Person Page - 2348

     Justina (?) Empress of the Roman Empire married Flavius Magnus Magnentius (?) in 350
; Her 1st husband.^2,3 Justina (?) Empress of the Roman Empire married Flavius Valentinianus I (?) Emperor of the Eoman Empire, son of Gratianus 'the Elder' (?) comte en Pannonie, circa 370
;
Her 2nd husband; his 2nd wife.^2,4,5,3,1
Justina (?) Empress of the Roman Empire died in 391.^6,1
     ; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident): “Flavius Valentinianus 1er (47) ° ~320 (Pannonie) + 17/11/375 (Bregetio, d’apoplexie), proclamé Empereur (26/02/364)
     ép. 1) Severa
     ép. 2) Justina + ~388”.⁴
; Per Med Lands:
     "VALENTINIAN (Cibalæ, Pannonia [3 Jul] [320/21]-Vergitione 17 Nov 375). Ammianus Marcellinus implies, but does not state explicitly, that "Valentinianus" was the son of "Gratianus maior ignobili stirpe"[4]. Zosimus records that Valentinian was "Cibali oriundus…Pannoniæ"[5]. A member of the personal guard of Emperor Julian, he was disgraced and returned to Pannonia. He helped engineer the succession in 363 of Emperor Jovian, after whose death in Feb 364 he was acclaimed by the army at Nikaia 26 Feb 364 as Emperor VALENTINIAN I. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentianianus" was proclaimed emperor "Nicææ Bythiniæ…V Kal Mar" (in 364)[6]. Theophanes records that "Valentinianus Augustus" was installed as emperor "cum Gratianum filium imperii collegam…et consulem" and that he renounced "fratrem…Valentem" and Arianism[7]. He formalised a division of the empire into east and west in Jun 364, retaining the latter part while his brother ruled in the former[8]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "in castello Vergitione" of "Valentinianus Augustus" aged 55[9].
     "m firstly SEVERA [Marina], daughter of ---. Theophanes records that "Valentinianus senior" repudiated "Severa uxore Gratiani matre" in 360 and married "Iustinam"[10]. Iordanes names "Severa" as first wife of "Valentinianus senior" when recording that she consented to her husband's second marriage[11]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Gratianus Augustus" revoked "Marinam matrem suam Augustam" after his father died[12]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "III Non Aug" in 449 of "Marina Augusta Valentiniani Augusti uxor"[13], but the year must be incorrect.
     "m secondly (bigamously) as her second husband, IUSTINA, widow of MAGNENTIUS, daughter of --- (-Milan 391). Theophanes records that "Valentinianus senior" repudiated "Severa uxore Gratiani matre" in 360 and married "Iustinam"[14]. Iordanes names "Iustina" as second wife of "Valentinianus senior", recording that he married her with the consent of his first wife during the latter's lifetime[15]. Zosimus records that the mother of "minorem Valentiniani filium" was "Magnentii prius uxor", and names her "Iustina" in a later passage[16]."
Med Lands cites:

; This is the same person as ”Justina (empress)” at Wikipedia and as ”Justine (impératrice)” at Wikipédia (FR).^2,7 GAV-47.

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.¹

     Flavius Valentinianus II (?) Emperor of Rome was born in 371 at Acincum, Pannonie, Hungary (now); Racines et Histoire says b. 373.^1,2,3
Flavius Valentinianus II (?) Emperor of Rome died on 15 May 392; ass., par Arbogast.^1,2,3
      ; from Wikipedia: Flavius Valentinianus Junior (371 – 15 May 392), known usually by his anglicised name, Valentinian II, was a Roman Emperor from 375 to 392.

Early Life and Accession (371–375)

Flavius Valentinianus was born to Emperor Valentinian I and his second wife, Justina. He was the half-brother of Valentinian’s other son, Gratian, who had shared the imperial title with his father since 367. He had three sisters Galla, Grata and Justa. The elder Valentinian died on campaign in 375. Instead of merely acknowledging Gratian as his father’s successor, Valentinian I’s generals acclaimed the four-year old boy augustus on 22 November 375. The army may have been uneasy about Gratian's lack of military ability, and so raised a boy who would not immediately aspire to military command.[1]

Reign from Milan (375–387)

Gratian, forced to accommodate the generals who supported his half-brother, governed the trans-alpine provinces (including Gaul, Hispania, and Britain), while Italy, part of Illyricum, and Africa were under the rule of Valentinian. In 378 their uncle, the Emperor Valens, was killed in battle with the Goths at Adrianople, and Gratian invited the general Theodosius to be emperor in the East. As a child, Valentinian II was under the influence of his Arian mother, the Empress Justina, and the imperial court at Milan, an influence contested by the Catholic bishop of Milan, Ambrose.

Justina used her influence over her young son to oppose the Catholic party which was championed by Ambrose. In 386 she sanctioned the requisitioning of a Milanese church for Arian usage. Ambrose and his congregation barricaded themselves inside the church, and the imperial order was rescinded. Magnus Maximus used the emperor’s heterodoxy against him, and even his eventual protector, Theodosius, cast aspersions on his Arianism. Valentinian also tried to restrain the despoiling of pagan temples in Rome. Buoyed by this instruction, the pagan senators, led by Aurelius Symmachus, the Prefect of Rome, petitioned in 384 for the restoration of the Altar of Victory in the Senate House, which had been removed by Gratian in 382. Valentinian, at the insistence of Ambrose, refused the request and, in so doing, rejected the traditions and rituals of pagan Rome to which Symmachus had appealed.

In 383 Magnus Maximus, commander of the armies in Britain, declared himself Emperor and established himself in Gaul and Hispania. Gratian died while fleeing him. For a time the court of Valentinian, through the mediation of Ambrose, came to an accommodation with the usurper, and Theodosius recognized Maximus as co-emperor of the West. However, in 387 Maximus crossed the Alps into the Po valley and threatened Milan. Valentinian II and Justina fled to Theodosius in Thessalonica. The latter came to an agreement, cemented by his marriage to Valentinian’s sister Galla, to restore the young emperor in the West. In 388 Theodosius marched west and defeated Maximus. He then proceeded to marginalise the restored Valentinian, while still remaining theoretically loyal to the dynasty of Valentinian I.

[edit] Reign from Vienne (388–392)
A solidus minted by Valentinian II. On the reverse, both Valentinian and Theodosius I are celebrated as victorious.

After the defeat of Maximus, Theodosius installed Valentinian’s court at Vienne in Gaul. Justina had already died, and Vienne was far away from the influence of Ambrose. Theodosius appointed the trusted Frankish general Arbogast as magister militum for the Western provinces (bar Africa). Acting in the name of Valentinian, the Frank was actually subordinate only to Theodosius. [2] While the general campaigned successfully on the Rhine, the young emperor remained at Vienne, in contrast to his warrior father. Even his less competent older brother had campaigned at his age. Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general.

The crisis reached a peak when Valentinian formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed. On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor’s death was suicide. The young man’s body was conveyed in ceremony to Milan for burial by Ambrose, mourned by his sisters Justa and Grata. The bishop gave a eulogy which was ambiguous on the question of foul play.

Whether or not Arbogast had a hand in Valentinian’s death, he was to elevate an imperial official, Eugenius, as Emperor in the West. Theodosius initially tolerated this regime, but in January 393 elevated the eight year old Honorius as augustus in place of Valentinian II. Civil war ensued, and in 394 Theodosius defeated Eugenius and Arbogast.

Significance

Valentinian himself seems to have exercised no real authority, and was a figurehead for various powerful interests: his mother, his co-emperors, and powerful generals. Since the Crisis of the Third Century, the empire had been ruled by powerful generals, a situation formalised by Diocletian and his collegiate system. While Constantine and his sons had been strong military figures, they had also re-established the practice of hereditary succession, adopted by Valentinian I. The obvious flaw in these two competing requirements came in the reign of Valentinian II, a child.[3] His reign was a harbinger of the fifth century, when children or nonentities, reigning as emperors, were controlled by powerful generals and officials.

Notes

1. ^ DIR "Valentinian II"
2. ^ Williams & Friell, 126
3. ^ Williams & Friell, 42

Bibliography

* Stephen Williams & Gerard Friell, Theodosius: the Empire at Bay. (Routledge, 1994.)²

; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.¹ Flavius Valentinianus II (?) Emperor of Rome was also known as Valentinian II.² He was Emperor of Rome in November 375.³

     Flavius Magnus Magnentius (?) was born in 303 at Samarobriva (Amiens), Gaul.² He married Justina (?) Empress of the Roman Empire, daughter of Justus (?) Governor of Picenum, in 350
; Her 1st husband.^1,3
Flavius Magnus Magnentius (?) died on 11 August 353 at Battle of Mons Seleucus, Hautes-Alpes, France (now); From Wikipedia: "Magnentius made a final stand in 353 in the Battle of Mons Seleucus, after which he committed suicide by falling on his sword."
"The Battle of Mons Seleucus was fought in 353 between the forces of Constantius II and the forces of the usurper Magnentius. Constantius' forces were victorious, and Magnentius later committed suicide.

It took place in today's department Hautes-Alpes, Southern France."²
      ; From Wikipedia: Flavius Magnus Magnentius (303–August 11, 353) was a Roman usurper (January 18, 350 – August 11, 353).

Born in Samarobriva (Amiens), Gaul, Magnentius was the commander of the Herculians and Iovians, the imperial guard units (Zosimus, ii.58). When the army grew dissatisfied with the behaviour of Roman Emperor Constans, it elevated Magnentius at Autun on January 18, 350. Constans was abandoned by all except a handful of retainers, and he was slain shortly afterwards by a troop of light cavalry near the Pyrenees.

Magnentius quickly attracted the loyalty of the provinces in Britannia, Gaul, and Hispania, in part because he proved to be far more tolerant towards both Christians and Pagans. His control on Italia and Africa was applied through the election of his men to the most important offices. However, the short-lived revolt of Nepotianus, a member of the Constantinian dynasty, showed Magnentius that his status of Emperor was to be consolidated against the members of that dynasty.

The self-proclaimed emperor tried to strengthen his grasp on the territories previously controlled by Constans, moving towards the Danube. Vetranio, commander of the Pannonian army, had been elected Augustus by his troops in Mursa on 1 March. This revolt had a loyalist mark, since Vetranio was supported by Constantina, and Constantius II himself recognized Vetranio, sending him the imperial diadem.

The remaining emperor of the family of Constantine I, Constantius II broke off his war in Syria with Persia, and marched west. Despite Magnentius effort to gain Vetranio to his cause, the old general reached Constantius with his army, and deposed the crown.

After electing Magnus Decentius (probably his brother) to Caesar and gathering as many troops as possible, the armies of Magnentius and Constantius met in the Battle of Mursa Major in 351; Magnentius led his troops into battle, while Constantius spent the day of battle praying in a nearby church. Despite Magnentius' heroism, his troops were defeated and forced to retreat back to Gaul.

As a result of Magnentius' defeat, Italy ejected his garrisons and rejoined the loyalist cause. Magnentius made a final stand in 353 in the Battle of Mons Seleucus, after which he committed suicide by falling on his sword.

Following the suppression of Magnentius' rebellion, Constantius commanded an investigation be made to find his followers. The most notorious agent in this search was the primicerius notorarum Paulus Catena.

Magnentius' mother was a Frank.[citation needed]

References

* Cameron, Averil, and Peter Garnsey ed., The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol XIII, Cambridge University Press, 1988.² He was (an unknown value) between 18 January 350 and 11 August 353.²

     GAV-48.

     Marina Severa (?) Empress of the Roman Empire married Flavius Valentinianus I (?) Emperor of the Eoman Empire, son of Gratianus 'the Elder' (?) comte en Pannonie, before 364
;
His 1st wife.^1,3,4,2,5
Marina Severa (?) Empress of the Roman Empire died before 375.¹
      ; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident): “Flavius Valentinianus 1er (47) ° ~320 (Pannonie) + 17/11/375 (Bregetio, d’apoplexie), proclamé Empereur (26/02/364)
     ép. 1) Severa
     ép. 2) Justina + ~388”.⁵

; Per Med Lands:
     "VALENTINIAN (Cibalæ, Pannonia [3 Jul] [320/21]-Vergitione 17 Nov 375). Ammianus Marcellinus implies, but does not state explicitly, that "Valentinianus" was the son of "Gratianus maior ignobili stirpe"[4]. Zosimus records that Valentinian was "Cibali oriundus…Pannoniæ"[5]. A member of the personal guard of Emperor Julian, he was disgraced and returned to Pannonia. He helped engineer the succession in 363 of Emperor Jovian, after whose death in Feb 364 he was acclaimed by the army at Nikaia 26 Feb 364 as Emperor VALENTINIAN I. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentianianus" was proclaimed emperor "Nicææ Bythiniæ…V Kal Mar" (in 364)[6]. Theophanes records that "Valentinianus Augustus" was installed as emperor "cum Gratianum filium imperii collegam…et consulem" and that he renounced "fratrem…Valentem" and Arianism[7]. He formalised a division of the empire into east and west in Jun 364, retaining the latter part while his brother ruled in the former[8]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "in castello Vergitione" of "Valentinianus Augustus" aged 55[9].
     "m firstly SEVERA [Marina], daughter of ---. Theophanes records that "Valentinianus senior" repudiated "Severa uxore Gratiani matre" in 360 and married "Iustinam"[10]. Iordanes names "Severa" as first wife of "Valentinianus senior" when recording that she consented to her husband's second marriage[11]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Gratianus Augustus" revoked "Marinam matrem suam Augustam" after his father died[12]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "III Non Aug" in 449 of "Marina Augusta Valentiniani Augusti uxor"[13], but the year must be incorrect.
     "m secondly (bigamously) as her second husband, IUSTINA, widow of MAGNENTIUS, daughter of --- (-Milan 391). Theophanes records that "Valentinianus senior" repudiated "Severa uxore Gratiani matre" in 360 and married "Iustinam"[14]. Iordanes names "Iustina" as second wife of "Valentinianus senior", recording that he married her with the consent of his first wife during the latter's lifetime[15]. Zosimus records that the mother of "minorem Valentiniani filium" was "Magnentii prius uxor", and names her "Iustina" in a later passage[16]."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.²

; This is the same person as ”Marina Severa” at Wikipedia and as ”Marina Severa” at Wikipédia (FR).^1,6

     Flavius Gratianus (?) Emperor of Western Roman Empire married Leta (?)⁷
Flavius Gratianus (?) Emperor of Western Roman Empire married Constantia (?)⁷
Flavius Gratianus (?) Emperor of Western Roman Empire was born on 18 April 359.^1,3
Flavius Gratianus (?) Emperor of Western Roman Empire died on 25 August 383 at Lugdunum, Lyons, France (now), at age 24; assassinated.^1,3,7
      ; from Wikipedia: "Flavius Gratianus (18 April/23 May 359 - 25 August 383), known usually by the anglicised name Gratian, was a Western Roman Emperor from 375 to 383.

He favoured the Christian religion against Roman polytheism, refusing the traditional polytheistic attributes of the emperors and removing the Altar of Victory from the Roman Senate.

Life

Gratian was the son of Emperor Valentinian I[1] by Marina Severa, and was born at Sirmium[2] (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) in Pannonia. He was named after his grandfather Gratian the Elder. Gratian was first married to Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II. His second wife was Laeta. Both marriages remained childless. His stepmother was Empress Justina and his paternal half siblings were Emperor Valentinian II, Galla and Justa.

On August 4, 367 he received from his father the title of Augustus. On the death of Valentinian (November 17, 375), the troops in Pannonia proclaimed his infant son (by a second wife Justina) emperor under the title of Valentinian II.

Gratian acquiesced in their choice; reserving for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, he handed over Italy, Illyria and Africa to Valentinian and his mother, who fixed their residence at Mediolanum. The division, however, was merely nominal, and the real authority remained in the hands of Gratian.

The Eastern Roman Empire was under the rule of his uncle Valens. In May, 378 Gratian completely defeated the Lentienses, the southernmost branch of the Alamanni, at the Battle of Argentovaria, near the site of the modern Colmar. Later that year, Valens met his death in the Battle of Adrianopole on August 9. Valens refused to wait for Gratian and his army to arrive and assist in defeating the host of Goths, Alans and Huns; as a result, two-thirds of the eastern Roman army were killed as well.

In the same year, the government of the Eastern Empire devolved upon Gratian, but feeling himself unable to resist unaided the incursions of the barbarians, he promoted Theodosius I on January 19, 379 to govern that portion of the empire. Gratianus and Theodosius then cleared the Balkans of barbarians in the Gothic War (376-382).

For some years Gratian governed the empire with energy and success but gradually sank into indolence, occupying himself chiefly with the pleasures of the chase, and became a tool in the hands of the Frankish general Merobaudes and bishop St. Ambrose of Milan.

By taking into his personal service a body of Alans, and appearing in public in the dress of a Scythian warrior, after the disaster of the Battle of Adrianopole, he aroused the contempt and resentment of his Roman troops. A Roman general named Magnus Maximus took advantage of this feeling to raise the standard of revolt in Britain and invaded Gaul with a large army. Gratian, who was then in Paris, being deserted by his troops, fled to Lyon. There, through the treachery of the governor, Gratian was delivered over to one of the rebel generals, Andragathius, and assassinated on August 25, 383.

Empire and religion

The reign of Gratian forms an important epoch in ecclesiastical history, since during that period Orthodox Christianity for the first time became dominant throughout the empire.

Under the influence of Ambrosius, Gratian prohibited Pagan worship at Rome; refused to wear the insignia of the pontifex maximus as unbefitting a Christian; removed the Altar of Victory from the Senate House at Rome, despite protests of the pagan members of the Senate, and confiscated its revenues; forbade legacies of real property to the Vestals; and abolished other privileges belonging to them and to the pontiffs. Nevertheless he was still deified after his death.

Gratian also published an edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria (i.e., the Nicene faith). The move was mainly thrust at the various beliefs that had arisen out of Arianism, but smaller dissident sects, such as the Macedonians, were also prohibited.

References

1. ^ http://www.roman-emperors.org/gratian.htm
2. ^ Rose, Hugh James (1853). A New General Biographical Dictionary, p90.

* Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae Libri XXXI
* This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.¹
"

; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.³ Flavius Gratianus (?) Emperor of Western Roman Empire was also known as Gratian (?) Emperor of Western Roman Empire.³ He was Emperor of the western Roman Empire between 367 and 383.³

     Gratianus 'the Elder' (?) comte en Pannonie lived at Vinkovci, Slavonia, Croatia (now).⁴

; This is the same person as ”Gratian the Elder” at Wikipedia and as ”Graziano il Vecchio” at Wikipedia (IT).^4,5

; Per Med Lands:
     "GRATIAN (-after Sep 351). Ammianus Marcellinus records that "Gratianus maior ignobili stirpe" was born "apud Cibalas Pannoniæ" and adds that he was first called "Funarius"[2]. He was rewarded for his military service by appointment as Count of Africa in 327 by Emperor Constantine I, but was later disgraced. He was appointed count in Brittany by Emperor Constans. He received the usurper Magnentius in Pannonia in Sep 351, but Emperor Constantius confiscated all his assets in reprisal[3].
     "m ---. The name of Gratian´s wife is not known."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites:
1. The Roman Emperors, A Biographical Guide 31BC-AD476 London, 1985, Grant, Michael, Reference: 258.
2. Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von. 139.⁷

; from Wikipedia: "Gratian the Elder

Gratianus Funarius, also known as Gratianus Major (Major Latin for the elder), also known as Gratian the Elder, who was a soldier of the Roman Empire who flourished in the 4th century. He is called Gratian the Elder, to distinguish himself from his grandson the Roman Emperor Gratian.

Origins

Gratianus originated from an obscure Christian family from the town Cibalae or Cibalis, Southern Pannonia (modern Vinkovci, Croatia). There Gratianus seems to have married a local woman and they had two sons Flavius Valentinianus (321-375) and Flavius Iulius (Julius) Valens (328-378). His first son would become Roman Emperor of the West and his second son would become Roman Emperor of the East.

Gratianus obtain the cognomen Funarius, which means ‘the rope-man’, because prior to his military career, Gratianus was a rope salesman. On one occasion, he successfully resisted the efforts of five soldiers to wrestle him. From that occasion, it inspired Gratianus to enlist in the Roman Army.

Military & Political Career

Gratianus was renowned for the strength, his wrestling skills and had an illustrious army career. He rose from Staff Officer to be promoted to Military Tribune and became a Comes Africae. In the 340s, Gratianus was sent to Britannia and was given the title Comes Britanniarum. He commanded a field army (comitatus). The crisis that precipitated this is not known however.

After his army career ended, Gratianus returned to his birthplace and lived as a private citizen who had earned a good reputation from his military career. Gratianus could have earned the praetorship.

In Gratianus’ retirement, Roman Emperor Constantius II (reigned 337-360) confiscated all of his estates because of his suspected support of Roman usurper Magnentius. Gratianus was kept in high regard with fellow soldiers and due his to popularity within the army; this could have contributed to the elevation of his sons and his descendants in becoming Roman Emperors. When Valens became Emperor, the Roman Senate in Constantinople decreed a brass statue of him.

Sources

* http://www.roman-emperors.org/vali.htm
* http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1409.html
* Rodgers,N.,The History and Conquests of Ancient Rome,Hermes House,2005.⁴
" GAV-48.

     Flavius Julius Valens (?) Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire married Albia Domnica (?) Empress of the Eoman Empire.⁶
Flavius Julius Valens (?) Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire was born circa 328 at Cibalae, near Sirmium (near Komárno), Slovakia (now).^1,2,4
Flavius Julius Valens (?) Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire died on 9 August 378 at Adrianople (near modern Edirne), Turkey (now).^1,7,2
      ; This is the same person as ”Valens” at Wikipedia and as ”Valens” at Wikipédia (FR).


This is also the same person as "Valens (364-378 AD)" at De Imperatoribus Romanis.^1,8,9

Reference: Genealogics cites: Chronicle of the Roman Emperors London, 1995. , Scarre, Chris, Reference: Page 227.¹⁰

; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident): “Flavius Valens (47) ° 328 (Cibalae, Pannonie) + 09/08/378 (Andrinople) associé à l’Empire (28/03/364) pour l’Orient
     ép. ? (fille de Procopius)”.⁴ Flavius Julius Valens (?) Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire was also known as Valens (?) Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire.¹¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "VALENS (Cibalæ, Pannonia 328-killed in battle 9 Aug 378). Theophanes records that "Valentinianus Augustus" was installed as emperor "cum Gratianum filium imperii collegam…et consulem" and that he renounced "fratrem…Valentem" and Arianism[41]. His brother named him co-Emperor VALENS 28 Mar 364[42]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valens, Valentiniani frater" was proclaimed emperor "Constantinopoli in Hebdomo…IV Kal Apr" (in 364)[43]. After the division of the empire into east and west in Jun 364, Emperor Valens ruled in the east, at first from Constantinople and later from Antioch[44].
     "m DOMINICA, daughter of ---. Theophanes records that "Domnicam Valentis coniugem" retained the Aryan religion[45]."
Med Lands cites: He and Flavius Valentinianus I (?) Emperor of the Eoman Empire were Emperor of the Western Roman Empire with his borther emperor in the east
See the attached map of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires in 395 (from Wikipedia: By AKIKA3D - Own workOwn work using the following public domain sources:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_empire_395.jpghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:REmpire_Dalmatia.svg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37913758) between 26 March 364 and 17 November 375.^12,13 Flavius Julius Valens (?) Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire was Emperor of the Eastern Empire on 28 March 364.⁷

     Maria Palaiologina was born circa 1216.¹ She married Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes megas domestikos, general circa 1237.⁴

      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III/1 198.¹

     Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes megas domestikos, general married Maria Palaiologina, daughter of Andronikos Dukas Komnenos Palaiologos Governor of Thessalonika and Theodora Palaiologina, circa 1237.¹

      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III/1 198.¹ Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes megas domestikos, general was living in 1260.¹

      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III/1 197.¹

     Matthaios Asanes Kantakuzenos Co-Emperor, Lord of Thracia was born circa 1325.¹ He married Eirene Palaiologos, daughter of Demetrios Angelodukas Palaiologos and Theodora (?), in 1341.³

Matthaios Asanes Kantakuzenos Co-Emperor, Lord of Thracia died on 24 June 1383.¹
      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: II 181.¹

     Eirene Palaiologos married Matthaios Asanes Kantakuzenos Co-Emperor, Lord of Thracia, son of Ioannes VI Palaiologos Kantakuzenos Emperor of Byzantium and Eirene Asanina, in 1341.¹

      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: II 183.¹

     Theodora (?) married Demetrios Angelodukas Palaiologos, son of Andronikos II Palaiologos Emperor of Byzantinium and Yolanda/Eirene/Violante de Monferrato Mgvne of Montferrat, Empress of Constantinople.^2,1

      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: II 183.¹

     Demetrios Angelodukas Palaiologos married Theodora (?)^1,4

Demetrios Angelodukas Palaiologos died after 1343.¹ He was born after 1426.¹
      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: II 183.¹

     Theodorus Palaiologos Kantakuzenos was born after 1361.¹
Theodorus Palaiologos Kantakuzenos died in 1410; died of the plague.¹
      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: II 181.¹ He was Senator, Patrician of Venice at Venice, Italy (now).¹

     Eirene (Jerina) Kantakuzene was born circa 1400.¹ She married Djuradj Vukovic Brankovic Despot and Magnat of Serbia on 26 December 1414.²

Eirene (Jerina) Kantakuzene died on 3 May 1457 at Rudnik, Serbia (now).¹
      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III 187.¹

     Djuradj Vukovic Brankovic Despot and Magnat of Serbia was born circa 1366.¹ He married Eirene (Jerina) Kantakuzene, daughter of Theodorus Palaiologos Kantakuzenos, on 26 December 1414.¹

Djuradj Vukovic Brankovic Despot and Magnat of Serbia died on 24 December 1456 at Smederevo, Serbia (now).¹
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III 187
2. Royal Highness, ancestry of the royal child, London, 1982, Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Iain, Reference: 54
3. History of Serbia by the Serbian Unity Congress , Reference: Biographical details.¹

; per van de Pas: "Djuradj was the son of Vuk Brankovic, knez of Raska-Kosovo, and Maria Lazarevic, the daughter of Stefan Lazar Hrebeljanovic, zupan of Rudnik, lord of Serbia. Djuradj's long reign was rich and eventful, and he was one of the most eminent European personalities of his era. Immediately upon assuming the throne after the death of his uncle Despot Stefan, in accordance with Stefan's agreements with the Hungarians, Djuradj had to restore Macva and Belgrade to them; and his fortress of Golubac surrendered to the Turks. Pressed from two sides, Djuradj decided to renew the vassal contract with Sultan Murad (Amurath) II, ruler of the Ottoman empire. Deprived of several important towns and desperately in need of a capital, Djuradj managed to build Smederevo, a new, well fortified city on the Danube, in only two years; its monumental walls and towers, despite heavy damage in the two world wars, largely remain to this day.

With the main construction complete in 1430, he transferred his court and the mint to Smederevo, which now also replaced Belgrade as the seat of the metropolitan. In a very short time, the new capital became a 'new Constantinople', its Christian reputation enhanced by events like the transfer of St. Luke the Apostle's relics to the city. The court functioned through two chancelleries, Serbian and Latin. The city was also inhabited by Serbian and Dubrovnik aristocracy.

Despite some initial setbacks, Djuradj still possessed a large and rich state - his despotate extended from the Sava and Danube rivers to the Adriatic coast. Its neighbours were Turkey, Hungary (with its vassal Bosnia) and Venice; at this point the Byzantine empire was no longer geographically adjacent to Serbia. The political approach towards the West did not, however, mean any break with the Byzantine culture - on the contrary, common perils made political ties between Serbia and Byzantium as strong as ever. At the same time, the negotiations which brought the Byzantine emperor Ioannes VIII Palaiologos to conclude the Florentine union of the two Churches (in 1439) did not result in any significant Western help.

As early as 1438, Murad II made major forays into Serbian territories, and destroyed several important fortifications, together with the Ravanica monastery. In the following year he besieged Smederevo. Short of supplies, the city eventually surrendered, along with most of the state; this marked what was the first fall of Serbia. In 1440 came the first Turkish siege of Belgrade, but the invaders were defeated and forced to withdraw. In the meantime, Djuradj tried to have Hungary mobilise Christian forces, but he was frustrated due to the confusion following the death of the Hungarian king and emperor Sigismund I in 1437, and the subsequent quarrels over the Hungarian throne.

In 1443 Djuradj with his Serbian forces joined the grand crusade led by King Wladislaw III and the Hungarian nobleman Janos Hunyadi, who would become regent of Hungary after Wladislaw's death, and was the father of Matthias Hunyadi gen. Corvinus, king of Hungary from 1458. The Ottomans were defeated several times, allowing Djuradj to recover his state in the following year. The Turks were obliged to restore all his possessions together with 24 cities. In a further crusade soon after, in which Djuradj did not take part, in a battle near Varna in Bulgaria on 10 October 1444 the Christians were routed and King Wladislaw and Cardinal Cesarini killed. Hunyadi barely managed to escape. In his revenge campaigns against the Turks in autumn 1448, Hunyadi ravaged through Serbia, but was defeated by the Turks in the second battle of Kosovo. Djuradj's position was this time strengthened by his neutrality, giving him the position of mediator in the 1451 peace negotiations between the Turks and Hungary.

However skilfully Djuradj may have navigated these troubled political waters, the end was near. The new sultan Mehemmed II 'the Conqueror' (1451-1481), shortly after his accession, besieged and finally took Constantinople in 1453 - the last significant remnant and crucial symbol of the Byzantine empire. Having earlier generously supplied resources to repair portions of the walls of Constantinople, Djuradj was now obliged to supply vassal troops to aid the sultan in pounding and scaling them. In the meantime, Djuradj's diplomatic efforts in several Italian cities produced no concrete offers of help. In 1455 the Turks conquered the key mining centre of Novo Brdo, massacring its inhabitants. The following year they tried to conquer Belgrade again, and once more were defeated, the sultan himself being wounded. But 1456 saw the deaths of two of the 15th century's most distinguished crusaders, Janos Hunyadi in Belgrade, and Djuradj in Smederevo, the latter apparently in a duel.

Djuradj was married twice. By an unnamed first wife he had a daughter Katrina who would have progeny. By his second wife Eirene (Jerina) Kantakuzene, daughter of Theodorus Palaiologos Kantakuzenos, he had four sons, two of whom were blinded by the Ottomans, and his daughter Maria had been married to Murad II, living in the Turkish harem until his death. Djuradj was succeeded by his son Lazar, who unfortunately died in January 1458, and was followed briefly by his brother Stephan.

Deprived of a serious government, demoralised and abandoned, Serbia proper was finally conquered by the Turks in 1459, when its last major outpost and capital, Smederevo, was surrendered - this time without a fight. In the final decades of the 15th century, the invaders would gradually eliminate the relative autonomy of the remaining Serbian lands: Bosnia (in 1463), Herzegovina (in 1481) and Zeta (in 1496). The heirs of the Brankovic family took refuge in Hungary, where they continued to play a significant role in the anti-Turkish struggle for some time."¹

     St. Stephan Brankovic Despot of Raska was born circa 1417 at Albania (now).¹ He married Angeljina Araniti in 1461 at Skutari, Albania (now).²

St. Stephan Brankovic Despot of Raska died on 9 October 1476 at Belgrade, Serbia (now).¹
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III 187
2. Royal Highness, ancestry of the royal child, London, 1982, Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Iain, Reference: 54.¹

; per van de Pas: "Stephan was born about 1417, the son of Djuradj Vukovic Brankovic, despot and magnate of Serbia and Jerina Palaiologos Kantakuzene. In 1437 while a hostage of the Ottoman Turks, Stephan was blinded at the court of Sultan Murad II. His brother Lazar became despot after the death of their father Djuradj in 1456, and when he died in 1458 he was succeeded briefly by Stephan. In 1459 the Turks finally conquered Serbia, and Stephan went into exile. In 1461 he became honorary despot of the exiled Serbs in Hungary. In that year he married Angeljina Araniti, daughter of Gjergj Comino Araniti Golem, lord of Cermenica, Kanina, Elbasan and Shpat, and Maria Musaki. They had a son Jovan and two daughters who would have progeny. Stephan died on 9 October 1476 and was buried in the Church of the Holy Presentation in Slavkovica, Serbia."¹

     Angeljina Araniti was born at Albania (now).¹ She married St. Stephan Brankovic Despot of Raska, son of Djuradj Vukovic Brankovic Despot and Magnat of Serbia and Eirene (Jerina) Kantakuzene, in 1461 at Skutari, Albania (now).¹

Angeljina Araniti died in 1516 at Krusedol, Hungary.¹
      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III 187.¹

     Hildeburge Gouët married Foucher/Fulcher de Fréteval Seigneur de Fréteval, son of Nivelon I de Fréteval seigneur de Fréteval et de Meslay and Ermentrude (?).^1,5,2,6

      ; van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.), Reference: III 690.¹

; Per Racines et Histoire (Montmirail): "Hildeburge Gouët + un 06/08
     ép. Foucher, seigneur de Fréteval + 1087 (fils de Nivelon 1er, seigneur de Fréteval, et d’Ermentrude)"
Per Racines et Histoire (Fréteval): "Foucher + après 1084 & dès 1095 seigneur de Fréteval (~1059)
     ép. Hildeburge Gouët."^3,7

      ; van de Pas cites: Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London, 1973 , Reference: 323.¹

     Barack Hussein Obama Ph.D. died at Nairobi, Kenya.¹ He was born in 1936 at Alego, Kenya.¹ He married Stanley Ann Dunham, daughter of Stanley Armour Dunham and Madelyn Lee Payne, on 2 February 1961 at Maui, Hawaii, USA.¹
Barack Hussein Obama Ph.D. and Stanley Ann Dunham were divorced in January 1964 at Honolulu, Honolulu Co., Hawaii, USA; divorce filed.¹
     Barack Hussein Obama Ph.D. was senior economist in the Kenyan Ministry of Finance.¹ He was living in 1982.¹

     Stanley Ann Dunham was born on 29 November 1942 at Wichita, Kansas, USA.¹ She married Barack Hussein Obama Ph.D., son of Hussein Onyano Obama and Akumu (?), on 2 February 1961 at Maui, Hawaii, USA.¹
Stanley Ann Dunham and Barack Hussein Obama Ph.D. were divorced in January 1964 at Honolulu, Honolulu Co., Hawaii, USA; divorce filed.¹
Stanley Ann Dunham died on 7 November 1995 at Straub Clinic, Honolulu, Honolulu Co., Hawaii, USA, at age 52.¹
      ; SSDI 535-40-8522.¹

     Hussein Onyano Obama was born in 1895 at Kenya.¹ He married Akumu (?) in September 1945.¹

Hussein Onyano Obama died in 1979 at Kenya.¹

     Stanley Armour Dunham was born on 23 March 1918 at Kansas, USA.¹ He married Madelyn Lee Payne, daughter of Rolla Charles Payne and Leona McCurry, on 5 May 1940.¹

Stanley Armour Dunham died on 8 February 1992 at Honolulu, Honolulu Co., Hawaii, USA, at age 73.¹
      ; SSDI 514-03-4824.¹ He was salesman.¹

     Madelyn Lee Payne was born on 26 October 1922 at Peru, Kansas, USA.¹ She married Stanley Armour Dunham, son of Ralph Waldo Emerson Dunham Sr. and Ruth Lucille Armour, on 5 May 1940.¹

Madelyn Lee Payne died on 2 November 2008 at Honolulu, Honolulu Co., Hawaii, USA, at age 86.¹