Person Page - 1899

     Paul Lutran (?) von Ertrin married Anna (?) von Baden, daughter of Bernhard I (?) Markgraf von Baden, before 1439.¹

     Rudolf VII (?) Markgraf von Baden died in 1391.¹
      ; Markgraf von Baden.¹

     Matilde (?) von Baden married Heinrich (?) Graf von Henneberg before 4 July 1376.¹

Matilde (?) von Baden died on 3 August 1425 at Schleusingen, Germany (now).¹

     Heinrich (?) Graf von Henneberg was born in 1350.¹ He married Matilde (?) von Baden, daughter of Rudolf VI (?) Markgraf von Baden and Mechtild (?) Graefin von Spanheim, before 4 July 1376.¹

Heinrich (?) Graf von Henneberg died on 26 December 1405.¹

     Margarete (?) von Baden, Dame d'Hericourt married Gottfried II (?) Graf von Leiningen-Rixingen, son of Fritzmann von Leiningen Graf von Leiningen-Rixingen and Johanna (?) Gräfin von Wörth-Rixingen, Heiress of Rixingen, before 10 November 1363
; her 1st husband.¹ Margarete (?) von Baden, Dame d'Hericourt married Heinrich von Lützelsein
; her 2nd husband.¹
      ; Margarete, Dame d'Héricourt; 1m: by 10.11.1363 Gf Gottfried II von Leiningen-Rixingen (+by 1380); 2m: Gf Heinrich von Lützelstein (+1394.)¹

     Gottfried II (?) Graf von Leiningen-Rixingen married Margarete (?) von Baden, Dame d'Hericourt, daughter of Friedrich III (?) Markgraf von Baden and Margarete (?) von Baden, Dame d'Hericourt et de Florimont, before 10 November 1363
; her 1st husband.¹
Gottfried II (?) Graf von Leiningen-Rixingen died before 1380.^1,4
      ; Ct Joffrid II von Leiningen-Rixingen, +before 1380; m.by 10.11.1363 Margareta of Baden.⁴ Gottfried II (?) Graf von Leiningen-Rixingen was also known as Joffrid II (?) Graf von Leiningen-Rixingen.⁴

     Heinrich von Lützelsein married Margarete (?) von Baden, Dame d'Hericourt, daughter of Friedrich III (?) Markgraf von Baden and Margarete (?) von Baden, Dame d'Hericourt et de Florimont,
; her 2nd husband.¹
Heinrich von Lützelsein died in 1394.¹

     Hermann VII (?) died between 1296 and 1300.¹

     Jutta (?) von Baden died in 1327.¹

     Friedrich II (?) Markgraf von Baden married Agnes (?) von Weinsberg before 16 October 1312
; his 1st wife.¹ Friedrich II (?) Markgraf von Baden married Margarete (?) von Vaihingen
; his 2nd wife.¹
Friedrich II (?) Markgraf von Baden died on 22 June 1333.¹
     He was Markgraf von Baden between 1291 and 1333.¹

     Agnes (?) von Weinsberg married Friedrich II (?) Markgraf von Baden, son of Hermann VII (?) Markgraf von Baden, Graf von Eberstein and Agnes (?) von Truhendingen, before 16 October 1312
; his 1st wife.¹
Agnes (?) von Weinsberg died on 3 May 1320.¹

     Margarete (?) von Vaihingen married Friedrich II (?) Markgraf von Baden, son of Hermann VII (?) Markgraf von Baden, Graf von Eberstein and Agnes (?) von Truhendingen,
; his 2nd wife.¹
Margarete (?) von Vaihingen died in 1348.¹

     Hermann VIII (?) Markgraf von Baden married Matilde (?) von Vaihingen before 23 June 1341.¹

Hermann VIII (?) Markgraf von Baden died on 13 April 1353.¹
      ; Markgraf von Baden in Pforzheim.¹

     Matilde (?) von Vaihingen married Hermann VIII (?) Markgraf von Baden, son of Friedrich II (?) Markgraf von Baden and Agnes (?) von Weinsberg, before 23 June 1341.¹

Matilde (?) von Vaihingen died between 1368 and 1381.¹

     Friedrich IV (?) Markgraf von Baden died before 1353.¹

     Friedrich (?) von Baden was living in 1332.¹

     Agnes (?) von Baden died in 1361.¹
      ; Abbess in Lichtenthal.¹

      ; a nun in Lichtenthal.¹

      ; a nun in Lichtenthal.¹

     Almos (?) was born between 819 and 820.^1,3,2
Almos (?) died between 892 and 895 at Transylvania; Genealogy.EU says d. ca 895; Genealogics says d. 892.^1,3,2
     Reference: Genealogics cites: The Plantagenet Ancestry, Baltimore, 1975 , Turton, Lt.Col. W. H. 25.³

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Álmos (Hungarian: [?a?lmo?]), also Almos[1] or Almus[2] (c. 820–c. 895), was – according to the uniform account of Hungarian chronicles – the first head of the "loose federation"[3] of the Hungarian tribes from around 850. Whether he was the sacred ruler (kende) of the Hungarians, or their military leader (gyula) is subject to scholarly debate. He apparently accepted the Khazar khagan's suzerainty in the first decade of his reign, but the Hungarians acted independently of the Khazars from around 860. The 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle narrates that he was murdered in Transylvania at the beginning of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 895.
Ancestry
     "Anonymus, the unknown author of the Gesta Hungarorum – who wrote his "historical romance"[4] around 1200 or 1210[5] – states that Álmos descended "from the line"[6] of Attila the Hun.[7][8] A late 13th-century chronicler, Simon of Kéza wrote that Álmos was "of the Turul kindred".[9][8] He also wrote of Attila the Hun's banner, which bore "the image of the bird the Hungarians call turul"[10] – identified as either a gyrfalcon or a hawk.[7] A bird has an important role in the legend about Álmos's birth, which was preserved both by the Gesta Hungarorum and by the Illuminated Chronicle.[11] The legend says that Álmos's mother, already pregnant with him, dreamed of a bird of prey "which had the likeness of a hawk"[12] impregnating her.[13] Historians Gyula Kristó[11] and Victor Spinei wrote that this story, which has close analogies in Turkic folklore, initially narrated the origin of Álmos's family from a totemic ancestor.[8]
     "According to the Gesta Hungarorum, Álmos was born to Emese, a daughter of "Prince Eunedubelian".[5] However, Kristó writes that her name, containing the old Hungarian word for mother (em), may have been invented by Anonymus.[5] The name of Álmos's father is likewise uncertain because the Hungarian chronicles preserved it in two variants.[5] Anonymus states that Ügyek was his name,[14] but the 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle says that El?d – himself the son of Ügyek – was Álmos's father.[5] Kristó says that both names may have been the chroniclers' inventions, since Ügyek's name derives from the ancient Hungarian ügy ("saint, holy") word, and El?d's name simply refers to an ancestor.[5] Anonymus writes that Ügyek married Emese in 819.[5] If this date is correct, Álmos was born around 820.[11]
     "Although Anonymus makes a connection between the name of Álmos and the Hungarian word for dream (álom), many historians, including András Róna-Tas[15] and Victor Spinei,[1] argue that his name is of Turkic origin. If the latter theory is correct, it has a meaning of "the bought one".[16] Álmos's family may have also been of Turkic stock, but according to Victor Spinei, a name's etymology does not always reflect its bearer's ethnicity.[17]
Reign
     "Álmos, according to Gesta Hungarorum, was freely elected by the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes as their "leader and master".[19][20][7] Anonymus adds that to ratify Álmos's election, the seven chiefs "swore an oath, confirmed in pagan manner with their own blood spilled in a single vessel".[21][7] Anonymus says that they also adopted the basic principles of the government, including the hereditary right of Álmos's offsprings to his office and the right of his electors' descendant to have a seat in the prince's council.[7] According to author Pál Engel, this report of the "treaty by blood" (Hungarian: vérszerz?dés), which reflects its authors' political philosophy rather than actual events, was "often presented by Hungarian historians as the very first manifestation of modern parliamentary thinking in Europe" up until 1945.[7]
     "In a sharply contrasting narrative from around 950, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus states that instead of Álmos, his son Árpád was the first supreme head of the Hungarian tribes, and that Árpád's election was initiated by the Khazar khagan.[1][22] The emperor says the khagan sent an envoy to the "voivodes" (heads of the Hungarian tribes)[23] after they had been forced by the Pechenegs to leave their dwelling places near the Khazar Khaganate and to settle in a new territory called Etelköz.[22] The khagan was planning to appoint one of the voivodes named Levedi to lead the Hungarian tribes[1] to represent the khagan's interests.[22] Although Levedi refused the khagan's offer, he proposed one of his peers, Álmos or Álmos's son Árpád, to the proposed new position.[22][1] The khagan accepted Levedi's offer. Upon his initiative the Hungarians elected their first prince, but they preferred Árpád to his father.[24][1]
     "Gyula Kristó and many other historians refute Porphyrogenitus's report of the omission of Álmos in favor of his son, saying that the turul legend connected to Álmos's birth proves his role as forefather of his dynasty.[24][25] These historians say that the emperor's account is based on a report by one of Árpád's descendants named Termacsu, who emphasized by this report of Árpád's election that only those descending from Árpád were suitable to lead the Hungarians; other children of Álmos were excluded.[24] András Róna-Tas says that Constantine Porphyrogenitus preserved the memory of a coup d'état organized against Levedi kende by Álmos gyula, who had his own son Árpád elected as sacred ruler in his opponent's place.[26] A late 9th-century Central Asian scholar, Abu Abdallah al-Jayhani – whose works were partially preserved in Ibn Rusta's and other Muslim authors' books – mentions the existence of these two high offices among the Hungarians.[27][28] He describes the kende as the Hungarians' sacred ruler and the gyula as their military commander.[27] Historians still debate which of the two offices was held by Álmos.[27][7][26]
     "Kristó says that Álmos stood at the head of the Hungarian tribal confederation from around 850.[16] Porphyrogenitus's narration says that he initially accepted the khagan's suzerainty.[27] The Hungarians apparently achieved their independence around 860, since the earliest reports on their plundering raids in Central Europe were recorded thereafter.[27] The Annals of St. Bertin mentions their incursion into Louis the German's realm in 862.[30] Three tribes seceding from the Khazar Khaganate, together known by Porphyrogenitus as "Kabaroi",[31] also joined with the Hungarians in the 860s or 870s.[32] Spinei says that the memory of their arrival was preserved by Anonymus, who mentions "the seven dukes of the Cumans" who "subjected themselves to Prince Álmos" at Kiev.[33][34]
     "Anonymus writes of a war between the Hungarians and the Kievan Rus', ending with the victory of the Hungarians, who were commanded by Álmos.[35] The Russian Primary Chronicle refers to a "Hungarian hill"[36] at Kiev in connection with the town's occupation by Oleg of Novgorod in 882.[35] The same chronicle mentions "a castle of Ol'ma" (??????? ?????) standing on the same hill.[30] George Vernadsky says that this fortress had been named after Álmos, but this theory has not been widely accepted by historians.[30]
Death
     "The Hungarians who lived in the westernmost parts of the Pontic steppes were occasionally hired by neighboring powers to intervene in their wars.[34] For instance, they invaded Moravia in alliance with Arnulf of East Francia in 892.[34][37] Their intervention in a conflict between the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire caused a joint counter-invasion by the Bulgars and Pechenegs.[38] The Hungarians were forced to leave the Pontic steppes and to cross the Carpathians in search of a new homeland around 895.[39][40]
     "According to the Gesta Hungarorum, the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin under Álmos, who "appointed his son, Árpád, as leader and master"[41] of the Hungarian tribal federation at Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine).[42] Thereafter Anonymous does not mention Álmos.[42] In a contrasting report, the Illuminated Chronicle says that Álmos "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdelw"[43] (Transylvania).[27][7] Kristó says that the chronicle preserves the memory of Álmos's sacrifice because of the catastrophic defeat of his people by the Pechenegs.[42] If this is true, his ritual murder proves that Álmos was the sacred leader of the Hungarian tribal federation.[42][7] Róna-Tas refutes this and says that if the chronicle's report is reliable, Álmos became the victim of a political murder committed or initiated by his own son.[44] Preferring the narration of the Gesta Hungarorum to the report by the Illuminated Chronicle, Victor Spinei states that Álmos was not murdered in Transylvania, since Anonymus writes that the Hungarians bypassed this region when invading the Carpathian Basin.[45]
Family
     "No source preserved the name of Álmos's wife.[46][47] Anonymus writes that she was "the daughter of a certain most noble prince".[48] Álmos's only child known by name was Árpád, who succeeded Álmos after his death.[47]
Footnotes
     "(See original Wikipedia article for detailed foot notes: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lmos)
References
Primary sources
** Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.
** Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.
** Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jen? Sz?cs) (1999). CEU Press. ISBN 963-9116-31-9.
** The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezs? Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.
** The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America. ISBN 978-0-915651-32-0.
Secondary sources
** Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
** Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 963-482-113-8.
** Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szegedi Középkorász M?hely. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.
** Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [=Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
** Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky). CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
** Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies) and Museum of Br?ila Istros Publishing House. ISBN 973-85894-5-2.
** Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5.
External links
** Marek, Miroslav. "Arpad". Genealogy.EU.: http://genealogy.euweb.cz/arpad/arpad1.html.⁵ "



; Per Med Lands: "ÁLMOS (after [819]-895). The Gestis Hungarorum Liber names "Almus" as son of Ugek & his wife[202]. The Gesta Hungarorum names "Arpad, filius Almi filii Elad filii Vger de genere Turul" was the most powerful of the seven Hungarian commanders after arriving in Pannonia[203]. The Gestis Hungarorum Liber records that "Almus dux filius Ugek", with his wife and son Árpád, and with "duobus filiis Hulec avunculi sui…Zuard et Cadusa", entered "Ruscia que vocatur Susudal" as far as "civitatem Kyeu"[204]. m ---. The Gestis Hungarorum Liber records the marriage of "Almus" and "filiam cuiusdam nobilissimi ducis" but does not name her or her father[205]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogics:
     "Almos was born about 820, the first Grand Prince of the Magyars. The _Gesta Hungarorum_ ('The Deeds of the Hungarians') records that his father was Ügyek, while the _Chronicom Pictum_ (the 'Vienna Illuminated Chronicle') mentions his father as Elod (the son of Ügyek); his mother was Emese.
     "The medieval chronicle recounts the story of his birth as follows: 'His pregnant mother had seen a divine vision in her dream of a Turul bird, as it were flying over her and getting her with child; and a spring seemed to rise from her womb and many great kings originated from her loins, although they would multiply not in their own lands'. The legend is often given as an explanation for the name Almos, which is derived from the Hungarian word for 'dream'.
     "According to medieval chronicles, Almos was proclaimed Grand Prince of the Magyars by the leaders of the _Hétmagyar,_ the confederation of the seven Magyar tribes, but the _De Administrando Imperio_ states that the office was created by the Khagan of the Khazars (the Magyar tribes were then living under Khazar supremacy), and it was not Almos, but his son Arpád, who became the first Grand Prince. Modern historians usually follow the tradition that Almos was the first Grand Prince in the second half of the 850s. It is unclear whether Almos became the _kende_ (spiritual leader) of the confederation or its _gyula_ (military leader).
     "Before 862 the seven Magyar tribes, living in the area they called Etelköz, seceded from the Khazars; afterwards they were exacting tribute from the neighbouring Slavic tribes and they fought occasionally as mercenaries on behalf of Karlmann, king of Bavaria and Italy, Emperor Arnulf von Kärnten, and King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia, The _Hétmagyar_ confederation was strengthened when three tribes of the Khazars, who had rebelled against the Khazars, joined them before 881.
     "In the spring of 895 the Magyar tribes, allied with the Byzantine emperor Leo VI 'the Wise', attacked the Bulgarian empire and defeated Emperor Simeon I of Bulgaria, obliging him to conclude peace with the Byzantine empire. Emperor Simeon entered into an alliance with the Pechenegs, who were the eastern neighbours of the _Hétmagyar,_ and he mounted an attack on the Magyar troops. At the Battle of Southern Buh, Emperor Simeon defeated the Magyar army, and shortly afterwards the Pechenegs attacked and pillaged their territories. The Magyar tribes were obliged to leave Etelköz and invade the Carpathian Basin where they settled.
     "Almos' death about 892 was probably caused either by assassination or human sacrifice because of the catastrophic defeats during the wars with the Bulgarian empire and the Pechenegs."³

GAV-33 EDV-33 GKJ-34.

     Ügyek|Ugek|Elod (?) married Emese (?) of Dentumoger, daughter of Önedbelia (?) Prince of Dentumoger.^1,4

      ; Per Med Lands: "UGEK [Ügyek] . A Scythian leader, allegedly descended from Attila: the Gestis Hungarorum Liber names "Ugek…de genere Magog regis…dux Scythie" in a paragraph dated 819[200]. m EMESU, daughter of EUNEDUBLIAN dux. The Gestis Hungarorum Liber records that "Ugek…de genere Magog regis…dux Scythie" married "in Dentumogur, filiam Eunedubeliani ducis…Emesu"[201]."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites: Gesta Hungorarum Published 12th or 13th century.²

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Ügyek (second half of the 8th century – first half of the 9th century), also known as Ugek or Vgec, was – according to the chronicler Anonymus (or "Master P.") – the father of Álmos, the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians. However, according to a conflicting source, Simon of Kéza (writing about five to eight decades later), El?d was the father of Álmos, while the chronicler referred to Ügyek as Álmos' grandfather. He is the earliest known ancestor of the Árpád dynasty.
Life
     "Ügyek was born in the last third of the 8th century.[2] Anonymus writes that Ügyek married Emese, a daughter of "Prince Eunedubelian" in 819. She had seen a divine dream of a Turul bird before Álmos's birth in c. 820, according to the chronicles. The Turul's role is interpreted as guardian spirit, who protects the baby from harm until he grows up. It is supported by the chronicles, according to whom the Turul appears to the already pregnant woman.
     "Historian Gyula Kristó said Ügyek's name may have been the chronicler' invention, since it derives from the ancient Hungarian ügy ("saint, holy") word.
     "It is said, speculated or at least possible that the earlier Grand Princes of the Hungarians were also descendants of the Hun Khans, as well as other Turkic peoples, and through them from some daughters of Emperors of China. Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum narrated that royal lineage that makes Hunnic ruler Attila the sixth-generation ancestor of Árpád, conqueror of the Pannonian Basin, through Attila's son Csaba, his son Ed, his son Ügyek, his son El?d, his son Álmos. Álmos was ruler of the Magyars and the father of Árpád.[3]
Meaning of the name
     "Anonymus gives the name as Vgec; this caused much speculation later, as to the meaning of it. The latest research[4] on the subject gives the following explanations regarding the origin and meaning of the name:
Significance
     "There are three types of great ancestry in the traditional steppe culture.[7]
     "Ügyek clearly belongs to the first group.[8] Also telling is the fact, what other people belong here: Ertogrul, (father of Osman), Sheikh Safi (founder of the Safavids), Saman Khuda (founder of the Samanids), among many others.[9]
References
1. Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 3), pp. 13–15.
2. B. Szabó-Sudár 2017. p. 226.
3. Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians] (in Latin)
4. B. Szabó-Sudár 2017.
5. Magyar Anonymus 1926, 146
6. Dromp, M. R.: Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History. Leiden 2005.
7. Sudár Balázs: Az Árpádok, Attila és a dinasztikus hagyományok. Századok 150:2 (2016) 431–441
8. B. Szabó-Sudár 2017.
9. B. Szabó-Sudár 2017.
Sources
** B. Szabó János – Sudár Balázs: "Vgec-ügyek – Egy elfeledett ?sapa". In: Türk Attila (szerk.): Hadak útján XXIV. A népvándorláskor fiatal kutatóinak XXIV. konferenciája Esztergom, 2014. november 4–6. 2. kötet. PPKE – ELTE, Budapest–Esztergom, 2017. 223–231. o. Contains a summary in English at the end.
** Kristó, Gyula - Makk, Ferenc: Az Árpád-ház uralkodói (IPC Könyvek, 1996)
** Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század), f?szerkeszt?: Kristó, Gyula, szerkeszt?k: Engel, Pál és Makk, Ferenc (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1994.)⁵" GAV-34 EDV-34 GKJ-35.

; The Magyars were a nomadic tribe who plundered Europe in late 9th/early 10th centuries.¹

     Emese (?) of Dentumoger married Ügyek|Ugek|Elod (?)^1,3

      ; Per Wikipedia:
     "Emese was daughter of Prince Önedbelia of Dentumoger and the mother of High Prince Álmos in Hungarian historical mythology, thus, she was the ancestress of the Árpád dynasty, the dynasty which founded the Hungarian Kingdom. Due to a lack of reliable source material, it is difficult to separate the legends concerning Emese from her actual role as a historical person.
     "Emese is also a feminine Hungarian name. Its meaning is mother or breastfeeder. The word originates from the Old Turkic eme, ana or ene, which mean mother.[1]
Emese in legend
     "Emese's Dream, the legend concerning the conception of Prince Álmos, is one of the earliest known tales from Hungarian history. The legend can be tentatively dated to around 860-870, and with certainty to between 820 and 997 (the birth of Álmos and the acceptance of Christianity).
     "In the legend, Emese, the wife of Chief Ögyek (Ügek), was impregnated by a turul bird. The turul appeared to her in a dream and told her that from her womb a great river would begin, and flow out over strange lands. According to dream interpreters, this meant that she would give birth to a son who would lead his people out of their home in Levedia, and that her descendants would be glorious kings. Emese's son was named Álmos; his name derives from the Hungarian word álom, meaning dream, thus "Álmos" can be interpreted as "the Dreamt One".
     "The legend has several variants, namely regarding whether Emese was impregnated by the turul bird or whether she was already pregnant at the time of her dream,[2] and whether the bird appeared to her literally or in a dream while she was asleep. Some variations of the legend may have been introduced in the 19th century during the reemergence of Hungarian nationalism at that time.[3]
Emese in written sources
     "Emese is mentioned in two historical works: the Gesta Hungarorum and the Chronicon Pictum. Neither are contemporary sources, as both were written several centuries after her death (the Gesta around 1200 and the Chronicon Pictum in the 14th century). Both works freely intermingle actual historical events with legend and chivalric tales, so it is impossible to know if Emese is mentioned as legend or as an actual historical personage.
     "In the Gesta Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Hungarians"), the anonymous author writes "In the year of the Lord 819 Ügek, noble Lord of Scythia descending from the great house of Magog, took in marriage the daughter of Eunedubelia of Dentumoger, Emesu. From her a son was born and given the name Almus. The child was given this divine name for when his mother was pregnant with him there appeared to her a in a dream a bird, and instantly it seemed to her that from her womb a spring began and from her loins spread a great line of kings but they did not propagate in their own lands."
     "The Chronicon Pictum contains the text "Eleud, the son of Ugek by the daughter of Eunodbilia in Scythia had a son, who was named Almus because in a dream of his mother there appeared a bird in the shape of a hawk who impregnated her, and from her womb a fast-flowing stream began to flow, but it was in foreign lands that it grew and propagated. So it happened that from her loins a great line of kings was born."
Sources
1. Türk Mitolojisi Ansiklopedik Sözlük, Celal Beydili, Yurt Yay?nevi, 608–610. old.
2. Gyula Kristó, editor. Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon. (9-14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History - 9-14th centuries). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994. p. 39.
3. "Feminism, the Murderer of Mothers" by Eva V. Huseby-Darvas, in Women out of place: the gender of agency and the race of nationality. Brackett F. Williams, (editor) New York: Routeledge, 1996. pp. 161–185.
** Marek, Miroslav. "arpad/arpad1.html". Genealogy.EU.[self-published source][better source needed]²

; Genealogics cites: The Plantagenet Ancestry, Baltimore, 1975 , Turton, Lt.Col. W. H. 25.³ GAV-34 EDV-34 GKJ-35.

     Liuntika/Levente (?) died after 895.¹
     He was living in 895.¹

     Tarkatzus/Tarhos (?) was born circa 931.⁵
Tarkatzus/Tarhos (?) died between 970 and 972.⁵
      ; Per Med Lands: "TARKACSU [Tarkatzúsz], son of ÁRPÁD & his wife --- . The De Administrando Imperio of Konstantinos Porphyrogenetos names "primus Tarcatzus, secundus Ielech, tertius Iutotzas, quartus Zaltan" as the four sons of "Arpadem magnum Turciæ principem"[227].
     "m ---. The name of Tarkacsu's wife is not known."
Med Lands cites: [227] Konstantinos Porphyrogenitos De Administrando Imperio 40, p. 175.⁵

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.) 2:153.⁴

; From Genealogy.EU: "Tarkatzus (Tarhos)
o     B1. Teveli
"          C1. Tormás (Termatzus), lived in Byzantium, +k.a. VIII.955
"               D1. Koppány, Duke in Somogy, +k.a.997/8."¹

      ; Jutotzas (Jutas)
o     B1. Falitzi (Fajsz), Prince of Hungary (948-955), +ca 955
o     B1. Tas, living 950.¹

     Sarolta (?) von Siebenburgen was born circa 954.² She married Géza (?) Prince of Hungary, son of Taksony (?) Prince of Hungary and (?) (?) Princess of the Kumans, circa 967
;
His 1st wife.^1,2,3,4 Sarolta (?) von Siebenburgen and Géza (?) Prince of Hungary were divorced after 975; repudiated.^1,4
Sarolta (?) von Siebenburgen was buried in 1008 at Saint Stephen Basilica Ruins, Székesfehérvár, Székesfehérvári járás, Fejér, Hungary; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     950
     DEATH     1008 (aged 57–58), Hungary
     Known as the White Ermine or White Queen. She was a daughter of Gyula of Transylvania , an Eastern Orthodox Hungarian chieftain. She became the wife of Geza, the son of Taksony, Grand Prince of the Hungarians.
     Sarlota was a powerful woman who influenced her husband in regards to his governmental choices, but was watched suspiciously by the Catholic missionaries who believed her to be an insatiable drinker, and thought her to be guilty of manslaughter.
     After the death of her husband on 997, a distant cousin declared his right to rule according to Hungarian tradition, but he was defeated and her son, Stephen. became the first King of Hungary.
     Her children were:
     Bio by Anne Stevens
     Family Members
     Children
          Stephen I of Hungary 975–1038
     BURIAL     Saint Stephen Basilica Ruins, Székesfehérvár, Székesfehérvári járás, Fejér, Hungary
     Created by: Anne Shurtleff Stevens
     Added: 12 Jul 2020
     Find a Grave Memorial 212858397.⁵
Sarolta (?) von Siebenburgen died in 1008 at Hungary.^1,5
      ; Per Genealogy.EU (Arpad): "Géza, Great Prince of Hungary (ca 972-997), *ca 945, +1.2.997; 1m: ca 967 Sarolta (repudiated shortly after 975, +after 988), dau.of Prince Gyula of Transylvania; 2m: ca 985 Adelajda (+after 997), widow of his brother Michael."¹


; Per Med Lands:
     "GÉZA, son of TAKSONY Prince of Hungary & his wife --- [Pss of the Kumans] ([940/45]-1 Feb 997). The Chronicon Varadiense names "dux Geisa, pater B. Stephani, secundus…Michael dux" as the two sons of "Toxin"[257]. The Kronika W?giersko-Polska names "Geyzan, Mychlemum et caluum Ladislaum" as the three sons of "Thoxon"[258]. The Gestis Hungarorum Liber names "Geysam, quantum ducem Hungarie" as son of "dux Tocsun"[259]. He succeeded his father in [970] as Prince of Hungary. He sent ambassadors to the court of Emperor Otto I, with whom he established friendly relations. Géza was baptised in 974 as ISTVÁN [Stephen] by priests sent by Pilgrim Bishop of Passau, although he appears to have adopted Christianity more for political expediency than religious conviction as he never renounced his pagan beliefs entirely, declaring himself, according to Macartney, "rich enough to afford two gods" (although this alleged quote may represent an inaccurate report of comments by Thietmar, see below)[260]. He continued to use his pre-baptismal name Géza. He centralised Magyar government, based at Esztergom, where his bodyguard consisted of Bavarian knights. The alliance with Bavaria was confirmed after the accession in 985 of Duke Heinrich II, and sealed by the marriage of Duke Heinrich's daughter to Géza's heir in 996[261]. Thietmar names "Deuvix" as father of King István, describing him as "very cruel…when becoming a Christian…he turned his rage against his reluctant subjects [and] sacrificed both to the omnipotent God and to various false gods. When reproached by his priest for doing so, he maintained that the practice had brought him great wealth and power"[262]. The Chronicon Posoniense records the death in 998 of "Geyza princeps Ungarorum"[263].
Per Med Lands:
     "m firstly ([967], repudiated shortly after 975) SAROLT of Transylvania, daughter of GYULA Prince of Transylvania & his wife --- ([954]-after 988). The Gestis Hungarorum Liber names "una…Caroldu et altera Saroltu" as the two daughters of "Geula", specifying that the Sarolt was mother of "sancti regis Stephani"[264]. Thietmar names "Beleknegini, the name means beautiful lady in Slavonic" as wife of "Deuvix", commenting that she "drank immoderately and rode a horse like a warrior" adding that "once in a fit of anger she killed a man"[265]. The primary source which confirms her name and parentage has not yet been identified. She had been baptised into the Orthodox faith by Bishop Hierotheos at her father's court[266]. Her marriage may have been arranged by her father to build an alliance against the more powerful Bulgars[267].
Per Med Lands:
     "m secondly ([985]) as her second husband, ADELAJDA [Adleta] of Poland, widow of his brother MIHÁLY of Hungary Duke between March and Gran, daughter of [ZIEMOMYS? Duke in Poland] & his [second wife ---] ([950/60]-after 997). The Annales Kamenzenses record that "Mesco…rex Polanorum…sororem…Atleydem" married "Iesse rex Ungarie" by whom she was mother of "Stephanum regem Ungarie"[268]. The Breve chronicon Silesiæ names "Adilheidem" as sister of "primo dux Mesco", adding that she married "Jesse rex Ungarie" and that she was the mother of "Stephanum regem Ungarie" born in 975[269]. The Kronika W?giersko-Polska records that "Iesse" married "sororem Meschonis ducis…Athleitam", adding that she was a Christian and converted her husband to Christianity[270]. The primary source which confirms her first marriage has not yet been identified. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[271], Adelajda was the daughter not sister of Mieszko I Prince of Poland, although the primary source on which this is based has not yet been identified. If this is correct, she was an otherwise unrecorded daughter by his first wife (name not known), assuming that Prince Mieszko's marriage to Dobroslawa of Bohemia is correctly dated to 965. Adelajda's birth date range is estimated from the supposed dates of birth of her two sons by her first husband (before his death in [976/78]) and of her three known daughters by her second marriage after [985]. The date range appears chronologically more consistent with her having been the daughter, rather than sister, of Mieszko, but this would be in direct contradiction to the sources quoted above. If she was Mieszko's sister, it is likely that they did not share the same mother, assuming that the estimated birth dates of Mieszko and Adelajda are both accurate. It is probable that her second marriage was arranged in accordance with the Magyar tradition that the oldest male relative should marry the widow of a deceased relative (originally polygamously) and take care of his children."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.) 2:153.² Sarolta (?) von Siebenburgen was also known as Sarlota (?) of Transylcania.⁵

     Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.) 2:153.¹ Gyula (?) Fürst von Siebenburgen was also known as Gyula Prince of Transylvania.²

     (?) (?) of Hungary was born circa 969.³ She married Boleslaw I "Chrobry" (?) King of Poland, son of Mieszko I Dagon (?) King of Poland and Dobrava/Dubrawka (?) Princess of Bohemia, in 985
;
His 2nd wife.^1,7,8,3,2 (?) (?) of Hungary and Boleslaw I "Chrobry" (?) King of Poland were divorced between 986 and 987.^1,7,2
(?) (?) of Hungary died after 987.^1,3
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "BOLES?AW of Poland, son of MIESZKO I Prince of Poland & his [second] wife Dobrava [Dobroslawa] of Bohemia ([967]-17 Jun 1025). The Chronicæ Polanorum names "Boleslavum" as son of "Meschonem [et] Dubrovcam"[79]. The Annales Kamenzenses name "Bolezlaum Magnum" as son of "Mesco…rex Polanorum" and his wife "Danbrovcam filiam ducis Boemie", born in 967[80]. The Annales Polanorum date the birth of "Boleslaus Chabri" in 967[81]. His father left him as a hostage at the German court after the Quedlinburg mediation of 973 following Prince Mieszko's defeat of Hodo Markgraf der Ostmark[82]. He succeeded his father in 992 as BOLES?AW I "Chrobry/the Brave" Prince of Poland. On his accession, he expelled his stepmother and half-brothers from Poland[83]. He offered safe passage through Poland for St Adalbert, expelled as Bishop of Prague, who entered Prussia to convert the pagans. After Adalbert's martyrdom in Apr 997, Boles?aw ransomed his body for its weight in gold and buried it in Gniezno cathedral[84]. In 1000, Emperor Otto III visited Gniezno, recognised Polish independence, and established the archbishopric of Gniezno as an independent church metropolis covering the whole of Poland, on the authority of a special bull issued by Pope Sylvester II[85]. After the election in 1002 of Heinrich II as King of Germany, a group of German nobles tried to assassinate Prince Boles?aw[86], triggering the Polish-German war which lasted until 1016. During the course of this, Boles?aw occupied Meissen, was invited into Prague by the population, deposed Boleslav III Duke of Bohemia, and installed his brother as duke in his place. After his brother died, Boles?aw assumed the position of duke of Bohemia himself until 1004 when he was driven out of Bohemia by Heinrich II King of Germany[87]. He captured Lausitz in 1007, confirmed in peace meetings at Merseburg in 1013 and Bautzen in 1018[88]. After the Polish-Russian war of 1013, peace was confirmed by the marriage of Duke Boles?aw's daughter to the Grand Prince of Kiev, and in [1017] Prince Boles?aw asked for the hand in marriage of the daughter of Grand Prince Vladimir, wishing to strengthen the bond between Poland and Russia, but this was refused[89]. He helped restore his son-in-law in Kiev in Jul/Aug 1018, forcing the temporary retreat of Iaroslav Vladimirovich to Novgorod[90]. After the death in 1024 of Emperor Heinrich II, with whom Prince Boles?aw had always had poor relations, Pope John XIX agreed to grant Boles?aw a royal crown and he was crowned King of Poland in 1024. The necrology of Lüneburg records the death "17 Jun" of "Bolizlauus dux"[91]. The Breve chronicon Silesiæ records the death in 1025 of "Bolezlaus magnus"[92].
     "m firstly ([984], divorced [985/86]) --- [von Meissen], daughter of RICDAG Markgraf [von Meissen] & his wife ---. The Annales Kamenzenses record the marriage of "Bolezlaus Magnus" in 984, presumably referring to his first marriage, but do not name his wife[93]. Thietmar records that Boleslaw married "the daughter of Markgraf Rikdag but later sent her away"[94].
     "m secondly (end 985, divorced [986/87]) [--- of Hungary, daughter of GÉZA Prince of Hungary & his first wife Sarolt of Transylvania]. Thietmar records that Boleslaw married "a Hungarian woman" after repudiating his first wife but "also sent her away"[95]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not so far been identified, but it is chronologically plausible for her to have been the daughter of Prince Géza. This marriage probably ended because of the deterioration in political relations between Poland and Hungary[96].
     "[m thirdly ([987/92]) HODICA, daughter of BILLUG Prince of the Obotrites & his wife ---. Helmold names "Hodicam" as the daughter of "regulus Obotritorum…Billug" and his wife, recording that her maternal uncle installed her as abbess of Mecklenburg[97]. Helmold records in a later passage that "Missizlaus, Obotritorum princeps…sororem suam…Hodicam" was removed from her monastery to marry Boles?aw of Poland, while many other nuns were sent "in terram Wilzorum sive Ranorum" and the monastery dissolved[98]. This is the only source so far identified which refers to this marriage of Prince Boles?aw.]
     "m [thirdly/fourthly] (987) EMNILDA, daughter of DOBROMIR [ruler of Lausitz and the lands of the Milseni][99] (-1017). Thietmar names "Emnilde a daughter of the venerable lord Dobromir" as third wife of Boleslaw[100]. The Chronica principum Polonie records that "Boleslaus" married "felix mulier et prudens" (unnamed), by whom he fathered "filium Meziconem secundum" in 990, in 984[101].
     "m [fourthly/fifthly] (Burg Cziczani 3 Feb 1018) ODA von Meissen, daughter of EKKEHARD I Markgraf von Meissen & his wife Schwanehild [Billung] (-1025). Thietmar records the marriage of "Oda, Markgraf Ekkehard's daughter" and Boleslav in Zützen in 1018 "after septuagesima" (2 Feb)[102]. The chronicler adds the comment "until now she has lived outside the law of matrimony and thus in a manner worthy only of a marriage such as this one", which suggests a reputation for moral dissolution.
Med Lands cites:
; Per Genealogy.EU (Piast 1): "B2. [2m.] Boleslaw I "Chrobry" "the Brave", Ct of Poland (993-1024), became King of Poland (1024-25), Duke of Bohemia (1003-04), *967, +17.6.1025; 1m: 984 (div 985/6) N, a dau.of Mgve Rikdag of Meissen; 2m: 985 (div 987) Judith of Hungary; 3m: 987 Emnilde (+1017) dau.of the Sorb chieftain Dobromir; 4m: Czicania 3.2.1018 Oda (+1025) dau.of Mgve Ekkehard of Meissen."⁷

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.) 2:153, 120.³

; Per Med Lands: " [daughter ([969]-after 987). Thietmar records that Boleslaw of Poland married "a Hungarian woman" after repudiating his first wife but "also sent her away"[272]. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified, but from a chronological point of view it is plausible that she was the daughter of Prince Géza. This marriage probably ended because of the deterioration in political relations between Poland and Hungary[273]. m (end 985, divorced [986/87]) as his second wife, BOLES?AW of Poland, son of MIESZKO I Prince of Poland & his second wife Dobrava [Dobroslawa] of Bohemia ([967]-17 Jun 1025). He succeeded his father in 992 as BOLES?AW I "Chrobry/the Brave" Prince of Poland. He declared himself King of Poland in 1024.]"
Med Lands cites:

     Henilda (?) von Meissen married Boleslaw I "Chrobry" (?) King of Poland, son of Mieszko I Dagon (?) King of Poland and Dobrava/Dubrawka (?) Princess of Bohemia, in 984
;
His 1st wife.^1,3
      ; Per Genealogy.EU (Piast 1): "B2. [2m.] Boleslaw I "Chrobry" "the Brave", Ct of Poland (993-1024), became King of Poland (1024-25), Duke of Bohemia (1003-04), *967, +17.6.1025; 1m: 984 (div 985/6) N, a dau.of Mgve Rikdag of Meissen; 2m: 985 (div 987) Judith of Hungary; 3m: 987 Emnilde (+1017) dau.of the Sorb chieftain Dobromir; 4m: Czicania 3.2.1018 Oda (+1025) dau.of Mgve Ekkehard of Meissen."¹

; Per Med Lands: "daughter . Thietmar records that Boleslaw married "the daughter of Markgraf Rikdag but later sent her away"[117]. The Annales Kamenzenses record the marriage of "Bolezlaus Magnus" in 984, presumably referring to his first marriage, but do not name his wife[118]. m ([984], divorced [985/86]) as his first wife, BO?ESLAW of Poland, son of MIESZKO I Prince of Poland & his second wife Dobrava [Dobroslawa] of Bohemia ([967]-17 Jun 1025). He succeeded his father in 992 as BOLES?AW I "Chrobry/the Brave" Prince of Poland. Duke of Bohemia 1003-1004. He declared himself King of Poland in 1024."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.) 1.1:143, 2:120.²

; N, a dau.of Mgve Rikdag of Meissen.¹