• [S2900] Fred Q. Bowman, compiler, 10,000 Vital Records of Central New York: 1813-1850 (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1986). Hereinafter cited as Bowman [1986] 10k Vital Records C NY 1813-1850.
  • [S3182] 1820 Federal Census, 1820 Census GA Clarke Co Salem.
  • [S3188] 1820 Federal Census, 1820 Census NC Surry Co Capt Patters Dist.
  • [S3189] 1830 Federal Census, 1830 Census NC Surry Co.
  • [S3190] 1840 Federal Census, 1840 Census NC, Surry Co.
  • [S3191] 1850 Federal Census, 1850 Census NC Surry Co Thompsons.
  • [S3192] 1860 Federal Census, 1860 Census NC, Surry Co., Stewarts Creek.
  • [S3193] Cloyd LeVerne Stewart, "The Nebraska Society of the Sons of the American Revolution Application #72728 (Nat'l) - #754 (NE State) Daniel Scott", Nebraska Society #754, unknown repository, unknown repository address. Hereinafter cited as "SAR Application #72728 Daniel Scott."
  • [S3194] 1880 Federal Census, 1880 Census NC, Surry Co., Franklin.
  • [S3195] 1850 Federal Census, 1850 Census NC, Surry Co., Hotel.
  • [S3196] 1860 Federal Census, 1860 Census NC, Wilkes Co.,ower Division.
  • [S3203] Unknown record type, 1820 Census VA, Lee Co.
  • [S3204] 1840 Federal Census, 1840 Census OH Wood Co Weston Twp.
  • [S3214] 1840 Federal Census, 1840 Census MI Washtenaw Co Freedom Twp.
  • [S3215] 1850 Federal Census, 1850 Census MI Washtenaw Co Lodi Twp.
  • [S3219] 1870 Federal Census, 1870 Census MI, Washtenaw Co., Freedom Township.
  • [S3220] 1880 Federal Census, 1880 Census MI Washtenaw Co Ann Arbor.
  • [S3221] 1860 Federal Census, 1860 Census MI Washtenaw Co Lodi Twp.
  • [S3222] 1860 Federal Census, 1860 Census MI, Washtenaw Co., Lodi Township Ag Schedule.
  • [S3223] The Civil War Archive, online <http://www.civilwararchive.com/>. Hereinafter cited as The Civil War Archive.
  • [S3224] [Unknown author], History of Washtenaw County, Michigan (Chicago: Chas. C. Chapman & Co., 1881). Hereinafter cited as Chapman & Co 1881 - History of Washtenaw Co, MI.
  • [S3225] 1870 Federal Census, 1870 Census MI Washtenaw Co Lodi Twp.
  • [S3227] [Unknown author], Portrait and Biographical Album of Ionia and Montcalm Counties, Mich. (Chicago: Chapman Bros., 1891). Hereinafter cited as Chapman [1891] Ionia and Montcalm Counties, MI.
  • [S3242] Gregory S. Rose, "South Central Michigan Yankees", Michigan History Vol. 70, No. 2 (March/April 1986). Hereinafter cited as "Rose [1986] So Central Michigan Yankees."
  • [S3276] 1830 Federal Census, 1830 Census OH Wood Co Perrysburg Twp.
  • [S3286] 1840 Federal Census, 1840 Census OH Lucas Co York Twp.
  • [S3326] 1850 Federal Census, 1850 Census NY Ontario Co Seneca.
  • [S3373] [Unknown author], History of LaSalle County, Illinois (2 Volumes) (Chicago: Inter-State Publishing Co., 1886).
  • [S3385] 1850 Federal Census, 1850 Census OH Fulton Co Pike Twp.
  • [S3386] 1860 Federal Census, 1860 Census OH Fulton Co Pike Twp.
  • [S3387] 1870 Federal Census, 1870 Census OH Fulton Co Pike Twp.
  • [S3397] 1860 Federal Census, 1860 Census MI, Washtenaw Co., Pittsfield Township.
  • [S3398] 1870 Federal Census, 1870 Census MO Boone Co Twp 51.
  • [S3683] 1840 Federal Census, 1840 Census MI, Livingston Co., Handy Township.
  • [S4025] 1900 Federal Census, 1900 Census AR, Madison Co., Lamar Township.
  • [S4027] 1860 Federal Census, 1860 Census AR Independence Co Jefferson Twp.
  • [S4028] 1880 Federal Census, 1880 Census AR, Madison Co., Richland Township.
  • [S4029] 1870 Federal Census, 1870 Census TX, Hopkins Co., Precinct 3.
  • [S4030] 1910 Federal Census, 1910 Census OK, Muskogee Co., Martin Township.
  • [S4100] 1860 Federal Census, 1860 Census, GA, Gordon Co., Sugar Valley.
  • [S4101] 1870 Federal Census, 1870 Census, GA, Gordon Co., Sugar Valley.
  • [S4187] Thomas Felix Hickerson, Happy Valley, History and Genealogy (Chapel Hill, NC: The Author, 1940). Hereinafter cited as Hickerson [1940] Happy Valley.
  • [S4272] DAR Application No. 663860 - Ancestor: Jones BROACH, DAR No. A015160 and Supporting Documents, 13 April 2013. Hereinafter cited as DAR App #917909 & SD Jones BROACH 81580.
  • [S4374] Jr. Mrs Jack A. Morris, "The Broach Family of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia and Texas (Part 1)", The Quarterly Local History and Genealogical Society: Dallas, Texas Vol. XVII, No. 1 (March 1971 Spring Issue). Hereinafter cited as "Morris [1871] The Broach Family of VA NC GA TX."
  • [S4869] 1870 Federal Census, 1870 Census MI Ionia Co Ionia Twp.
  • [S4873] 1900 Federal Census, 1900 Census MI Washtenaw Co Ypsilanti.
  • [S5514] 1900 Federal Census, 1900 Census TN Monroe Co Dist 7.
  • [S5516] 1870 Federal Census, 1870 Census TN Monroe Co Madisonville.
  • [S5854] Samuel Lawrence, "The nORTH cAROLINA Society of the Sons of the American Revolution Application #47286 (Nat'l) - #312 (NC) Col Benjamin CLEVELAND", North Carolina State Society #312, unknown repository, unknown repository address. Hereinafter cited as "SAR Application #47286 Col Benjamin CLEVELAND."
  • [S5923] "Jack Smith of Wilkes County, GA, and Allied Families of Barron, Foster, White, thompson, Chaffin, and Collum", Georgia: Wilkes County: A Smith Family Odyssey, Chapter 5
    http://files.usgwarchives.net/ga/wilkes/bios/smith5.txt
    CHAPTER FIVE

    NATHAN SMITH AND HIS TIMES


         Nathan Smith is better known to history than many of Mittie Olivia Smith's forbears. His record of Revolutionary War experience provides some of the details of his life; the land and tax records of Wilkes County include many references; he left a Will that tells us about his family and something about his lifestyle; and the records of the administration of his Will provide still more information. Considering the fact that Nathan was a farmer without pretensions to public life or office, it is possible to piece together a fair indication of who he was and how he lived.
         Nathan Smith was born in 1750/51 according to his Revolutionary War record. As noted in Chapter One, he is thought to have emigrated to Georgia with his father, James Smith, shortly before the Revolutionary War. After the war he received several warrants signed by General Elijah Clarke entitling him to land being parceled out to those who had fought for the Patriot cause. He also received a headright grant in the period 1783-1785.
         The available record of Nathan Smith's ownership of land begins in 1786, when he is listed in the Wilkes County tax records as owning 200 acres of second quality oak and hickory land on Beaverdam Creek. However, it appears that Nathan did not actually acquire title to the land until September 1789, when it was conveyed to him by his wife's parents, William and Phoebe Foster, for £50 (Deed Book GG 215). The land in question, on which the Fosters lived, had been granted to Foster by the Governor in 1788. The records show that William Foster was also granted 550 acres of land on Beaverdam Creek in 1784 and additional land in 1785, which made him one of the larger landowners in the county. Foster's lands adjoined Nathan's and also land owned by his nephew, William Shepherd Foster.
         In 1798 Nathan acquired another 100 acres on Beaverdam Creek from William Shepherd Foster and his wife Susannah, giving him a total of 300 acres.
    The land had also been owned originally by Nathan's father-in-law, William Foster, and probably represented the division of a parcel in which Nathan already had an interest. In 1800 his land holdings were temporarily increased to 500 acres, possibly reflecting the disposition of land from his father James' estate. In any event, in 1801 and succeeding years Nathan is again listed as the owner of 300 acres.
         In 1805 Nathan and his wife Sarah conveyed 150 acres to their son Elbert "in consideration for the parental love and affection toward the said Elbert". It is further identified as the land on which Elbert Smith lives (Deed Book VV 358). This indicates that Elbert had built his house on his parents' land and suggests that Nathan, who was then fifty five years old, had begun the process of turning over the farm to his oldest son.
         Because the description of each parcel of land listed in the tax records refers to the adjoining land owners, it is possible to identify Nathan Smith's neighbors with reasonable accuracy. And since there were frequent intermarriages among neighbors, and wills and other legal documents often bore the names of neighbors as witnesses, appraisers and the like, the people who were important in Nathan Smith's life are readily identifiable.
         Nathan's closest friends were old neighbors from North Carolina days, Nathaniel Rice and his son Samuel. Both of the Rices were witnesses to the Will of Nathan's father, James Smith (I Davidson 66), and Samuel was a witness to Nathan's Will in 1814 and to the codicil in 1816 (I Davidson 99). When Nathaniel Rice died in 1799, Nathan Smith was named as one of the appraisers of the estate (I Davidson 138, 141; II Davidson 281). Most importantly, after the deaths of Nathan and Sarah Smith, Samuel Rice was appointed guardian of their minor children, William and James B. Smith, (II Davidson 188, 189, 293). In addition to their friendship, the Smith and Rice families were related through marriage; Samuel Rice and Nathan Smith's son Elbert married sisters, Fanny and Elizabeth Lybas.
         The tax records indicate that the Smith and Rice farms also adjoined each other on Beaverdam Creek. The close connections are further illustrated by the fact that another adjoining landowner, Benjamin Powell, was married to a third Lybas sister, Mary. And Nathan and Sarah Smith's daughter Sally married the son of still another adjoining landowner, Charles Phillips, Sr. In short, the cluster of farms on Beaverdam Creek four miles southwest of the town of Washington made up a self-contained community of families that intermarried, ministered to each other's needs and provided support when that was needed.

    II     Wilkes County changed greatly during the lives of Nathan and Sarah Smith. A vast, forested wilderness when they arrived in the 1770's, it had become a settled, relatively stable farming community by the end of the second decade of the 1800's. The town of Washington was authorized by the Legislature and lots were laid out in 1783. That same year Colonel Micajah Williamson, a Revolutionary War hero, opened a tavern consisting of two log cabins with a broad open space between the two. A large picture of General Washington hung in front of the tavern, and one room housed the first court of Wilkes County. By 1796 the town consisted of 34 houses     The acts establishing the town of Washington provided for the reservation of lots to be used for a free Academy and a set-aside of 1,000 acres in the county to provide funds to finance the schoolhouse. A brick schoolhouse was finally built in 1796, but in the meantime classes were held in private homes by itinerant schoolmasters. However, the effort to provide free public education did not succeed, and what little education was offered in Wilkes County in the early part of the nineteenth century was provided by private schools. One such school, the Washington Academy, was established in 1786, and by 1796 the school had enrolled about 70 students. A group of Methodists established another private school, Succoth Academy, about three miles from Washington in 1790. However, few farm children were able to attend any school, and most grew up with no formal education.
         By 1790 stagecoaches operated from Savannah to northern destinations by way of Augusta and Washington. After arriving in Augusta the coach departed for Washington at 6:00 A.M. every other Saturday and arrived the following day at 11 A.M. However, Georgia roads, including those used by the stagecoach, were generally in miserable condition. A road law enacted in 1792 gave the county courts the right and duty to lay out new roads and appoint road overseers who were obligated to keep the roads in good repair. The legislation required that all roads should "at all times be kept well cleared from logs, trees, bushes and other obstructions" for a width of thirty feet and all roots should be grubbed up at least sixteen feet across. In order to maintain the roads, all male laboring persons between the ages of sixteen and fifty were required to work not more than twelve days a year. The following year (1793) the act was amended to include slaves in the work detail. It also provided that every white worker must "carry with him one good and sufficient gun or pair of pistols", apparently as a precaution against Indian attacks.
         Despite the good intentions reflected in these road acts, road conditions continued to be deplorable well into the nineteenth century. A few people traveled in buggies or sulkies, but most traveled on horseback and shipped their produce by water in flatboats where possible. People emigrating to Georgia usually came in wagons and carts, with some members of the party riding horseback. Every town of much size had its "Waggon yard", and a French traveler in 1802 saw large wagons drawn by four or six horses going from upper Georgia to Charleston, carrying such articles as cotton, tobacco, smoked hams, and deer and bear skins.
         By the turn of the century Wilkes County merchants offered a selection of goods brought from Augusta, Charleston or, in a few cases, New York. Articles bought in New York were usually shipped to Savannah by sailing vessels and then barged up the river to Augusta, where they were transferred to wagon trains for the final haul. Merchants xtended credit for as long as one year but sold at about double the cost of the goods. Most stores sold liquor as well as groceries, dress goods and the like.
         During the War of 1812 all coastal shipping was cut off by the British Navy, and as a result land transportation reached its height. Cotton was hauled by wagon as far north as Baltimore in exchange for merchandise. However, the roads were so poor and land transportation so slow that by 1813 thirty thousand bales of cotton had piled up in Augusta and equal amounts in Savannah and Charleston. The morass created by dozens of heavy wagons mounted on thin iron-rimmed wheels, all following narrow ungraded roads, can scarcely be imagined.
         While some substantial houses were going up in Wilkes County at the beginning of the nineteenth century, most dwellings were still log cabins, although now sometimes covered with clapboards on the outside and plastered inside. Many of the original cabins had been enlarged to accommodate the large families common to that period, with kitchens, spring houses, smokehouses and "necessary houses" scattered about in the vicinity of the main house.
         The changeover from tobacco to the cultivation of cotton, referred to in the preceding chapter, continued on into the new century. Vast forests were cut down to make way for cotton fields, and the need for labor to plant, cultivate and harvest the cotton led to an increased demand for slaves. Immediately after the Revolutionary War there was a shortage of slaves in Georgia, as many had run away or departed with the British during the war. However, slaves were soon imported from Africa in large numbers or were brought by their masters from Virginia and the Carolinas. While the percentage of blacks was lower in Wilkes County than in the rice-growing coastal areas of Georgia, the proportion of black to white inhabitants in Wilkes continued to grow after 1820, for reasons to be discussed in the next chapter.
         While cotton was king in Georgia, it would be a mistake to assume that other crops and agricultural products were abandoned. Corn continued to be a major crop, both for home consumption and for sale, although it never rivaled cotton as a cash crop. And every farmer raised hogs, a few cattle and horses and much poultry.
         Nathan Smith's Will identifies him as one of the class of farmers who made up the great majority of Wilkes County residents. Nathan owned a number of hogs, several horses and ten head of cattle, which was consistent with the holdings of neighboring farmers. While he owned six slaves, they included several women and one child. It is clear, therefore, that Nathan was not one of the larger planters but worked in the fields alongside his sons and the slaves. His landholdings of about 300 acres, while they indicate that he was a very substantial farmer, would not have defined him as a member of the planter class, who often owned from five hundred to one thousand acres or more.
    Georgia: Wilkes County: A Smith Family Odyssey, Chapter 5
    http://files.usgwarchives.net/ga/wilkes/bios/smith5.txt
    CHAPTER FIVE

    NATHAN SMITH AND HIS TIMES


         Nathan Smith is better known to history than many of Mittie Olivia Smith's forbears. His record of Revolutionary War experience provides some of the details of his life; the land and tax records of Wilkes County include many references; he left a Will that tells us about his family and something about his lifestyle; and the records of the administration of his Will provide still more information. Considering the fact that Nathan was a farmer without pretensions to public life or office, it is possible to piece together a fair indication of who he was and how he lived.
         Nathan Smith was born in 1750/51 according to his Revolutionary War record. As noted in Chapter One, he is thought to have emigrated to Georgia with his father, James Smith, shortly before the Revolutionary War. After the war he received several warrants signed by General Elijah Clarke entitling him to land being parceled out to those who had fought for the Patriot cause. He also received a headright grant in the period 1783-1785.
         The available record of Nathan Smith's ownership of land begins in 1786, when he is listed in the Wilkes County tax records as owning 200 acres of second quality oak and hickory land on Beaverdam Creek. However, it appears that Nathan did not actually acquire title to the land until September 1789, when it was conveyed to him by his wife's parents, William and Phoebe Foster, for £50 (Deed Book GG 215). The land in question, on which the Fosters lived, had been granted to Foster by the Governor in 1788. The records show that William Foster was also granted 550 acres of land on Beaverdam Creek in 1784 and additional land in 1785, which made him one of the larger landowners in the county. Foster's lands adjoined Nathan's and also land owned by his nephew, William Shepherd Foster.
         In 1798 Nathan acquired another 100 acres on Beaverdam Creek from William Shepherd Foster and his wife Susannah, giving him a total of 300 acres.
    The land had also been owned originally by Nathan's father-in-law, William Foster, and probably represented the division of a parcel in which Nathan already had an interest. In 1800 his land holdings were temporarily increased to 500 acres, possibly reflecting the disposition of land from his father James' estate. In any event, in 1801 and succeeding years Nathan is again listed as the owner of 300 acres.
         In 1805 Nathan and his wife Sarah conveyed 150 acres to their son Elbert "in consideration for the parental love and affection toward the said Elbert". It is further identified as the land on which Elbert Smith lives (Deed Book VV 358). This indicates that Elbert had built his house on his parents' land and suggests that Nathan, who was then fifty five years old, had begun the process of turning over the farm to his oldest son.
         Because the description of each parcel of land listed in the tax records refers to the adjoining land owners, it is possible to identify Nathan Smith's neighbors with reasonable accuracy. And since there were frequent intermarriages among neighbors, and wills and other legal documents often bore the names of neighbors as witnesses, appraisers and the like, the people who were important in Nathan Smith's life are readily identifiable.
         Nathan's closest friends were old neighbors from North Carolina days, Nathaniel Rice and his son Samuel. Both of the Rices were witnesses to the Will of Nathan's father, James Smith (I Davidson 66), and Samuel was a witness to Nathan's Will in 1814 and to the codicil in 1816 (I Davidson 99). When Nathaniel Rice died in 1799, Nathan Smith was named as one of the appraisers of the estate (I Davidson 138, 141; II Davidson 281). Most importantly, after the deaths of Nathan and Sarah Smith, Samuel Rice was appointed guardian of their minor children, William and James B. Smith, (II Davidson 188, 189, 293). In addition to their friendship, the Smith and Rice families were related through marriage; Samuel Rice and Nathan Smith's son Elbert married sisters, Fanny and Elizabeth Lybas.
         The tax records indicate that the Smith and Rice farms also adjoined each other on Beaverdam Creek. The close connections are further illustrated by the fact that another adjoining landowner, Benjamin Powell, was married to a third Lybas sister, Mary. And Nathan and Sarah Smith's daughter Sally married the son of still another adjoining landowner, Charles Phillips, Sr. In short, the cluster of farms on Beaverdam Creek four miles southwest of the town of Washington made up a self-contained community of families that intermarried, ministered to each other's needs and provided support when that was needed.

    II     Wilkes County changed greatly during the lives of Nathan and Sarah Smith. A vast, forested wilderness when they arrived in the 1770's, it had become a settled, relatively stable farming community by the end of the second decade of the 1800's. The town of Washington was authorized by the Legislature and lots were laid out in 1783. That same year Colonel Micajah Williamson, a Revolutionary War hero, opened a tavern consisting of two log cabins with a broad open space between the two. A large picture of General Washington hung in front of the tavern, and one room housed the first court of Wilkes County. By 1796 the town consisted of 34 houses     The acts establishing the town of Washington provided for the reservation of lots to be used for a free Academy and a set-aside of 1,000 acres in the county to provide funds to finance the schoolhouse. A brick schoolhouse was finally built in 1796, but in the meantime classes were held in private homes by itinerant schoolmasters. However, the effort to provide free public education did not succeed, and what little education was offered in Wilkes County in the early part of the nineteenth century was provided by private schools. One such school, the Washington Academy, was established in 1786, and by 1796 the school had enrolled about 70 students. A group of Methodists established another private school, Succoth Academy, about three miles from Washington in 1790. However, few farm children were able to attend any school, and most grew up with no formal education.
         By 1790 stagecoaches operated from Savannah to northern destinations by way of Augusta and Washington. After arriving in Augusta the coach departed for Washington at 6:00 A.M. every other Saturday and arrived the following day at 11 A.M. However, Georgia roads, including those used by the stagecoach, were generally in miserable condition. A road law enacted in 1792 gave the county courts the right and duty to lay out new roads and appoint road overseers who were obligated to keep the roads in good repair. The legislation required that all roads should "at all times be kept well cleared from logs, trees, bushes and other obstructions" for a width of thirty feet and all roots should be grubbed up at least sixteen feet across. In order to maintain the roads, all male laboring persons between the ages of sixteen and fifty were required to work not more than twelve days a year. The following year (1793) the act was amended to include slaves in the work detail. It also provided that every white worker must "carry with him one good and sufficient gun or pair of pistols", apparently as a precaution against Indian attacks.
         Despite the good intentions reflected in these road acts, road conditions continued to be deplorable well into the nineteenth century. A few people traveled in buggies or sulkies, but most traveled on horseback and shipped their produce by water in flatboats where possible. People emigrating to Georgia usually came in wagons and carts, with some members of the party riding horseback. Every town of much size had its "Waggon yard", and a French traveler in 1802 saw large wagons drawn by four or six horses going from upper Georgia to Charleston, carrying such articles as cotton, tobacco, smoked hams, and deer and bear skins.
         By the turn of the century Wilkes County merchants offered a selection of goods brought from Augusta, Charleston or, in a few cases, New York. Articles bought in New York were usually shipped to Savannah by sailing vessels and then barged up the river to Augusta, where they were transferred to wagon trains for the final haul. Merchants xtended credit for as long as one year but sold at about double the cost of the goods. Most stores sold liquor as well as groceries, dress goods and the like.
         During the War of 1812 all coastal shipping was cut off by the British Navy, and as a result land transportation reached its height. Cotton was hauled by wagon as far north as Baltimore in exchange for merchandise. However, the roads were so poor and land transportation so slow that by 1813 thirty thousand bales of cotton had piled up in Augusta and equal amounts in Savannah and Charleston. The morass created by dozens of heavy wagons mounted on thin iron-rimmed wheels, all following narrow ungraded roads, can scarcely be imagined.
         While some substantial houses were going up in Wilkes County at the beginning of the nineteenth century, most dwellings were still log cabins, although now sometimes covered with clapboards on the outside and plastered inside. Many of the original cabins had been enlarged to accommodate the large families common to that period, with kitchens, spring houses, smokehouses and "necessary houses" scattered about in the vicinity of the main house.
         The changeover from tobacco to the cultivation of cotton, referred to in the preceding chapter, continued on into the new century. Vast forests were cut down to make way for cotton fields, and the need for labor to plant, cultivate and harvest the cotton led to an increased demand for slaves. Immediately after the Revolutionary War there was a shortage of slaves in Georgia, as many had run away or departed with the British during the war. However, slaves were soon imported from Africa in large numbers or were brought by their masters from Virginia and the Carolinas. While the percentage of blacks was lower in Wilkes County than in the rice-growing coastal areas of Georgia, the proportion of black to white inhabitants in Wilkes continued to grow after 1820, for reasons to be discussed in the next chapter.
         While cotton was king in Georgia, it would be a mistake to assume that other crops and agricultural products were abandoned. Corn continued to be a major crop, both for home consumption and for sale, although it never rivaled cotton as a cash crop. And every farmer raised hogs, a few cattle and horses and much poultry.
         Nathan Smith's Will identifies him as one of the class of farmers who made up the great majority of Wilkes County residents. Nathan owned a number of hogs, several horses and ten head of cattle, which was consistent with the holdings of neighboring farmers. While he owned six slaves, they included several women and one child. It is clear, therefore, that Nathan was not one of the larger planters but worked in the fields alongside his sons and the slaves. His landholdings of about 300 acres, while they indicate that he was a very substantial farmer, would not have defined him as a member of the planter class, who often owned from five hundred to one thousand acres or more.
    Jack Smith of Wilkes County, GA, and Allied Families of Barron, Foster, White, thompson, Chaffin, and Collum    , online https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~barronfamily/genealogy/Barron/jamessmithfamily.pdf. Previously published in hard copy (n.p.: self published, 2014). Hereinafter cited as Kruschwitz [2014] James Smith of Wilkes Co GA.