Person Page - 506

     William de Lacy was Constable.¹

     Alice de L'Aigle was buried at Norton .² She married John de Lacy of Hatton, 1st Earl of Lincoln, son of Sir Roger fitz John de Lacy of Hatton and Maude de Clare,
;
His 1st wife.^1,2
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "ALICE de Laigle (-bur Norton). A manuscript history of the Lacy family names “Aliciam filiam Gilberti de Aquila” as wife of “Johannes de Lacy primus comes Lincolniæ”, adding that she was buried “apud Norton”[1141].
     "m as his first wife, JOHN de Lacy Earl of Lincoln, son of ROGER de Lacy & his wife Maud de Clare ([1192]-22 Jul 1240[1142], bur Stanlaw, later transferred to Whalley)."
Med Lands cites:

     Gilbert de L'Aigle Lord of Pevensey married Isabel de Warenne, daughter of Hamelin (?) d'Anjou, vicomte de Touraine, 1st Earl of Surrey, 1st Earl Warenne and Isabel de Warenne 4th Countess of Surrey, in 1193
;
Her 2nd husband
     Med Lands says m. 1193.^1,2,3,5,6
Gilbert de L'Aigle Lord of Pevensey died in 1231.^2,3,5
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "GILBERT de Laigle (-1231). “Gillebertus dominus de Aquila” donated property to Beigham Abbey, Sussex, for the souls of “Richerii patris mei” and for the health of “dominæ Edelinæ matris meæ et Richerii fratris mei”, by undated charter, witnessed by “Edelina matre mea, Richerio fratre meo, Engenulfo clerico, fratre meo…”[1131]. The Red Book of the Exchequer, listing scutage payments in [1190/91], records "Gilbertus de Aquila" paying "xi l i m…dimidiam marcam pro milite" in Sussex[1132]. The Red Book of the Exchequer, listing scutage payments in [1194/95], names "Gilbertus de Aquila" paying "xxi l xvii s vi d de parvis feodis...de quolibet milite xii s vi d" in Sussex[1133]. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "Gileberti de Aquila" owned "villa de Westcot…hundredum de Wudetun" in Surrey before he left for Normandy without the king’s permission[1134]. "Gillebertus dominus Aquila" donated property to Notre-Dame de la Trappe by charter dated 1211[1135]. “Gislebertus dominus Aquile” donated revenue to Notre-Dame de Chaise-Dieu, with the consent of “Elisabet uxoris mee et Gisleberti primogeniti mei”, by charter dated 1215[1136]. His lands reverted to the crown on his death.
     "m ([1193]) as her second husband, ISABEL de Warenne, widow of ROBERT de Lacy, daughter of HAMELIN d’Anjou Earl of Surrey & his [second] wife Isabel de Warenne of Surrey (-before 30 Nov 1234). A manuscript history of the Lacy family names “Isabella” as wife of “Robertus Lacy”, adding that they were childless[1137]. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "Gileberti de Aquila" married "comes Warennie…sorore sua" whose dowry was "villa de Westcot…hundredum de Wudetun" in Surrey[1138]. “Gislebertus dominus Aquile” donated revenue to Notre-Dame de Chaise-Dieu, with the consent of “Elisabet uxoris mee et Gisleberti primogeniti mei”, by charter dated 1215[1139]."
Med Lands cites:

     Walter Marshal Earl of Pembroke was born after 1198.² He married Margaret de Quincy Countess of Lincoln, daughter of Robert II de Quincy and Hawise (?) of Chester, 1st Countess of Lincoln, before 20 April 1242
; Her 2nd husband.^1,3
Walter Marshal Earl of Pembroke died on 24 November 1245 at Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire, England.^1,2

     Richard de Wiltshire married Margaret de Quincy Countess of Lincoln, daughter of Robert II de Quincy and Hawise (?) of Chester, 1st Countess of Lincoln, before 7 June 1252.^1,2

     Simona Guercio was born in 1168 at Genoa, Città Metropolitana di Genova, Liguria, Italy (now).¹ She married Enrico II del Carretto Marchese di Noli, Finale, etc., son of Enrico I "il Guercio" del Carretto Marchese di Savona, Finale, etc. and Beatrice del Monferrato, in 1181
; his 1st wife.¹
Simona Guercio died in 1216 at Finale, Italy (now).¹
      ; Simona, dau.of Bartolomeo Guercio, Patrice of Genoa (*Genoa 1168, +Finale 1216.)¹

     Murchad mac Briain (?) died on 23 April 1014 at Battle of Clontarf, near Dublin, Ireland; Killed at the battle of Clontarf.²
      ; This is the same person as ”Murchad mac Briain” at Wikipedia.⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "MURCHAD (-killed in battle Clontarf 23 Apr 1014). The Annals of Ulster record that "Brian son of Ceinnéitig son of Lorcán king of Ireland and Mael Sechnaill son of Domnall king of Temair" led an army to “Áth Cliath” in 1014, adding that Brian was killed in the battle “and his son Murchad and the latter´s son…Tairdelbach”[997]. The Annals of the Four Masters record that “Murchadh son of Brain heir apparent of the sovereignty of Ireland in the 63rd year of his age” was killed in 1013 in the battle [of Clontarf][998].
     "m ---. The name of Murchad & his wife is not known."
Med Lands cites: Murchad mac Briain (?) was also known as Murrough O'Brien.³

; led his father's forces to victory at Clontarf in 1014.¹

     GAV-27 EDV-26.

     Gwenllian Las ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth married William de Lacy.¹

Gwenllian Las ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth died in 1281.¹

     Angharad ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth married Philip ab Ifor.⁴

     Gruffydd ap Llewellyn was born circa 1196.³
Gruffydd ap Llewellyn died on 1 March 1244 at Tower of London, London, City of London, Greater London, England; killed.^1,3

     Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Gwladys ferch Llywarch, daughter of Llywarch ap Trahern.¹
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Cristin ferch Gronwy.¹
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Angharad ferch Peredur.¹
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Gwenllian ferch Ednywain.⁴
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Morfudd ferch Merwydd Hir.¹
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Affandreg ferch Gwrgi of Penmynydd.¹
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Anedd ferch Gwrgi of Penmynydd.⁴
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Flynned Wyddeles.⁴
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales married Morfudd ferch Elfan ap Sandde of Rhas.¹
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales was born circa 1100.¹
Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales died on 28 November 1170.^1,5
     GAV-23 EDV-25 GKJ-24. He was King of Gwynedd, [Ashley, pp. 355-356] OWAIN GWYNEDD AP GRUFFYDD Gwynedd, 1137-70. Born: Angelesey, c11 00. Died:28 November 1170, aged 70. Buried: Bangor Cathedral. Married:(1) Gwladys, dau. Llywarch ap Trahern; 2 sons;(2) Christina, dau. Gronw ap Owain; 2 sons. Owain had at least 6 illegitimate children by two or three other women. Owain ap Gruffydd originally earned the surname Gwynedd to distinguish him from another prince with the same name who became known as OWAIN CYFEILIOG, but the name was even more apt, as Owain built upon the achievements of his father, GRUFFYDD AP CYNAN, to establish Gwynedd as a power in the land, one which aroused respect, and not a little concern, in the English king HENRY II. By the end of his reign, Owain was being called Owain the Great.
At the start, though, it seemed as if Gruffydd's achievements might be split by the inevitable enmity arising among the sons of strong monarchs, as his lands were partitioned between his various heirs. But in fact the sons acted with one accord, realising that between them they had the strength to dominate Wales. This had started to happen even before Gruffydd's death. Owain and his elder brother Cadwallon (who died in 1132) had systematically extended the borders of Gwynedd to incorporate the territories of Meirionydd, Rhos, Rufoniog and Dyffryn Clwyd, thereby establishing their power throughout northern and north-west Wales. On the death of Henry I in 1135 there was a general uprising amongst the Welsh princes to regain their territory from the Normans, taking advantage of the political uncertainty in England which resulted in the civil war between STEPHEN and MATILDA. None was more powerful or better placed to gain from this anarchy than Owain. In 1136, the Norman lord Richard de Glare (whose father had been given the lands of Ceredigion in 1110) was ambushed and killed by Welsh renegades. Soon after there was a significant battle at Crug Mawr, in northern Ceredigion, where the Welsh slaughtered a large Anglo-Norman army. Owain and another brother, Cadwaladr, used these opportunities to invade Ceredigion, taking the northern territories, and extending their hold the following year. Their attempts to break into Dyfed in 1138 failed, but Cadwaladr sought to consolidate his hold upon Ceredigion, which he maintained until 1143. Then Cadwaladr's involvement in the murder of ANARAWD Al' GRUFFYDD led to his expulsion from Wales and his exile in Ireland for a year until he was temporarily restored by his brother in 1144.
Meanwhile Owain was gradually extending his control over the territories of northern Wales, taking over one district at a time so that by 1149 almost all of the old kingdom of Powys was under his control, and the boundaries of Gwynedd once again extended from Anglesey to the estuary of the Dee. Although Owain continued to plan for further territorial expansion, the next few years saw a period of strengthening his existing domain, and it was as much his qualities as a politician as an expansionist which made him one of Wales's greatest rulers.
His only setback occurred in 1157. By then HENRY II had come to the throne and restored political strength in England. Pope Adrian IV had granted Henry authority over the whole of Britain in 1155, and with this as his passport, Henry despatched his forces into Wales. Although Owain lost some ground, Henry did not force the king into submission. Nevertheless Owain was sensible enough to know that he needed to negotiate with Henry. Henry agreed to cease any further incursions into Gwynedd, provided Owain accepted Henry as his overlord. Henry had also taken under his wing, Owain's brother, Cadwaladr, who had been exiled in England, and had become an ally of the Norman earls of Chester and Shrewsbury. Henry required that Owain accept Cadwaladr as his partner in government in Gwynedd, which Owain did becoming, at last, reconciled to his renegade brother. Owain accepted all these terms freely. His great strength was in recognizing the benefits that came from being allied to Henry II and his great Angevin empire. It meant that the Welsh prince was regarded as a significant feudal monarch rather than as a tribal chieftain, and it was through Owain that the sovereignty of Gwynedd was recognized. Owain was regarded as the premier ruler in Wales, and was officially styled "Prince of the Welsh" (subject to Henry as overlord), though he was still called king of Wales by his subjects. Henry publicised this at a ceremony in July 1163 at Woodstock, where all the Welsh rulers and the Scottish king assembled to pay homage to Henry. Amongst their numbers was RHYS AP GRUFFYDD who was still hostile to Henry, and it required Owain's authority and skills as a negotiator to convince Rhys that he should submit to Henry.
Although he maintained his fealty to Henry for the rest of his life, this did not stop Owain ensuring that the rights and status of the Welsh were acknowledged by the Normans. The ceremony of 1163 unsettled many of the Welsh princes, seeing it as domination by the Normans, and in 1164 a series of uprisings broke out all over Wales. Henry decided that a show of force was necessary and brought together a mighty army from France, Scotland and Ireland, but he mismanaged the whole operation. Owain united the Welsh armies and stood fast at Corwen, on the river Dee, awaiting the Norman onslaught. It did not happen: undone by the weather, the terrain, and the sheer size of his force, Henry retreated, taking only a few hostages. The Welsh drove home their advantage, with Owain and Cadwaladr regaining the territory they had lost ten years earlier and re-establishing the borders of Gwynedd.
Owain had a somewhat ambivalent relationship with the church. Whilst he was strongly religious he had no wish to be dictated to - a trait he shared with Henry II! He incurred the displeasure of the church when, as his second wife, he took his cousin Christina. Such a close marriage was not regarded as lawful in the eyes of the church, but Owain did not falter, and indeed his deep love for his second wife became legendary. Owain saw the authority of the see of Canterbury over the Welsh church as just as much a sign of domination as his submission to the Norman king, and whilst he saw the advantages in the latter, he did not so willingly concede the necessity for the former. He refused to accept the authority of Canterbury in appointing his local bishops, especially at Bangor, where he did not replace the bishop for thirteen years.
At the time of his death in 1170 Owain was thus master of all of North Wales, the premier prince of Wales, and was held in high regard throughout Europe. If his sons had had similar qualities, they might have avoided the civil war that broke out between them upon Owain's death and, once again, sundered the kingdom. It was left to his grandson, LLYWELYN THE GREAT, to restore the kingdom to its final days of glory. between 1137 and 1170.⁵

     Gwladys ferch Llywarch married Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales, son of Gruffudd ap Cynan and Angharad ferch Owain ab Edwin.²

     GAV-23 EDV-24. Gwladys ferch Llywarch was also known as Gwladws ferch Llywarch.²

     Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd died after 1174.¹
      ; MAELGWYN AB OWAIN Anglesey, 1170-73. On the death of Owain Gwynedd the lands were partitioned between his sons. The elder son, Iorweth Drwyndwn (Flatnose), who had the senior claim on the territories of his father, only inherited two small cantrefi, suggesting he and his father were at odds. The main inheritance went to MAELGWYN, who inherited the heartland of Gwynedd, Anglesey, when the lands were partitioned on Owain's death. However, the island became little more than a prison, as Maelgwyn was besieged by his brothers DAFYDD and Rhodri until both Maelgwyn and Iorweth fled to Ireland in 1173. Although Maelgwyn returned in 1174, he was captured and imprisoned. Nothing more is known of him, and in all likelihood he died in prison.²

     Gwenllian I ferch Owain Gwynedd married Owain Cyfeilog ap Gruffydd Prince of Powys Cyfeiliog, son of Gruffydd ap Maredudd Lord of Mowddwy.²

     GKJ-24.

     Owain Cyfeilog ap Gruffydd Prince of Powys Cyfeiliog married Gwenllian I ferch Owain Gwynedd, daughter of Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales and Gwladys ferch Llywarch.¹
Owain Cyfeilog ap Gruffydd Prince of Powys Cyfeiliog was born circa 1125.⁴
Owain Cyfeilog ap Gruffydd Prince of Powys Cyfeiliog died in 1197.⁴
Owain Cyfeilog ap Gruffydd Prince of Powys Cyfeiliog was buried in 1197 at Strata Marcella, Powys, Wales.
     GKJ-24.

; OWAIN CYFEILIOG AP GRUFFYDD Southern Powys, 1160-95. Born: c 1125. Died: Strata Marcella, 1197, aged about 72. Buried: Strata Marcella. Married: (1) Gwenllian, dau. Owain Gwynedd; 2 sons; (2) name unknown, dau. Rhys ap Gruffydd. Owain was the son of Gruffydd ap Maredudd, who had died in 1128. The young child came under the wing of his uncle, MADOG AP MAREDUDD, who treated him as one of his own. In 1149 he conferred upon him the commote of Cyfeiliog, by the name of which he always became known, to avoid confusion with OWAIN GWYNEDD. On the death of Madog in 1160, Owain remained in control of Cyfeiliog, while the remainder of Powys was shared out amongst Madog's sons and his brother Iorweth. This effectively neutered Powys as a power. However, Owain was soon to join forces with his foster brothers, particularly Owain Fychan, and succeeded by 1167 in having established a united kingdom of Southern Powys. Owain was a capable warrior. In 1153 he had defended Cyfeiliog against RHYS AP GRUFFYDD, who remained his sworn enemy, even though he later married his daughter. He also joined forces with Owain Gwynedd in 1165 to face the might of HENRY II'S army in a threatened invasion that never happened. Such unity amongst the Welsh princes was rare, and soon after Owain Gwynedd and Rhys ap Gruffydd both attacked Owain seeking to regain territory. What he lost Owain soon regained with English help for, by 1167, Owain had sworn fealty to Henry II
Although clearly an able soldier, Owain was also a religious man, a poet, a keen wit, and a very enlightened ruler. He was much admired by Henry II and always welcome at his court. Owain benefited from this relationship and, after 1167, settled down to ensure Powys thrived and prospered. With the death of Owain Gwynedd in 1170, ending the squabbles that rent that kingdom asunder for twenty years, Owain was able to enjoy a period of calm, especially as Rhys ap Gruffydd had also put aside his armour and allied himself to Henry II. The period 1170-1190 was thus one of relative prosperity in Wales that enabled Powys to grow and Owain to indulge in his delight for poetry and the arts. It is almost certain that the tales that subsequently were collected together as the Mabinogion began to take their final shape at this time, though there are no surviving manuscripts earlier than the 1230s. Despite his strong religious views, Owain was also a pragmatist. In 1188, Baldwin, the new archbishop of Canterbury, toured Wales recruiting finance and support for the Crusade. Owain, alone amongst the princes, refused his support and was excommunicated. This did not seem to concern him unduly. By 1195, when he was about seventy, he abdicated in favour of his son GWENWYNWYN and retired to his monastery at Strata Marcella, which he had established in 1170. There he died and was buried.⁴

     Cristin ferch Gronwy married Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales, son of Gruffudd ap Cynan and Angharad ferch Owain ab Edwin.¹

     GAV-25.

     Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd married Gwenllian ferch Yr Arglwydd Rhys in 1188.¹
Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd married NN (?) of Man, daughter of Ragnald I Godredsson (?) King of Man, between 1191 and 1192
;
Her 1st husband.^4,5
Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd died in 1195.¹
      ; RHODRI AB OWAIN Gwynedd, 1170-4; west Gwynedd, 1175-90. Rhodri was one of the younger sons of OWAIN Gwynedd. He initially joined forces with his brother DAFYDD in order to expel their elder brothers from their territories, which had been sub-divided amongst all of Owain's sons upon his death. This they succeeded in doing, although Rhodri was in turn defeated an imprisoned by Dafydd in 1174. He escaped from prison the following year and drove Dafydd into East Gwynedd, so that Rhodri gained the main part of Gwynedd, including the original heartland of Anglesey. He remained there in power until 1190, when he was defeated and expelled by his nephews, Gruffydd and Maredudd ap Cynan. He fled to Ireland, but later negotiated with RAGNALD, king of the Isle of Man, for support to help him regain the throne. Anglesey and Man had once been regarded as a single unit (the Mevanian Islands) and the rulers of Man always had eyes on Anglesey as a lost part of their domain. Ragnald almost certainly believed his aid might have long term benefits for his kingdom. Such hopes were short-lived, however, for although Rhodri succeeded in penetrating back into Anglesey in 1193, he was soon ousted again by his nephews, now further aided by LLYWELYN AP IORWETH. He probably fled back to Ireland or Man, where he died in 1195. He is apparently buried at Holyhead.²

; Per Med Lands:
     "daughter ([1182/83]-after 17 Feb 1205). Her parentage, betrothals and two marriages are confirmed by the following documents. Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 24 Nov 1199, requested an enquiry after “R. princeps Norwaliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...prinicipis Insularum” notwithstanding that “patruo eius eadem infra nubiles annos exstitit desponsata”, in particular investigating whether she was still under 7 years old [youngest canonical age for marriage at the time] when “a nepote, vel patruo desponsata”[1300]. Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 19 Apr 1203, reported the enquiry after “N. princeps Norwalliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...principis Insularum”, referring to his previous letter, confirming that “L. principe Norwalliæ” had been betrothed to “puella, completis octo annis”, that she was later betrothed to “patruo...suo”, that the enquiry found against the marriage but allowed it to stand to bring peace to the dispute[1301]. Pope Innocent III issued a third letter dated 17 Feb 1205, after further facts emerged, annulling the marriage and recording that “ejusdem L. patruus ipsam” was betrothed to the girl when in her ninth year, married her in her tenth, and cohabited with her, including “in Manniam rediens” before returning “in Walliam” by himself leaving his wife behind, for 2 years, 2 months and 15 days since their marriage[1302]. Her marriage date suggests that she was much older than her sister who married Thomas of Galloway. Maybe they were born from different marriages. Remfry notes that Dwnn’s Visitation incorrectly names “Rhunallt, the daughter of the king of Man” as wife of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (see the document WALES) and suggests that this may represent confusion with the first/second wife of Llywelyn[1303].
     "m firstly ([1191/92]) RHODRI ap Owain Lord of Anglesey, son of OWAIN King of Gwynedd & his second wife Christina of Deheubarth (-[1194/95]).
     "m secondly (Betrothed [1190]?, betrothal terminated [1191/92]), [1195/96], separated [annulled] [1203/05]) as his [first/second] wife, LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales, son of IORWERTH "Drwyndwyn/flat nose" Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-11 Apr 1240, bur Aberconway)."
Med Lands cites:

     Gwenllian ferch Yr Arglwydd Rhys married Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd, son of Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales and Gwladys ferch Llywarch, in 1188.¹

     NN (?) of Man married Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd, son of Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd King of North Wales and Gwladys ferch Llywarch, between 1191 and 1192
;
Her 1st husband.^1,4 NN (?) of Man married Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales, son of Iorwerth Drwyndwn ab Owain Gwynedd Prince of North Wales and Margred ferch Madog ap Maredudd ap Bleddyn ap Cynfyn of Powys Fadog, between 1195 and 1196
;
His 2nd? wife.
Med Lands says "Betrothed [1190]?, betrothal terminated ([1191/92]), [1195/96], separated [annulled] [1203/05]) as her second husband."^5,4
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth, son of IORWERTH "Drwyndwyn/flat nose" Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-11 Apr 1240[273], bur Aberconway). He succeeded in 1194 as LLYWELYN "Fawr/the Great" Prince of Gwynedd, Prince of All Wales. The Annales Cambriæ name "Lewelinus filius Gervasii filii Owini Guynet…princeps Walliæ"[274]. The Annales Londonienses record the death "Id Apr" in 1240 of "Lewelinus princeps Norwalliæ"[275]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Llywelyn son of Iorwerth prince of Wales died…and was buried at Aberconway" in 1240[276].
     "[m firstly (end [1190]) --- of Chester, daughter of HUGH de Kevilloc Earl of Chester & his wife Bertrade de Montfort ([1174/75]?-[1191/95]?). Pope Innocent III’s third letter dated 17 Feb 1205 (see below for further details), refers to “idem L” marrying “sororem...comitis Castriæ”, dated to end-[1190] from the context[277]. No other reference has been found to this marriage or her parentage. If it is correct, she presumably died soon after the marriage.]
     "m firstly/secondly (Betrothed [1190]?, betrothal terminated ([1191/92]), [1195/96], separated [annulled] [1203/05]) as her second husband, --- of Man, widow of RHODRI ap Owain, daughter of RAGNALD King of Man & [his wife ---] ([1182/83]-after 17 Feb 1205). Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 24 Nov 1199, requested an enquiry after “R. princeps Norwaliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...prinicipis Insularum” notwithstanding that “patruo eius eadem infra nubiles annos exstitit desponsata”, in particular investigating whether she was still under 7 years old [youngest canonical age for marriage at the time] when “a nepote, vel patruo desponsata”[278]. Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 19 Apr 1203, reported the enquiry after “N. princeps Norwalliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...principis Insularum”, referring to his previous letter, confirming that “L. principe Norwalliæ” had been betrothed to “puella, completis octo annis”, that she was later betrothed to “patruo...suo”, that the enquiry found against the marriage but allowed it to stand to bring peace to the dispute[279]. Pope Innocent III issued a third letter dated 17 Feb 1205, after further facts emerged, annulling the marriage and recording that “ejusdem L. patruus ipsam” was betrothed to the girl when in her ninth year, married her in her tenth, and cohabited with her, including “in Manniam rediens” before returning “in Walliam” by himself leaving his wife behind, for 2 years, 2 months and 15 days since their marriage[280]. Remfry notes that Dwnn’s Visitation incorrectly names “Rhunallt, the daughter of the king of Man” as wife of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (see below) and suggests that this may represent confusion with the first/second wife of Llywelyn[281]. Remfry also suggests that Gruffydd was the son of his father’s first wife, declared illegitimate when his parents’ marriage was annulled, citing a contemporary poet who records Owain “Goch”, oldest son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, as “of the lineage of the kings of Man”[282].
     "m secondly/thirdly (after 16 Apr 1205) JOAN [of England], illegitimate daughter of JOHN King of England & his mistress Clementia Pinel (-30 Mar 1237). King John confirmed "castrum de Ellesmara" to "Lewelino principi Norwallie in maritagium cum Johanna filia nostra" by charter dated 16 Apr 1205[283]. Her husband sent her to make peace with the king her father in 1211 when the latter was attacking North Wales. She was legitimated in 1226: Pope Honorius III gave dispensation to “Joan wife of Leuwelin prince of North Wales, daughter of king John declaring her legitimate, but without prejudice to the king or realm of England”, dated 29 Apr 1226[284]. She and her son David did homage to King Henry III in 1229[285]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "William Bruse was hanged by Llywelyn son of Iorewerth, having been caught in the chamber of the prince with the princess Jannet, daughter of King John and wife of the prince" in 1230[286]. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 1237 of "domina Johanna filia regis Angliæ et uxor Lewilini principis Walliæ" and her burial "apud Haber"[287]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “III Kal Apr” in 1236 of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis et reginæ Clemenciæ”[288]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Dame Joan daughter of king John and the wife of Llywelyn son of Iorwerth" died in Feb 1237 "at the court of Aber and was buried in a new cemetery on the side of the strand which Howel bishop of Llanelwy had consecrated"[289].
     "m thirdly/fourthly (1239) EVA, daughter of FULK FitzWarin [IV] & his [second] wife Constance de Tosny. The Annales Cestrienses record in 1239 that “Lewelinus princeps Wallie” married “filiam Fulconis filii Warini”[290]. The Legend of Fulk Fitz Warin records that "Lowis le prince de Walys" married "sire Fouke…Eve sa file" after the death of his first wife "dame Johane…que fust la file le roi Henre de Engleterre"[291].
     "Mistress (1): [TANGWYSTL, daughter of LLYWARCH “Goch [the Red]” of Rhos & his wife ---. Lloyd’s early 20th century History of Wales names “Tangwystl, daughter of Llywarch the Red of Rhos”, as mother of Llywelyn’s son Gruffydd[292]. Lloyd cites Dwnn’s Heraldic Visitation of Wales which names Llywelyn’s children “Grufydd a Gwladus” as the children of “Tanglwyst verch gôch o’r Rhos, ag i Lowardh Holdwrch”[293]. Remfry, however, suggests that Tangwystl “seems only to have been created in the 17th century”[294], although he also cites a survey of Denbighshire dated [1336] which records that Prince Llywelyn had earlier donated land (“Dyncadvel” in Llannefydd) to “cuidam amice sue nomine Tanguestel Goch” who sold it[295]: the word “amice” [variant of “amicæ”], dative singular of “amica”, could be a euphemism to describe Llywelyn’s mistress. Remfry, suggesting that Llywelyn’s first/second wife (the princess of Man) was Gruffydd’s mother, cites a contemporary poet who records Owain “Goch” (Gruffydd’s oldest son) as “of the lineage of the kings of Man”[296]. The suggestion seems chronologically possible, given the likely birthdate of Llywelyn’s first/second wife, if Gruffydd was born in the late 1190s. Given these apparently conflicting indications, certainty about the identity of Gruffydd’s mother is difficult.]
     "Mistresses (2): - (7): ---. The names of the other mistresses of Prince Llywelyn are not known."
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; Per Med Lands:
     "daughter ([1182/83]-after 17 Feb 1205). Her parentage, betrothals and two marriages are confirmed by the following documents. Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 24 Nov 1199, requested an enquiry after “R. princeps Norwaliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...prinicipis Insularum” notwithstanding that “patruo eius eadem infra nubiles annos exstitit desponsata”, in particular investigating whether she was still under 7 years old [youngest canonical age for marriage at the time] when “a nepote, vel patruo desponsata”[1300]. Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 19 Apr 1203, reported the enquiry after “N. princeps Norwalliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...principis Insularum”, referring to his previous letter, confirming that “L. principe Norwalliæ” had been betrothed to “puella, completis octo annis”, that she was later betrothed to “patruo...suo”, that the enquiry found against the marriage but allowed it to stand to bring peace to the dispute[1301]. Pope Innocent III issued a third letter dated 17 Feb 1205, after further facts emerged, annulling the marriage and recording that “ejusdem L. patruus ipsam” was betrothed to the girl when in her ninth year, married her in her tenth, and cohabited with her, including “in Manniam rediens” before returning “in Walliam” by himself leaving his wife behind, for 2 years, 2 months and 15 days since their marriage[1302]. Her marriage date suggests that she was much older than her sister who married Thomas of Galloway. Maybe they were born from different marriages. Remfry notes that Dwnn’s Visitation incorrectly names “Rhunallt, the daughter of the king of Man” as wife of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (see the document WALES) and suggests that this may represent confusion with the first/second wife of Llywelyn[1303].
     "m firstly ([1191/92]) RHODRI ap Owain Lord of Anglesey, son of OWAIN King of Gwynedd & his second wife Christina of Deheubarth (-[1194/95]).
     "m secondly (Betrothed [1190]?, betrothal terminated [1191/92]), [1195/96], separated [annulled] [1203/05]) as his [first/second] wife, LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales, son of IORWERTH "Drwyndwyn/flat nose" Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-11 Apr 1240, bur Aberconway)."
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