was imprisoned. In October he was executed for treason. With the Statute of Wales, issued on 19 March 1284, Wales passed under the government of England. All the local princes were dispossessed, and the political face of Wales was changed for ever, the old kingdoms replaced by new counties and a provincial administration run by a governor-general.
Llywelyn's daughter, Gwenllian, was sent to a nunnery where she remained till she died in 1337. Dafydd's daughters were likewise consigned to nunneries while his two sons were imprisoned for the rest of their lives: Llywelyn died in 1288; Owain, some time after 1305. Alone of all the royal family, Rhodri ap Gruffydd, who had sold his inheritance to Llywelyn as early as 1272, lived on as a lord of the manor in Surrey and in Cheshire, dying in 1315. His grandson, Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri, who lived much of his life in France, held pretensions to invade Wales and reclaim the principality. He received a modicum of support at the time, and there were even rumours of an invasion between 1369 and 1372, but his plans came to nothing and he was assassinated in 1378. The only successful attempt to regain the principality came under OWAIN GLYN DWR in 1400. between 1258 and 1282.¹

     Eleanor de Montfort was born in 1252 at Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England.² She married Llwelyn II ap Gruffydd Prince of Wales, son of Gruffydd ap Llewellyn and Senena (?), on 13 October 1278 at Worcester, Worcestershire, England.^1,9,2

Eleanor de Montfort died in June 1282.^1,2
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III 642
2. Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London, 1973 , Reference: 323.²

     Sir John de Killingholm of Boythorpe, Yorks lived at Boythorpe, Yorkshire, England.¹

     Gwenllian ferch Llwelyn was born on 19 June 1282.²
Gwenllian ferch Llwelyn died on 7 June 1337 at in a nunnery, Sempringham, England, at age 54.^1,2
     She was Nun at Sempringham at Sempringham, England.²

; van de Pas cites: Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London, 1973 , Reference: 323.²