Person Page - 2347

     Isabel (?) married William Heron of Ford, Northumerland.¹

     Hoamer of The Vandals (?) married Gossana (?)^5,1
Hoamer of The Vandals (?) was born circa 480.¹
Hoamer of The Vandals (?) died in 530.¹
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.⁶ GAV-42.

     Gossana (?) married Hoamer of The Vandals (?), son of Hunéric (?) King of The Vandals and Eudoxia (?).^1,2

     GAV-42.

; van de Pas cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.¹

     Hunéric (?) King of The Vandals was born before 425.⁴ He married (?) (?) of the Visigoths, daughter of Theodoric I (?) King of the Visigoths and (?) (?) of the Visigoths, circa 429.⁶
Hunéric (?) King of The Vandals and Eudoxia (?) were engaged circa 445.⁷ Hunéric (?) King of The Vandals married Eudoxia (?), daughter of Valentinian III (Flavius Placidus Valentinanus) (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire and Licinia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire, circa 459
;
His 2nd wife; her 2nd husband. Genealogics says m. ca 459; Med Lands says m. 455.^{8,4,5,9,10,11}
Hunéric (?) King of The Vandals died on 11 December 484; Genealogics says d. 11 Dec 484; Wikipedia says d. 23 Dec 484.^8,4,5
     GAV-43.

; This is the same person as:
”Huneric” at Wikipedia and as
”Hunéric” at Wikipédia (Fr.)^8,12

Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "HUNERIC (-484). The Victoris Vitensis Historia names "Huniricus maior filius [Geiserici]" when recording that he succeeded on the death of his father[27]. He lived as a hostage at Ravenna in 442[28]. He succeeded his father in 477 as HUNERIC King of the Vandals in Africa. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus filius eius" succeeded his father in 464 and reigned for 7 years and 5 months[29]. The Victoris Vitensis Historia names him "rex Hunirix Wandalorum et Alanorum" when recording his exploits in Africa[30].
     "m firstly ([429] or after[31], repudiated 442) --- the Visigoth, daughter of THEODERIC I King of the Visigoths & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was sent back to her father at the time of the 442 revolt with her nose and ears mutilated[32].
     "m secondly ([455]) as her second husband, EUDOXIA, widow of PALADIUS, daughter of Emperor VALENTINIAN III, Emperor in the West & his wife Eudoxia. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[33]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[34]. Procopius names "Eudocia and Placidia" as children of "Eudoxia…and Valentinian", recording that Eudoxia was married to Huneric, the older son of Gaiseric, while the other daughter was the wife of Olybrius, a Roman senator[35]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that one daughter of Valentinian married “Gentoni Gaiserici filio” and the other “Olybrio Senatori Urbis Romæ”[36]. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus" married "Valentiniani filiam" who had been abducted from Rome in captivity[37]. "
Med Lands cites:
; Per Med Lands:
     "EUDOXIA . The Chronicon Paschale names "Eudociam et Placidiam" as the two daughters of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and his wife "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[125]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[126]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[127]. The primary source which records her first marriage has not so far been identified. Procopius names "Eudocia and Placidia" as children of "Eudoxia…and Valentinian", recording that Eudocia was married to Huneric, the older son of Gaiseric, while the other was the wife of Olybrius, a Roman senator[128]. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus" married "Valentiniani filiam" who had been abducted from Rome in captivity[129]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that one daughter of Valentinian married “Gentoni Gaiserici filio” and the other “Olybrio Senatori Urbis Romæ”[130].
     "m firstly PALADIUS, son of Emperor PETRONIUS MAXIMUS & his first wife --- (-[murdered May 455]).
     "m secondly ([455]) as his second wife, HUNERIC, son of GENSERIC King of the Vandals (-484)."
Med Lands cites:
; Per Med Lands:
     "The Vandals, then living around the river Vistula in Silesia, migrated towards the banks of the river Rhine in the 3rd century[3]. In conjunction with the Suevi and the Alans, the Vandals crossed the Rhine in 406, taking advantage of Rome's decision to divert troops from the area to fight the Visigoths in Italy. The Vandals, Alans and Suevi proceeded to sack southern France, and threatened the Iberian peninsula. Dissatisfied with the inability of Emperor Honorius to contain the threat, the army elected Emperor Constantine III who established his base at Arles in Summer 408. Emperor Constantine sent his son Constantius into Spain, together with General Maximus who declared himself emperor[4]. With the Roman authorities distracted by the struggle between the rival emperors, the barbarian forces entered Spain in 411 and started to settle in small numbers. The Vandals settled in the interior of Galicia, the Alans in Lusitania[5]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Alani et Wandali et Suevi” entered Spain in 409, adding in a later passage that the Vandals occupied Galicia, the Suevi “sitam in extremitate Oceani maris occidua”, and the Alans “Lusitaniam et Carthaginensem provincias”, in 411[6]. The Vandals' need for territory increased as they absorbed local populations. They first attacked the neighbouring areas around Orense held by the Suevi, but eventually directed their attention to the south of Spain[7]. Their control over the southern coastline enabled the Vandals to migrate en masse into North Africa in 429, although what triggered this migration is not known with certainty. The Byzantines conquered the land of the Vandals in Africa during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527-565), consolidating their power in coastal strongholds such as Tripoli and Carthage. They neglected their landward defences which, from the mid-7th century, facilitated the conquest of these Byzantine lands by the Muslims."
Med Lands cites: He was King of the (North African) Vandal Kingdom between 477 and 484.⁸

     Eudoxia (?) was born between 439 and 440.^3,4,1 She and Hunéric (?) King of The Vandals were engaged circa 445.³ Eudoxia (?) married Paladius (?), son of Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire and Eparchia (?), in April 455
;
Her 1st husband.^9,10 Eudoxia (?) married Hunéric (?) King of The Vandals, son of Genséric (?) King of The Vandals, circa 459
;
His 2nd wife; her 2nd husband. Genealogics says m. ca 459; Med Lands says m. 455.^{11,12,13,4,5,1}
Eudoxia (?) died before 484.^3,4,1
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "HUNERIC (-484). The Victoris Vitensis Historia names "Huniricus maior filius [Geiserici]" when recording that he succeeded on the death of his father[27]. He lived as a hostage at Ravenna in 442[28]. He succeeded his father in 477 as HUNERIC King of the Vandals in Africa. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus filius eius" succeeded his father in 464 and reigned for 7 years and 5 months[29]. The Victoris Vitensis Historia names him "rex Hunirix Wandalorum et Alanorum" when recording his exploits in Africa[30].
     "m firstly ([429] or after[31], repudiated 442) --- the Visigoth, daughter of THEODERIC I King of the Visigoths & his wife ---. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was sent back to her father at the time of the 442 revolt with her nose and ears mutilated[32].
     "m secondly ([455]) as her second husband, EUDOXIA, widow of PALADIUS, daughter of Emperor VALENTINIAN III, Emperor in the West & his wife Eudoxia. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[33]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[34]. Procopius names "Eudocia and Placidia" as children of "Eudoxia…and Valentinian", recording that Eudoxia was married to Huneric, the older son of Gaiseric, while the other daughter was the wife of Olybrius, a Roman senator[35]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that one daughter of Valentinian married “Gentoni Gaiserici filio” and the other “Olybrio Senatori Urbis Romæ”[36]. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus" married "Valentiniani filiam" who had been abducted from Rome in captivity[37]. "
Med Lands cites: GAV-43.

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Eudocia /ju??do???/ or Eudoxia /ju??d?k??/ (439 – 466/474?) was the eldest daughter of Roman emperor Valentinian III and his wife, Licinia Eudoxia. She was thus the granddaughter on her mother's side of Eastern emperor Theodosius II and his wife, the poet Aelia Eudocia; and on her father's side of Western emperor Constantius III and his wife Galla Placida.
     "In the mid-440s, at age 5, Eudocia was betrothed to Huneric, son of the Vandal king Gaiseric (and then a hostage in Italy). This engagement served to strengthen the alliance between the Western court and the Vandal kingdom in Africa. Their marriage did not take place at this time, however, because Eudocia was not yet of age.
     "Eudocia's father was assassinated in 455, and his successor, Petronius Maximus, compelled Eudocia's mother to marry him and Eudocia herself to marry his son, Palladius. In response, the Vandals (reportedly at the request of Eudocia's mother) invaded Italy and captured Eudocia, her mother, and her younger sister, Placidia. After 7 years Eudocia's mother and sister were sent to Constantinople, while Eudocia remained in Africa and married Huneric c. 460. They had a son, Hilderic, who reigned as king of the Vandals, from 523-530.
     "At some time following the birth of Hilderic, Eudocia withdrew to Jerusalem due to religious differences with her Arian husband. She died there and was buried in the sepulcher of her grandmother, Aelia Eudocia.
Sources
** Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History
** Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon
** Hydatius, Chronicon
** Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos, Ecclesiastical History
** Procopius, de Bello Vandalico
** Theophanes the Confessor, Chronographia."³

Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.¹ Eudoxia (?) was also known as Eudocia (?)³

; Per Med Lands:
     "EUDOXIA . The Chronicon Paschale names "Eudociam et Placidiam" as the two daughters of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and his wife "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[125]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[126]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[127]. The primary source which records her first marriage has not so far been identified. Procopius names "Eudocia and Placidia" as children of "Eudoxia…and Valentinian", recording that Eudocia was married to Huneric, the older son of Gaiseric, while the other was the wife of Olybrius, a Roman senator[128]. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus" married "Valentiniani filiam" who had been abducted from Rome in captivity[129]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that one daughter of Valentinian married “Gentoni Gaiserici filio” and the other “Olybrio Senatori Urbis Romæ”[130].
     "m firstly PALADIUS, son of Emperor PETRONIUS MAXIMUS & his first wife --- (-[murdered May 455]).
     "m secondly ([455]) as his second wife, HUNERIC, son of GENSERIC King of the Vandals (-484)."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "PALADIUS (-[murdered May 455]). The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus installed “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” as cæsar in 455[147]. It is assumed that he was killed at the same time as his father[148].
     "m ([Apr] 455) as her first husband, EUDOXIA, daughter of Emperor VALENTINIAN III, Emperor in the West & his wife Eudoxia . The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[149]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[150]. The primary source which records her first marriage has not so far been identified. She married secondly ([455]) as his second wife, Huneric. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus" married "Valentiniani filiam" who had been abducted from Rome in captivity[151]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "PALADIUS (-[murdered May 455]). The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus installed “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” as cæsar in 455[147]. It is assumed that he was killed at the same time as his father[148].
     "m ([Apr] 455) as her first husband, EUDOXIA, daughter of Emperor VALENTINIAN III, Emperor in the West & his wife Eudoxia . The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Maximus arranged the marriage of “filio suo ex priore coniuge Palladio” and “Valentiniani filiam” in 455[149]. After the death of her father, his successor forced Eudoxia to marry his son, but she was captured by Genseric King of the Vandals during his attack on Rome and taken back to north Africa with her mother and sister[150]. The primary source which records her first marriage has not so far been identified. She married secondly ([455]) as his second wife, Huneric. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records that "Hugnericus" married "Valentiniani filiam" who had been abducted from Rome in captivity[151]."
Med Lands cites:

     Evages of The Vandals (?) was born circa 465.¹
Evages of The Vandals (?) died after 530.¹
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.³ GAV-42.
.

     Brunichilde (?) was born circa 490.¹ She married Gesalic of The Vandals (?) in 508.^1,3

Brunichilde (?) died in 531.¹
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.⁴ GAV-42.

.

     Gesalic of The Vandals (?) was born circa 480.² He married Brunichilde (?), daughter of Evages of The Vandals (?), in 508.^3,2

Gesalic of The Vandals (?) died in May 511.²
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.² GAV-42.

.

     Genséric (?) King of The Vandals was born circa 400; Wikipedia says b. c 389.^5,6,4
Genséric (?) King of The Vandals died on 24 January 477 at Carthage, Tunisia (now).^5,6,4
     GAV-44.

; This is the same person as:
”Gaiseric” at Wikipedia and as
”Genséric” at Wikipédia (Fr.)^5,7

; Per Med Lands:
     "GENSERIC [Gaiseric], illegitimate son of GODEGISL King of the Vandals & his concubine --- ([400]-477). Procopius names “Gizerichus notus” as son of “Godigisclo”[17]. He succeeded his half-brother in 427 as GENSERIC King of the Vandals. Isidor's Historia Gothorum, Wandalorum, Sueborum names "Gesericus frater Gunderici" when recording that he succeeded the latter as Vandal king in Spain[18]. The Vandals crossed into North Africa en masse in May 429, although what prompted this move is unclear[19]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Gaisericus Rex…cum Wandalis omnibus” left “Bæticæ Provinciæ litore” and went “ad Mauritaniam et Africam” in May 429[20]. According to Iordanes, the Romans lost the province of Africa to the Vandals "per Bonifatium"[21], although this does not explain why they arrived there in the first place. The exploits in Africa of "Geiserici ducis" are described in detail in the Victoris Vitensis Historia[22]. Genseric conquered Hipona in 429, and Carthage in 439, where they established their capital. The Vandal nobles rebelled against their leader in 442[23]. Genseric sacked Rome in 455. The Eastern Roman Empire's first expedition against the Vandals in Africa in 468, led by Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Emperor Leo I, failed despite numerical superiority[24]. The Vandal kingdom dominated the western Mediterranean, with Corsica and Sardinia. King Genseric made an agreement with Odoacar King of Italy about Sicily, the latter retaining control over the island in return for yearly tribute[25]. The Victoris Tonnennensis Epsicopi Chronicon records the death in 464 of "Gensericum Wandalorum rex" after reigning for 40 years[26].
     "m ---. The names of Genseric's wife or concubines are not known."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.⁶ Genséric (?) King of The Vandals was also known as Gaiseric (?)⁵
; Per Med Lands:
     "The Vandals, then living around the river Vistula in Silesia, migrated towards the banks of the river Rhine in the 3rd century[3]. In conjunction with the Suevi and the Alans, the Vandals crossed the Rhine in 406, taking advantage of Rome's decision to divert troops from the area to fight the Visigoths in Italy. The Vandals, Alans and Suevi proceeded to sack southern France, and threatened the Iberian peninsula. Dissatisfied with the inability of Emperor Honorius to contain the threat, the army elected Emperor Constantine III who established his base at Arles in Summer 408. Emperor Constantine sent his son Constantius into Spain, together with General Maximus who declared himself emperor[4]. With the Roman authorities distracted by the struggle between the rival emperors, the barbarian forces entered Spain in 411 and started to settle in small numbers. The Vandals settled in the interior of Galicia, the Alans in Lusitania[5]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Alani et Wandali et Suevi” entered Spain in 409, adding in a later passage that the Vandals occupied Galicia, the Suevi “sitam in extremitate Oceani maris occidua”, and the Alans “Lusitaniam et Carthaginensem provincias”, in 411[6]. The Vandals' need for territory increased as they absorbed local populations. They first attacked the neighbouring areas around Orense held by the Suevi, but eventually directed their attention to the south of Spain[7]. Their control over the southern coastline enabled the Vandals to migrate en masse into North Africa in 429, although what triggered this migration is not known with certainty. The Byzantines conquered the land of the Vandals in Africa during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527-565), consolidating their power in coastal strongholds such as Tripoli and Carthage. They neglected their landward defences which, from the mid-7th century, facilitated the conquest of these Byzantine lands by the Muslims."
Med Lands cites: He was King of the Vandals and Alans. See attached maps:
Map 1: Vandal Kingdom ca 470 (from Wikipedia - By Hannes Karnoefel - changed wikimedia map, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10495959)
Map 2: Movement of the Alans from Persia (By Julieta39 - Background : [2]. Migrations of the Alans according with Nathalie Kálnoky : Des princes scythes aux capitaines des Iasses, in : Droit et cultures [cote INIST : 24217] n° 52, L'Harmattan publ., Paris 2006., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78026700) between 428 and 477.⁸

     Licinia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire was born in 422 at Italy (now).^9,10,1,3 She married Valentinian III (Flavius Placidus Valentinanus) (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, son of Constantius III (Flavius Constantius) (?) and Galla Placidia (?), on 29 October 437 at Constantinople, Byzantium,
;
Her 1st husband.^{2,1,11,3,12,13} Licinia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire married Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 455
;
Her 2nd husband; his 2nd wife.^{2,11,1,3,14,15}
Licinia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire died after 462.^1,3
     GAV-44.

; This is the same person as ”Licinia Eudoxia” at Wikipedia and as ”Licinia Eudoxia” at Wikipédia (FR).^2,16

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "EUDOXIA (422-after 462). The Chronicon Paschale records the birth in 422 of "Athenaide seu Eudocia filiam…Eudociam"[75]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the birth in 422 of "Theodosius imperator Eudoxiam filiam"[76]. The same source records the betrothal in 424 of "Valentinianus cæsar" and "Theodosii imperatoris Eudoxiam filiam" and, in a later passage, their marriage in 437[77]. Theophanes records the marriage of "Valentinianus Gallæ Placidiæ et Constantini filius" and "Eudoxiam Theodosii imperatoris filiam ex Eudocia coniuge" in 426[78]. The Chronicon Paschale records the marriage "Constantinopolim…XII Kal Nov" in 437 of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[79]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Valentinianus iunior…Constantii Imperatoris et Placidiæ magnæ filius" and "Theodosio…filiam Eudoxiam…ex Eudocia Augusta, Philosophi filia"[80]. Augusta 439. After the murder of her first husband, she was forced to marry his successor, but was captured during the Vandal invasion and taken to north Africa with her two daughters[81]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Eudoxia Augusta, Valentiniani Regis vidua" and "Maximo Tyranno"[82]. She was later allowed to return to Constantinople with one daughter[83].
     "m firstly (betrothed 424, 437) Emperor VALENTINIAN III, son of CONSTANTIUS & his wife Galla Placida (2 Jul 419-murdered 16 Mar 455).
     "m secondly ([Mar] 455) PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, son of --- (-murdered 27 May 455). He succeeded in 455 as Emperor PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, Emperor in the West."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident - Entry #1): “Licinia Eudoxia ° 422
     ép. 1) 29/10/437 Valentinianus III
     ép. 2) Petronius Maximus”


Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident - Entry #2): “Valentinianus III (51) ° 419 + 16/03/455 (ass. à l’instigation de Petronius Maximus, Auguste) Empereur d’Occident
     ép. 29/10/437 Licinia Eudoxia ”.¹¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "VALENTINIAN (Ravenna 2 Jul 419-murdered 16 Mar 455). The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the birth "419 V Non Iul" at Ravenna of "Valentinianus iunior…patre Constantio et Placidia matre"[108]. The Pauli Historiæ Romanæ records his birth "VI Non Iul"[109]. Iordanes names "Placidiam" as the mother of "Valentiniani iunioris imperatoris"[110]. Iordanes records that Placidia was created "Augustam" and her son Valentinian "Cæsar" to lead the opposition to Iohannes who invaded the western empire, and that after Iohannes was defeated Valentinian was created joint emperor at Ravenna by his maternal uncle[111]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records the event, dating it to 424[112]. He succeeded in 423 as Emperor VALENTINIAN III, jointly with his maternal uncle, Emperor in the West. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records that "Valentinianus iunior" was made emperor at Ravenna in 425[113]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentinianus junior" was named augustus "X Kal Nov" in 425 by "Theodosio juniore Augusto"[114]. Iordanes records that Emperor Valentinian was murdered by Maximus who had invaded the empire[115]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentinianus Augustus" was murdered in 455[116].
     "m (29 Oct 437) as her first husband, EUDOXIA, daughter of Emperor THEODOSIUS II, Emperor in the East & his wife Eudoxia --- (422-after 462). The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the betrothal in 424 of "Valentinianus cæsar" and "Theodosii imperatoris Eudoxiam filiam"[117]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Valentinianus iunior…Constantii Imperatoris et Placidiæ magnæ filius" and "Theodosio…filiam Eudoxiam…ex Eudocia Augusta, Philosophi filia"[118]. Theophanes records the marriage of "Valentinianus Gallæ Placidiæ et Constantini filius" and "Eudoxiam Theodosii imperatoris filiam ex Eudocia coniuge" in 426[119]. Iordanes records the marriage of Emperor Valentinian III in the third year of his reign to "Eudoxiam Theodosii principis filiam", specifying that her father transferred Illyria to the western empire as her dowry[120]. The Chronicon Paschale records the marriage "Constantinopolim…XII Kal Nov" in 437 of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[121]. She married secondly ([Mar] 455) Emperor Petronius Maximus. After the murder of her first husband, she was forced to marry his successor, but was captured during the Vandal invasion and taken to north Africa with her two daughters[122]. Iordanes records that "Eudoxia Valentiniani uxore" invited "Gizericus…rex Vandalorum" to Rome from Africa, but was taken back to Africa by him with her two daughters[123]. She was freed in 462[124]."
Med Lands cites: She was Empress of the Roman Empire between 437 and 455.¹⁶

     Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire married Eparchia (?), daughter of Unknown (?).⁵
Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire was born circa 396.^3,4 He married Licinia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire, daughter of Theodosius II (?) Emperor of Byzantium and Aelia Eudocia (?) Empress pf the Roman Empire, in 455
;
Her 2nd husband; his 2nd wife.^6,7,8,9,1,4
Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire died on 27 May 455; murdered.^3,1,4
     ; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident - Entry #1): “Licinia Eudoxia ° 422
     ép. 1) 29/10/437 Valentinianus III
     ép. 2) Petronius Maximus”


Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident - Entry #2): “Valentinianus III (51) ° 419 + 16/03/455 (ass. à l’instigation de Petronius Maximus, Auguste) Empereur d’Occident
     ép. 29/10/437 Licinia Eudoxia ”.⁷
; Per Med Lands:
     "EUDOXIA (422-after 462). The Chronicon Paschale records the birth in 422 of "Athenaide seu Eudocia filiam…Eudociam"[75]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the birth in 422 of "Theodosius imperator Eudoxiam filiam"[76]. The same source records the betrothal in 424 of "Valentinianus cæsar" and "Theodosii imperatoris Eudoxiam filiam" and, in a later passage, their marriage in 437[77]. Theophanes records the marriage of "Valentinianus Gallæ Placidiæ et Constantini filius" and "Eudoxiam Theodosii imperatoris filiam ex Eudocia coniuge" in 426[78]. The Chronicon Paschale records the marriage "Constantinopolim…XII Kal Nov" in 437 of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[79]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Valentinianus iunior…Constantii Imperatoris et Placidiæ magnæ filius" and "Theodosio…filiam Eudoxiam…ex Eudocia Augusta, Philosophi filia"[80]. Augusta 439. After the murder of her first husband, she was forced to marry his successor, but was captured during the Vandal invasion and taken to north Africa with her two daughters[81]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Eudoxia Augusta, Valentiniani Regis vidua" and "Maximo Tyranno"[82]. She was later allowed to return to Constantinople with one daughter[83].
     "m firstly (betrothed 424, 437) Emperor VALENTINIAN III, son of CONSTANTIUS & his wife Galla Placida (2 Jul 419-murdered 16 Mar 455).
     "m secondly ([Mar] 455) PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, son of --- (-murdered 27 May 455). He succeeded in 455 as Emperor PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, Emperor in the West."
Med Lands cites:

; This is the same person as ”https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximus” at Wikipedia, as ”Pétrone Maxime” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Petronio Massimo” at Wikipedia (IT).³

Reference: Genealogics cites: He was Western Roman Emperor (< 1 year) in 455.²

; The Vandals sack Rome.¹⁰

     Valentinian III (Flavius Placidus Valentinanus) (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire was born on 2 July 419 at Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (now).^7,1,8,3 He married Licinia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire, daughter of Theodosius II (?) Emperor of Byzantium and Aelia Eudocia (?) Empress pf the Roman Empire, on 29 October 437 at Constantinople, Byzantium,
;
Her 1st husband.^{9,10,8,11,1,3}
Valentinian III (Flavius Placidus Valentinanus) (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire died on 16 March 455 at Rome, Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, Lazio, Italy (now), at age 35; murdered.^7,8,1,3
Valentinian III (Flavius Placidus Valentinanus) (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire was buried after 16 March 455 at Mausoleo di Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     2 Jul 415, Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
     Roman Emperor. He was born in 419 AD and was descended from the Emperors Valentinian I and Theodosius I, as well as being the nephew of Honorius and cousin of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II. In 421 AD, on his father's death, he went with his family to live at the court of Theodosius II in Constantinople. Theodosius named him as Caesar of the Western Empire in 424 AD in place of the usurper Joannes. After Joannes was defeated he was declared Emperor in Rome while still only six years old. Due to his young age, real power initially lay in the hands of first his mother and, after 433 AD, by the General Flavius Aetius. His reign saw the break up of much of the Western Empire, with the invasion of Africa by the Vandals in 439 AD, and of Spain and Gaul by the barbarians. In addition, Sicily and the Western Mediterranean coast were repeatedly attacked by the navy of Geiseric. General Aetius won a victory over Attila the Hun near Chalons in 451 AD and campaigned successfully against the Visigoths in Southern Gaul. Attila attacked Ravenna in 452 AD, forcing Valentinian to flee to Rome. He became increasingly afraid of Aetius' power and had him executed in 454 AD. He was himself murdered by Aetius' followers a year later. His reign was the subject of John Fletcher's play "Valentinian" in 1612. Bio by: js
     DEATH     16 Mar 455 (aged 39), Rome, Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, Lazio, Italy
     BURIAL     Mausoleo di Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
     PLOT     To the right of the sarcophagus of Galla Placidia.     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Originally Created by: js
     Added: 1 Aug 2009
     Find a Grave Memorial 40143328.¹²
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "EUDOXIA (422-after 462). The Chronicon Paschale records the birth in 422 of "Athenaide seu Eudocia filiam…Eudociam"[75]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the birth in 422 of "Theodosius imperator Eudoxiam filiam"[76]. The same source records the betrothal in 424 of "Valentinianus cæsar" and "Theodosii imperatoris Eudoxiam filiam" and, in a later passage, their marriage in 437[77]. Theophanes records the marriage of "Valentinianus Gallæ Placidiæ et Constantini filius" and "Eudoxiam Theodosii imperatoris filiam ex Eudocia coniuge" in 426[78]. The Chronicon Paschale records the marriage "Constantinopolim…XII Kal Nov" in 437 of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[79]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Valentinianus iunior…Constantii Imperatoris et Placidiæ magnæ filius" and "Theodosio…filiam Eudoxiam…ex Eudocia Augusta, Philosophi filia"[80]. Augusta 439. After the murder of her first husband, she was forced to marry his successor, but was captured during the Vandal invasion and taken to north Africa with her two daughters[81]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Eudoxia Augusta, Valentiniani Regis vidua" and "Maximo Tyranno"[82]. She was later allowed to return to Constantinople with one daughter[83].
     "m firstly (betrothed 424, 437) Emperor VALENTINIAN III, son of CONSTANTIUS & his wife Galla Placida (2 Jul 419-murdered 16 Mar 455).
     "m secondly ([Mar] 455) PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, son of --- (-murdered 27 May 455). He succeeded in 455 as Emperor PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, Emperor in the West."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident - Entry #1): “Licinia Eudoxia ° 422
     ép. 1) 29/10/437 Valentinianus III
     ép. 2) Petronius Maximus”


Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident - Entry #2): “Valentinianus III (51) ° 419 + 16/03/455 (ass. à l’instigation de Petronius Maximus, Auguste) Empereur d’Occident
     ép. 29/10/437 Licinia Eudoxia ”.⁸ GAV-44.

; This is the same person as ”Valentinian III” at Wikipedia, as ”Valentinien III” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Valentiniano III” at Wikipedia (IT).^7,13,14

; Genealogics cites:

; Per Genealogics:
     ''In 423 his uncle, Emperor Honorius, died and for two years the Imperial throne was taken by a usurper. Then Valentinianus's mother, Galla Placida, controlled the West in his name until 437, although the powerful patrician Aetius became the effective ruler toward the end of this regency. In 429 the Vandals went to Africa and, ten years later, threw off the overlordship of Valentinanus's government. However, at no time in his long reign were the affairs of state personally managed by Valentinianus.
     'In 437 he married Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin, the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II. He spent his life in the pursuit of pleasure while Aetius controlled the government. In 444 Valentinianus, acting in conjunction with Pope Leo I, issued the famous 'Novel 17', which assigned to the bishop of Rome supremacy over the provincial churches.
     'In 451 and 452 the Huns invaded Gaul and Northern Italy but it is not known whether Valentinianus took part in their repulsion. However, false information made him distrust Aetius and, on 21 September 454, he personally murdered Aetius in the imperial palace in Rome. A year later, Optila and Thraustile, retainers of Aetius, avenged their master by murdering the Emperor in the Campus Martius. (Encyclopaedia Britannica.)¹"

; Per Med Lands:
     "VALENTINIAN (Ravenna 2 Jul 419-murdered 16 Mar 455). The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the birth "419 V Non Iul" at Ravenna of "Valentinianus iunior…patre Constantio et Placidia matre"[108]. The Pauli Historiæ Romanæ records his birth "VI Non Iul"[109]. Iordanes names "Placidiam" as the mother of "Valentiniani iunioris imperatoris"[110]. Iordanes records that Placidia was created "Augustam" and her son Valentinian "Cæsar" to lead the opposition to Iohannes who invaded the western empire, and that after Iohannes was defeated Valentinian was created joint emperor at Ravenna by his maternal uncle[111]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records the event, dating it to 424[112]. He succeeded in 423 as Emperor VALENTINIAN III, jointly with his maternal uncle, Emperor in the West. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records that "Valentinianus iunior" was made emperor at Ravenna in 425[113]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentinianus junior" was named augustus "X Kal Nov" in 425 by "Theodosio juniore Augusto"[114]. Iordanes records that Emperor Valentinian was murdered by Maximus who had invaded the empire[115]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentinianus Augustus" was murdered in 455[116].
     "m (29 Oct 437) as her first husband, EUDOXIA, daughter of Emperor THEODOSIUS II, Emperor in the East & his wife Eudoxia --- (422-after 462). The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the betrothal in 424 of "Valentinianus cæsar" and "Theodosii imperatoris Eudoxiam filiam"[117]. Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Valentinianus iunior…Constantii Imperatoris et Placidiæ magnæ filius" and "Theodosio…filiam Eudoxiam…ex Eudocia Augusta, Philosophi filia"[118]. Theophanes records the marriage of "Valentinianus Gallæ Placidiæ et Constantini filius" and "Eudoxiam Theodosii imperatoris filiam ex Eudocia coniuge" in 426[119]. Iordanes records the marriage of Emperor Valentinian III in the third year of his reign to "Eudoxiam Theodosii principis filiam", specifying that her father transferred Illyria to the western empire as her dowry[120]. The Chronicon Paschale records the marriage "Constantinopolim…XII Kal Nov" in 437 of "Valentinianus junior Augustus" and "Eudoxia filia Theodosii et Eudocæ Augustæ"[121]. She married secondly ([Mar] 455) Emperor Petronius Maximus. After the murder of her first husband, she was forced to marry his successor, but was captured during the Vandal invasion and taken to north Africa with her two daughters[122]. Iordanes records that "Eudoxia Valentiniani uxore" invited "Gizericus…rex Vandalorum" to Rome from Africa, but was taken back to Africa by him with her two daughters[123]. She was freed in 462[124]."
Med Lands cites:
; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident): “2) Galla Placidia ° 388 + 27/11/450 (Rome)
     ép. 1) Theodoric 1er
     ép. 2) 414 Athaulf + 08/415
     ép. 3) 01/417 Flavius Constantius III (/50) ° (Naissus, Dacie) + 03/424 Augustus (421)”.⁴ He was Western Roman Emperor between 425 and 455.^15,7

     Galla Placidia the Younger (?) was born at Italy (now).¹ She married Palladius (?)²
Galla Placidia the Younger (?) married Olybrius (?)²

      ; van de Pas cites: Chronicle of the Roman Emperors London, 1995. , Scarre, Chris, Reference: Page 227.¹

     Constantius III (Flavius Constantius) (?) was born circa 390 at Naissus (Niš), Serbia (now).^1,3 He married Galla Placidia (?), daughter of Flavius Theodosius I 'the Great' (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire and Galla (?) Roman Empress consort, on 1 January 417
;
Her 2nd/3rd husband.^4,5,6,7,8
Constantius III (Flavius Constantius) (?) died on 2 September 421; Racines et Histoire says d. 3/424.^1,2,5
Constantius III (Flavius Constantius) (?) was buried after 2 September 521 at Mausoleo di Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown
     DEATH     2 Sep
     Roman Emperor. He was the power behind the throne for much of the reign of the Emperor Honorius and saved much of the Western Empire from falling to the barbarians. He first rose to power as "Master of Soldiers" under Honorius at a time when the Western Empire was under attack by Alaric and Athaulf. In addition, Constantine III and his son Constans Augusti in Gaul and Maximus in Spain had declared themselves as rival Emperors to Honorius. He marched into Gaul and drove out Gerontius, Maximus' sponsor, and captured and executed Constantine. Gerontius was soon murdered by his own army and Maximus was exiled to Spain. He then drove Athaulf out of Italy and put down a rebellion by Heraclianus of the African provinces. He went on to make a pact with Athaulf who defeated another rival, Jovinus, on his behalf. The alliance broke down when Athaulf married Galla Placidia, who Constantius had intended to marry and set up his own puppet Emperor, Priscus Attalus, in Gaul. Athaulf was soon murdered and Placidia married Constantius in 417 AD. He then declared the Visigoths "federates", meaning independent allies within the Empire, on the condition that they fight the other German tribes on Rome's behalf. By this time he had been the effective ruler of the Western Empire for ten years, with Honorius as figurehead, and in 421 AD he was made co-Augustus by Honorius. His health began to fail soon after, however, and he died seven months after officially becoming co-ruler. Bio by: js
     BURIAL     Mausoleo di Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
     PLOT     To the left of the sarcophagus of Galla Placidia.
     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Originally Created by: js
     Added: 2 Aug 2009
     Find a Grave Memorial 40188285.⁹
      ; This is the same person as:
”Constantius III” at Wikipedia and as
”Costanzo III” at Wikipedia (It.)^10,11

; Per Genealogics: "In 421, the year he died, ruled as Constantius III.”.⁶ GAV-45.

; Per Med Lands:
     "FLAVIUS CONSTANTIUS (-2 Sep 421). He succeeded 8 Feb 421 as Emperor CONSTANTIUS III.
     "m (1 Jan 417) as her second husband, GALLA PLACIDIA, widow of ATAULF King of the Visigoths, daughter of Emperor THEODOSIUS I & his second wife Galla (-Rome 27 Nov 450). Iordanes records the marriage of "Constantio patricio" and Placidia after the latter was returned to Rome by Walia King of the Visigoths[104]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records the death in 450 of “Valentiniani Imperatoris mater Placidia…apud Romam”[105]. "
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites:
; Per Med Lands:
     "GALLA PLACIDIA ([388/early May 394][80]-Rome 27 Nov 450). Theophanes names "Placidia" as the daughter of "magnus Theodosius" and his second wife[81]. Iordanes names "Placidiam" as the daughter of Emperor Theodosius & his second wife, recording in a later passage that she was captured by "Halaricus rex Vesegotharum" and later married his successor "Atauulfo"[82]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records that "Placidia Honorii principis sorore" was abducted by "Halaricus" and later married "Athaulfo propinquo suo"[83]. Olympiodorus Thebæus records that Ataulf married “Placidia” during the month of January “in Narbone, Galliæ urbe”[84]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Ataulfus” married “Placidiam” at Narbonne in 414[85]. Her first husband married her after failing to establish an alliance with Emperor Honorius[86]. As part of the peace negotiated by King Walia with the Romans in 416, Galla Placidia was returned to her brother Honorius in early 416[87]. The Chronicon Albeldense names “Ballia” as successor of “Sigericus”, adding that he made peace with Emperor Honorius and returned his sister Placidia to him[88]. Iordanes records the marriage of "Constantio patricio" and Placidia after the latter was returned to Rome by Walia King of the Visigoths[89]. Iordanes records that Placidia was created "Augustam" and her son Valentinian "Cæsar" to lead the opposition to Iohannes who invaded the western empire[90]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records the death in 450 of “Valentiniani Imperatoris mater Placidia…apud Romam”[91].
     "m firstly (Narbonne Jan 414) as his second wife, ATAULF King of the Visigoths, son of --- (-murdered Barcelona [Aug/Sep] 416).
     "m secondly (1 Jan 417) FLAVIUS CONSTANTIUS, son of --- (-2 Sep 421). He succeeded 8 Feb 421 as Emperor CONSTANTIUS III."
Med Lands cites: He was briefly Co-Emperor of the Western Roman Empire
See attached map of the Western Roman Empire ca 421 - shown in yellow. From Wikipedia: Di Casmiki - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18502373 between 8 February 421 and 2 September 421.^3,12

     Galla Placidia (?) was born circa 390 at Italy (now); Racines et Histoire says b. 388; Genealogics says b. ca 390; Med Lands says b. 388-early Mary 394.^4,7,5 She married Theodoric 1st (?)
; NB: Racines et Histoire is the only source that mentions this marriage.⁵ Galla Placidia (?) married Athaulf (?) King of the Visigoths, son of Uknown (?), in January 414 at Narbonne, Departement de l'Aude, Languedoc-Roussillon, France (now),
;
Her 1st/2nd husband; his 2nd wife.^4,5,7,9,10 Galla Placidia (?) married Constantius III (Flavius Constantius) (?) on 1 January 417
;
Her 2nd/3rd husband.^5,11,12,4,7
Galla Placidia (?) died on 27 November 450 at Rome, Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, Lazio, Italy (now).^4,7
Galla Placidia (?) was buried after 27 November 450 at Mausoleo di Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     363, Rome, Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, Lazio, Italy
     DEATH     27 Nov 450 (aged 86–87), Rome, Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, Lazio, Italy
     Roman Empress. She ruled the Roman Empire as regent in the early years of Valentinian III. She was born in approximately 388 AD and was the daughter of the Emperor Theodosius I. While still a child she was given her own household and financial independence and was named "Noblissima Puella", meaning "Most Noble Child". She was captured by the Vsigoths during their sack of Rome in 410 AD and taken to Gaul where she was married to the Visigothic chieftain, Athaulf in 414 AD. When Athaulf died in 416 AD, she was returned to Rome to be married to the influential general Constantius, with home she had a son, the future Emperor Valentinian III. When was made co-Emperor in the West as Constsantius III she was declared "Augusta" at his side. She was forced to leave Rome when Constantius died seven months later and went to live with her nephew, the eastern Emperor, Theodosius II. She returned to Rome in 425 AD when her son Valentinian became Emperor in the west. Due to her son's youth she ruled as regent for the first twelve years of his reign and it was she who sent an army against the rebel Boniface, the Count of Africa. She was also responsible for many building project, including the restoration of the Basilica of St. Paul-Outside-the-Walls and additions to the Church of the Holy Cross in Jerusalum. In addition she built the churches of the Holy Cross and St. John the Divine at Ravenna and the Church of St. Stephen at Rimini. Although her power reduced when Valentinian came of age, she continued to exert her influence until her death in 450 AD. Bio by: js
     BURIAL     Mausoleo di Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
     PLOT     Between the sarcophagi of Constantius III and Valentinian III
     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Originally Created by: js
     Added: 3 Aug 2009
     Find a Grave Memorial 40213995.¹³
      ; Per Genealogics: "She was twenty years old when the Visigoth Alaric sacked Rome and took her prisoner. Four years later she was married to Ataulfo, Alaric's successor, who was later assassinated. She was allowed to leave the 'barbarians' and took refuge with her brother, Honorius. Aged twenty-seven, she married a general of the empire and succeeded in having him proclaimed co-emperor as Constantius III. When widowed a second time, and after the death of her brother Honorius, she had her own son, Valentinian III, placed on the imperial throne of the west, while she exercised the power of a regent. She died aged sixty and was buried in Rome.”.⁴ GAV-45.

; This is the same person as:
”Galla Placidia” at Wikipedia and as
”Galla Placidia” at Wikipedia (It.)^14,15

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "GALLA PLACIDIA ([388/early May 394][80]-Rome 27 Nov 450). Theophanes names "Placidia" as the daughter of "magnus Theodosius" and his second wife[81]. Iordanes names "Placidiam" as the daughter of Emperor Theodosius & his second wife, recording in a later passage that she was captured by "Halaricus rex Vesegotharum" and later married his successor "Atauulfo"[82]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records that "Placidia Honorii principis sorore" was abducted by "Halaricus" and later married "Athaulfo propinquo suo"[83]. Olympiodorus Thebæus records that Ataulf married “Placidia” during the month of January “in Narbone, Galliæ urbe”[84]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Ataulfus” married “Placidiam” at Narbonne in 414[85]. Her first husband married her after failing to establish an alliance with Emperor Honorius[86]. As part of the peace negotiated by King Walia with the Romans in 416, Galla Placidia was returned to her brother Honorius in early 416[87]. The Chronicon Albeldense names “Ballia” as successor of “Sigericus”, adding that he made peace with Emperor Honorius and returned his sister Placidia to him[88]. Iordanes records the marriage of "Constantio patricio" and Placidia after the latter was returned to Rome by Walia King of the Visigoths[89]. Iordanes records that Placidia was created "Augustam" and her son Valentinian "Cæsar" to lead the opposition to Iohannes who invaded the western empire[90]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records the death in 450 of “Valentiniani Imperatoris mater Placidia…apud Romam”[91].
     "m firstly (Narbonne Jan 414) as his second wife, ATAULF King of the Visigoths, son of --- (-murdered Barcelona [Aug/Sep] 416).
     "m secondly (1 Jan 417) FLAVIUS CONSTANTIUS, son of --- (-2 Sep 421). He succeeded 8 Feb 421 as Emperor CONSTANTIUS III."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident): “2) Galla Placidia ° 388 + 27/11/450 (Rome)
     ép. 1) Theodoric 1er
     ép. 2) 414 Athaulf + 08/415
     ép. 3) 01/417 Flavius Constantius III (/50) ° (Naissus, Dacie) + 03/424 Augustus (421)”.⁵

; Per Med Lands:
     "ATAULF, son of --- (-murdered Barcelona [Aug/Sep] 416). Iordanes names "Ataulfo" as "eius [Alaricus rex Vesegotharum] consanguineo" but does not specify the precise relationship[15]. He is first mentioned in 408 in relation to a military campaign in upper Pannonia[16]. He succeeded his brother-in-law in 410 as ATAULF King of the Visigoths: Olympiodorus Thebæus records that Alaric was succeeded by “Adaulphum uxoris fratrem””[17]. Procopius records that Ataulf succeeded on the death of Alaric[18]. The Chronica Regum Visigotthorum records that the Goths left Italy during the reign of “Ataulphus” and occupied “Gallias, ac postea Hispanias”, adding that Ataulf reigned for six years[19]. He led his people out of Italy and established his court at Narbonne[20]. He crossed the Pyrenees into Spain from the Visigoth base in Toulouse with a small army, charged by the enfeebled Roman State in Hispania with expelling the Vandal invaders from the south and the Suevi from the north west[21]. They occupied Barcelona in 414[22]. He was assassinated by Dubius or Eberwolf in revenge for the earlier killing of Sarus, the brother of Ataulf's successor Sigeric[23]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Ataulfus” was murdered at Barcelona “per quemdam Gothum…inter familiars fabulas” in 416[24].
     "m firstly ---. The name of Ataulf's first wife is not known. This first marriage is confirmed by Olympiodorus Thebæus who records that Ataulf “e priore conjuge” had “liberos vi”[25].
     "m secondly (Narbonne Jan 414) as her first husband, GALLA PLACIDIA, daughter of Emperor THEODOSIUS I & his second wife Galla ([388/early May 394][26]-27 Nov 450). Iordanes names "Placidiam" as the daughter of Emperor Theodosius & his second wife, recording in a later passage that she was captured by "Halaricus rex Vesegotharum" when he attacked Rome and later married his successor "Atauulfo"[27]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records that "Placidia Honorii principis sorore" was abducted by "Halaricus" and later married "Athaulfo propinquo suo"[28]. Captured by Alaric King of the Visigoths during the sack of Rome in Aug 409, she passed to Ataulf on his accession as king[29]. Olympiodorus Thebæus records that Ataulf married “Placidia” during the month of January “in Narbone, Galliæ urbe”[30]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Ataulfus” married “Placidiam” at Narbonne in 414[31]. Her first husband married her after failing to establish an alliance with Emperor Honorius[32]. As part of the peace negotiated by King Walia with the Romans in 416, Galla Placidia was returned to her brother Honorius in early 416[33]. The Chronicon Albeldense names “Ballia” as successor of “Sigericus”, adding that he made peace with Emperor Honorius and returned his sister Placidia to him[34]. She married secondly (1 Jan 417) Flavius Constantius, who succeeded in 421 as Emperor CONSTANTIUS III. Iordanes records that Placidia was created "Augustam" and her son Valentinian "Cæsar" to lead the opposition to Iohannes who invaded the western empire[35]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records the death in 450 of “Valentiniani Imperatoris mater Placidia…apud Romam”[36]."
Med Lands cites:
; See attached chart for position of Theodosius I and his children in the genealogy of the Roman emperors.¹⁶

     Athaulf (?) King of the Visigoths married Galla Placidia (?), daughter of Flavius Theodosius I 'the Great' (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire and Galla (?) Roman Empress consort, in January 414 at Narbonne, Departement de l'Aude, Languedoc-Roussillon, France (now),
;
Her 1st/2nd husband; his 2nd wife.^4,5,6,1,7
Athaulf (?) King of the Visigoths died in 415 at Barcelona, Provinicia de Barcelona, Cateluna, Spain (now); murdered; Genealogics says d. 415; Med Lands says d. Aug/Sep 416.^1,7
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "GALLA PLACIDIA ([388/early May 394][80]-Rome 27 Nov 450). Theophanes names "Placidia" as the daughter of "magnus Theodosius" and his second wife[81]. Iordanes names "Placidiam" as the daughter of Emperor Theodosius & his second wife, recording in a later passage that she was captured by "Halaricus rex Vesegotharum" and later married his successor "Atauulfo"[82]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records that "Placidia Honorii principis sorore" was abducted by "Halaricus" and later married "Athaulfo propinquo suo"[83]. Olympiodorus Thebæus records that Ataulf married “Placidia” during the month of January “in Narbone, Galliæ urbe”[84]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Ataulfus” married “Placidiam” at Narbonne in 414[85]. Her first husband married her after failing to establish an alliance with Emperor Honorius[86]. As part of the peace negotiated by King Walia with the Romans in 416, Galla Placidia was returned to her brother Honorius in early 416[87]. The Chronicon Albeldense names “Ballia” as successor of “Sigericus”, adding that he made peace with Emperor Honorius and returned his sister Placidia to him[88]. Iordanes records the marriage of "Constantio patricio" and Placidia after the latter was returned to Rome by Walia King of the Visigoths[89]. Iordanes records that Placidia was created "Augustam" and her son Valentinian "Cæsar" to lead the opposition to Iohannes who invaded the western empire[90]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records the death in 450 of “Valentiniani Imperatoris mater Placidia…apud Romam”[91].
     "m firstly (Narbonne Jan 414) as his second wife, ATAULF King of the Visigoths, son of --- (-murdered Barcelona [Aug/Sep] 416).
     "m secondly (1 Jan 417) FLAVIUS CONSTANTIUS, son of --- (-2 Sep 421). He succeeded 8 Feb 421 as Emperor CONSTANTIUS III."
Med Lands cites:
; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident): “2) Galla Placidia ° 388 + 27/11/450 (Rome)
     ép. 1) Theodoric 1er
     ép. 2) 414 Athaulf + 08/415
     ép. 3) 01/417 Flavius Constantius III (/50) ° (Naissus, Dacie) + 03/424 Augustus (421)”.⁵

; This is the same person as:
”Athaulf” at Wikipedia and as
”Athaulf” at Wikipedia (It.)^8,3

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "ATAULF, son of --- (-murdered Barcelona [Aug/Sep] 416). Iordanes names "Ataulfo" as "eius [Alaricus rex Vesegotharum] consanguineo" but does not specify the precise relationship[15]. He is first mentioned in 408 in relation to a military campaign in upper Pannonia[16]. He succeeded his brother-in-law in 410 as ATAULF King of the Visigoths: Olympiodorus Thebæus records that Alaric was succeeded by “Adaulphum uxoris fratrem””[17]. Procopius records that Ataulf succeeded on the death of Alaric[18]. The Chronica Regum Visigotthorum records that the Goths left Italy during the reign of “Ataulphus” and occupied “Gallias, ac postea Hispanias”, adding that Ataulf reigned for six years[19]. He led his people out of Italy and established his court at Narbonne[20]. He crossed the Pyrenees into Spain from the Visigoth base in Toulouse with a small army, charged by the enfeebled Roman State in Hispania with expelling the Vandal invaders from the south and the Suevi from the north west[21]. They occupied Barcelona in 414[22]. He was assassinated by Dubius or Eberwolf in revenge for the earlier killing of Sarus, the brother of Ataulf's successor Sigeric[23]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Ataulfus” was murdered at Barcelona “per quemdam Gothum…inter familiars fabulas” in 416[24].
     "m firstly ---. The name of Ataulf's first wife is not known. This first marriage is confirmed by Olympiodorus Thebæus who records that Ataulf “e priore conjuge” had “liberos vi”[25].
     "m secondly (Narbonne Jan 414) as her first husband, GALLA PLACIDIA, daughter of Emperor THEODOSIUS I & his second wife Galla ([388/early May 394][26]-27 Nov 450). Iordanes names "Placidiam" as the daughter of Emperor Theodosius & his second wife, recording in a later passage that she was captured by "Halaricus rex Vesegotharum" when he attacked Rome and later married his successor "Atauulfo"[27]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records that "Placidia Honorii principis sorore" was abducted by "Halaricus" and later married "Athaulfo propinquo suo"[28]. Captured by Alaric King of the Visigoths during the sack of Rome in Aug 409, she passed to Ataulf on his accession as king[29]. Olympiodorus Thebæus records that Ataulf married “Placidia” during the month of January “in Narbone, Galliæ urbe”[30]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Ataulfus” married “Placidiam” at Narbonne in 414[31]. Her first husband married her after failing to establish an alliance with Emperor Honorius[32]. As part of the peace negotiated by King Walia with the Romans in 416, Galla Placidia was returned to her brother Honorius in early 416[33]. The Chronicon Albeldense names “Ballia” as successor of “Sigericus”, adding that he made peace with Emperor Honorius and returned his sister Placidia to him[34]. She married secondly (1 Jan 417) Flavius Constantius, who succeeded in 421 as Emperor CONSTANTIUS III. Iordanes records that Placidia was created "Augustam" and her son Valentinian "Cæsar" to lead the opposition to Iohannes who invaded the western empire[35]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records the death in 450 of “Valentiniani Imperatoris mater Placidia…apud Romam”[36]."
Med Lands cites: He witnessed the marriage of Unknown (?) and Alaric I (?) King of the Visigoths; NB: Genealogics shows Alaric as the father of Athaulf. However, Med Lands shows Alaric marrying a sister of Athaulf. Wikipedia and Wikipédia (Fr.) also state that Alaric was Athaulf's brother-in-law. I have given Alaric an unknown wife who was a sister of Athaulf, as presented by Med Lands. GA Vaut
     Per Wikipedia (Alaric entry): "Alaric was succeeded in the command of the Gothic army by his brother-in-law, Ataulf,"
     Per Wikipédia (Fr.) (Alaric entry): "Son [Alaric] successeur est son beau-frère Athaulf."
     Per Wikipedia (Athaulf entry): "[Athaulf] was unanimously elected to the throne to succeed his brother-in-law Alaric
     Per Wikipédia (Fr.) (Athaulf entry): "Athaulf appartient à la noble famille des Balthes. Selon Zosime, il est le beau-frère1 du roi Alaric auquel il succède."
     Med Lands says: "Iordanes names "Ataulfo" as "eius [Alaricus rex Vesegotharum] consanguineo" but does not specify the precise relationship[15]." Med Lands cites: [15] Iordanes Getarum, MGH Auct. ant. V.1, p. 99.^{9,10,11,2,3,12} Athaulf (?) King of the Visigoths was King of the Visigoths between 410 and 415.^8,3

     Flavius Theodosius I 'the Great' (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire was born on 11 January 347 at Cauca (Coca), Spain (now).^2,6 He married Aelia Flacilla (?) in 376.^3,6,7
Flavius Theodosius I 'the Great' (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire married Galla (?) Roman Empress consort, daughter of Flavius Valentinianus I (?) Emperor of the Eoman Empire and Justina (?) Empress of the Roman Empire, in 387
;
His 2nd wife.^3,6,7,11
Flavius Theodosius I 'the Great' (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire died on 17 January 395 at Mediolanum (Milan), Italy (now), at age 48.^3,6
      ; Per Genealogics:
     "His parents were probably already Christians when Theodosius grew up in Spain. Although he did not receive an extensive education, he was open-minded and had a special interest in the study of history. While on his father's staff, he participated in his campaigns against the Picts and Scots in Britain in 368-369, against the Alemanni in Gaul in 370, and against the Sarmatians in the Balkans in 372-373. However, after his father's execution, he withdrew to his Spanish estates and, at the end of 376, married Aelia Flacilla. In 377 their son, the future Emperor Arcadius, was born followed in 378, by a daughter, Pulcheria, and in 384 the future Emperor Honorius.
     "In 378, the Eastern Emperor Valens was killed in a catastrophic defeat by the Visigoths. The Western Emperor Gratian then summoned Theodosius to his court. After defeating the Sarmatians, Theodosius was proclaimed co-emperor on 19 January 379 and ruled the provinces of Dacia (Romania) and Macedonia.
     "In 388 Theodosius punished orthodox fanatics who had set fire to a synagogue and to the shrine of a sect, which caused a conflict between him and Bishop Ambrose. The Bishop required him to do public penance to which, as a devout Christian, Theodosius acceded, but only after pointing out that he was not willing to grant the Bishop greater influence in affairs of government.
     "In February 391 he prohibited pagan sacrifices and the visiting of temples. Quarrels between his second wife, Galla, and his son Arcadius, as well as his own view of the eastern capital as the centre of the empire, prompted Theodosius to move his residence back to Constantinople in November 391.
     "On 15 May 392 the young Emperor of the West, Valentinian, died and Eugenius, who had close connections with pagans, was proclaimed Emperor of the West. It took until 394 before Theodosius was able to set out with his army and defeat Eugenius. However, the exertion had been too much for him so that Theodosius became ill and died on 17 January 395. (Encyclopaedia Britannica.)¹"

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Theodosius I (Latin: Flavius Theodosius Augustus;[1] Greek: ????????? ??; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also known as Theodosius the Great, was a Roman Emperor from 379 to 395, and the last emperor to rule over both the Eastern and the Western halves of the Roman Empire. On accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the Empire. His resources were not sufficient to destroy them or drive them out, which had been Roman policy for centuries in dealing with invaders. By treaty, which followed his indecisive victory at the end of the Gothic War, they were established as foederati, autonomous allies of the Empire, south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the Empire's borders. They were given lands and allowed to remain under their own leaders, a grave departure from Roman hegemonic ways. This turn away from traditional policies was accommodationist and had enormous consequences for the Western Empire from the beginning of the fifth century, as the Romans found themselves with the impossible task of defending the borders and dealing with unruly federates within. Theodosius I was obliged to fight two destructive civil wars, successively defeating the usurpers Magnus Maximus in 387–388 and Eugenius in 394, though not without material cost to the power of the Empire.
     "He issued decrees that effectively made Nicene Christianity the official state church of the Roman Empire.[2][3] He neither prevented nor punished the destruction of prominent Hellenistic temples of classical antiquity, including the Temple of Apollo in Delphi and the Serapeum in Alexandria. He dissolved the Order of the Vestal Virgins in Rome. In 393, he banned the pagan rituals of the Olympics in Ancient Greece. After his death, Theodosius's young sons Arcadius and Honorius inherited the east and west halves of the empire respectively, and the Roman Empire was never again re-united, though Eastern Roman emperors after Zeno would claim the united title after Julius Nepos's death in 480.
     "Theodosius is considered a saint by the Armenian Apostolic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church[4], and his feast day is on January 17.[5].
Career
     "Flavius Theodosius was born in Cauca, Carthaginensis, Hispania (according to Hydatius and Zosimus)[6] or in Italica, Baetica, Hispania (according to Themistius, Claudius Claudianus, or Marcellinus Comes),[7] to a senior military officer, Theodosius the Elder[8] and his wife Thermantia. Theodosius learned his military lessons by campaigning with his father's staff in Britannia where he went to help quell the Great Conspiracy in 368.
     "In about 373, he became governor of Upper Moesia and oversaw hostilities against the Sarmatians and thereafter against the Alemanni. He was military commander (dux) of Moesia, a Roman province on the lower Danube, in 374, when the empire faced a formidable eruption of the Quadi and Sarmatians, the neighboring province of Illyricum being in fact briefly overrun.[9] Theodosius is reported to have defended his province with marked ability and success.[9]
     "The death of emperor Valentinian I in 375 created political pandemonium. The sudden disgrace and execution of Theodosius' father, Theodosius the Elder, in 376 remains unexplained. At about the same time Theodosius abruptly retired to his family estates in the province of Gallaecia (present day Galicia, Spain and northern Portugal) where he adopted the life of a provincial aristocrat. The reason for his retirement, and the relationship (if any) between it and his father's death is uncertain, though probable.
     "From 364 to 375, the Roman Empire had been governed by two co-emperors, the brothers Valentinian I and Valens; when Valentinian died in 375, his sons, Valentinian II and Gratian, succeeded him as rulers of the Western Roman Empire. In 378, after the disastrous Battle of Adrianople where Valens was killed, Gratian invited Theodosius to take command of the Illyrian army. As Valens had no successor, Gratian's appointment of Theodosius amounted to a de facto invitation for Theodosius to become co-Augustus of the eastern half of the Empire. After Gratian was killed in a rebellion in 383, Theodosius appointed his own elder son, Arcadius, to be his co-ruler in the East. After the death in 392 of Valentinian II, whom Theodosius had supported against a variety of usurpations, Theodosius ruled as sole Emperor, appointing his younger son Honorius Augustus as his co-ruler of the West (Milan, on 23 January 393) and by defeating the usurper Eugenius on 6 September 394, at the Battle of the Frigidus (Vipava river, modern Slovenia) he restored peace.
Family
     "By his first wife, the probably Spanish Aelia Flaccilla Augusta, he had two sons, Arcadius and Honorius, and a daughter, Aelia Pulcheria; Arcadius was his heir in the East and Honorius in the West. Both Aelia Flaccilla and Pulcheria died in 385.
     "His second wife (but never declared Augusta) was Galla, daughter of the emperor Valentinian I and his second wife Justina. Theodosius and Galla had a son, Gratian, born in 388 and who died young, and a daughter, Aelia Galla Placidia (392–450). Placidia was the only child who survived to adulthood and later became an Empress.
Successful conclusion of the Gothic War (379–382)
     "The Goths and their allies (Vandals, Taifals, Bastarnae and the native Carpians) entrenched in the provinces of Dacia and eastern Pannonia Inferior consumed Theodosius's attention. The Gothic crisis was so dire that his co-Emperor Gratian relinquished control of the Illyrian provinces and retired to Trier in Gaul to let Theodosius operate without hindrance. A major weakness in the Roman position after the defeat at Adrianople was the recruiting of barbarians to fight against other barbarians. In order to reconstruct the Roman Army of the East, Theodosius needed to find able bodied soldiers and so he turned to the most capable men readily at hand: the barbarians recently settled in the Empire. This caused many difficulties in the battle against barbarians since the newly recruited fighters had little or no loyalty to Theodosius. It did not help that Theodosius himself was dangerously ill during many months after his elevation, being confined to his bed in Thessalonica during much of 379.[10]
     "Gratian suppressed the incursions into dioceses of Illyria (Pannonia and Dalmatia) by Alathaeus and Saphrax in 380.[11] He succeeded in convincing both to agree to a treaty and be settled in Pannonia.[12] Theodosius was able finally to enter Constantinople in November 380, after two seasons in the field, having ultimately prevailed by offering highly favorable terms to the Gothic chiefs.[11] His task was rendered much easier when Athanaric, an aged and cautious leader, accepted Theodosius's invitation to a conference in the capital, Constantinople, and the splendor of the imperial city reportedly awed him and his fellow-chiefs into accepting Theodosius' offers.[13] Athanaric himself died soon after, but his followers were impressed by the honorable funeral arranged for him by Theodosius, and agreed to defending the border of the empire.[13] The final treaties with the remaining Gothic forces, signed 3 October 382, permitted large contingents of barbarians, primarily Thervingian Goths, to settle in Thrace south of the Danube frontier.[14] The Goths now settled within the Empire would largely fight for the Romans as a national contingent, as opposed to being fully integrated into the Roman forces.[14]
     "In 390 the population of Thessalonica rioted in complaint against the presence of the local Gothic garrison. The garrison commander was killed in the violence, so Theodosius ordered the Goths to kill all the spectators in the circus as retaliation; Theodoret, a contemporary witness to these events, reports:
     "Theodosius was excommunicated by the bishop of Milan, Saint Ambrose, for the massacre.[16] Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt; Ambrose readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance.
     "In the last years of Theodosius's reign, one of the emerging leaders of the Goths, named Alaric, participated in Theodosius's campaign against Eugenius in 394, only to resume his rebellious behavior against Theodosius's son and eastern successor, Arcadius, shortly after Theodosius' death.
Civil wars in the Empire (383–394)
     "In 383, the usurper Magnus Maximus had deposed and executed Gratian, proclaiming himself emperor of the west. Theodosius, unable to do much about Maximus due to his still inadequate military capability, opened negotiations with the Sasanid Emperor Shapur III.[17] In an attempt to curb Maxiumus's ambitions, Theodosius appointed Flavius Neoterius as Praetorian Prefect of Italy.[18]
     "The armies of Theodosius and Maximus fought at the Battle of the Save in 388, which saw Maximus defeated. On 28 August 388 Maximus was executed.[19] Now the de facto ruler of the Western empire as well, Theodosius celebrated his victory in Rome on June 13, 389 and stayed in Milan until 391, installing his own loyalists in senior positions including the new magister militum of the West, the Frankish general Arbogast.[19]
     "Trouble arose again, after Valentinian quarreled publicly with Arbogast, and was found hanging in his room. Arbogast announced that this had been a suicide. Arbogast, unable to assume the role of Emperor because of his non-Roman background, elected his creature Eugenius, a former teacher of rhetoric whom he had made Valentinian's master of offices. Eugenius made some limited concessions to the Roman religion; like Maximus he sought Theodosius's recognition in vain. In January 393, Theodosius gave his son Honorius the full rank of "Augustus" in the West, citing Eugenius' illegitimacy.[20]
     "Theodosius gathered a large army, including the Goths whom he had settled in the Eastern empire as Foederati, as well as Caucasian and Saracen auxiliaries, and marched against Eugenius. The two armies faced at the Battle of Frigidus in September 394.[21] The battle began on 5 September 394, with Theodosius' full frontal assault on Eugenius's forces. Theodosius was repulsed on the first day, and Eugenius thought the battle to be all but over. In Theodosius's camp, the loss of the day decreased morale. It is said that Theodosius was visited by two "heavenly riders all in white" who gave him courage. The next day, the battle began again and Theodosius's forces were aided by a natural phenomenon known as the Bora, which produces cyclonic winds.[22] The Bora blew directly against the forces of Eugenius and disrupted the line.
     "Eugenius's camp was stormed; Arbogast committed suicide and Eugenius was captured and soon after executed.[22] Thus Theodosius became sole Emperor.
Art patronage
     "Theodosius oversaw the removal in 390 of an Egyptian obelisk from Alexandria to Constantinople.[23] It is now known as the obelisk of Theodosius and still stands in the Hippodrome,[23] the long racetrack that was the center of Constantinople's public life and scene of political turmoil. Re-erecting the monolith was a challenge for the technology that had been honed in the construction of siege engines. The obelisk, still recognizably a solar symbol, had been moved from Karnak to Alexandria with what is now the Lateran obelisk by Constantius II.
     "The Lateran obelisk was shipped to Rome soon afterwards, but the other one then spent a generation lying at the docks due to the difficulty involved in attempting to ship it to Constantinople. Eventually, the obelisk was cracked in transit. The white marble base is entirely covered with bas-reliefs documenting the imperial household and the engineering feat of removing it to Constantinople. Theodosius and the imperial family are separated from the nobles among the spectators in the imperial box, with a cover over them as a mark of their status. The naturalism of traditional Roman art in such scenes gave way in these reliefs to conceptual art: the idea of order, decorum and respective ranking, expressed in serried ranks of faces. This is seen as evidence of formal themes beginning to oust the transitory details of mundane life, celebrated in Roman portraiture.
     "The Forum Tauri in Constantinople was renamed and redecorated as the Forum of Theodosius, including a column and a triumphal arch in his honour.[24]
Nicene Christianity becomes the state religion
Arianism
     "In 325, Constantine I convened the Council of Nicaea, which affirmed the doctrine that Jesus, the Son, was equal to God the Father and "of one substance" with the Father (homoousios in Greek). The Council condemned the teachings of Arius, who believed Jesus to be inferior to the Father.
     "Despite the council's ruling, controversy continued for decades, with several christological alternatives to the Nicene Creed being brought forth. Theologians attempted to bypass the Christological debate by saying that Jesus was merely like (homoios in Greek) God the father, without speaking of substance (ousia). These non-Nicenes were frequently labeled as Arians (i.e., followers of Arius) by their opponents, though not all would necessarily have identified themselves as such.[25]
     "The Emperor Valens had favored the group who used the homoios formula; this theology was prominent in much of the East and had under Constantius II gained a foothold in the West, being ratified by the Council of Ariminum, though it was later abjured by a majority of the western bishops (after Constantius II's death in 361). The death of Valens damaged the standing of the Homoian faction, especially since his successor Theodosius steadfastly held to the Nicene Creed which was the interpretation that predominated in the West and was held by the important Alexandrian church.
Definition of orthodoxy
     "On 27 February 380, together with Gratian and Valentinian II, Theodosius issued the decree "Cunctos populos", the so-called Edict of Thessalonica, recorded in the Codex Theodosianus xvi.1.2. This declared the Nicene Trinitarian Christianity to be the only legitimate imperial religion and the only one entitled to call itself Catholic; but the other religions or those who did not support the Trinity, he described as "foolish madmen".[26] He also ended official state support for the traditional polytheist religions and customs.[27]
     "On 26 November 380, two days after he had arrived in Constantinople, Theodosius expelled the Homoian bishop, Demophilus of Constantinople, and appointed Meletius patriarch of Antioch, and Gregory of Nazianzus, one of the Cappadocian Fathers from Cappadocia (today in Turkey), patriarch of Constantinople. Theodosius had just been baptized, by bishop Ascholius of Thessalonica, during a severe illness.[citation needed]
     "In May 381, Theodosius summoned a new ecumenical council at Constantinople to repair the schism between East and West on the basis of Nicene orthodoxy.[28] The council went on to define orthodoxy, including the Third Person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit, as equal to the Father and 'proceeding' from Him, whereas the Son was 'begotten' of Him.[29] The council also "condemned the Apollonarian and Macedonian heresies, clarified jurisdictions of the bishops according to the civil boundaries of dioceses and ruled that Constantinople was second in precedence to Rome."[29]
Proscription of pagan religion
     "The persecution of pagans under Theodosius I began in 381, after the first couple of years of his reign in the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 380s, Theodosius I reiterated Constantine's ban on some practices of Roman religion, prohibited haruspicy on pain of death, decreed magistrates who did not enforce laws against polytheism were subject to criminal prosecution, broke up some pagan associations and tolerated attacks on Roman temples.
     "Between 389–392 he promulgated the Theodosian decrees[30] (instituting a major change in his religious policies),[31]:116 which removed non-Nicene Christians from church office and abolished the last remaining expressions of Roman religion by making its holidays into workdays, banning blood sacrifices, closing Roman temples, confiscating Temple endowments and disbanding the Vestal Virgins.[32] The practices of taking auspices and witchcraft were punished. Theodosius refused to restore the Altar of Victory in the Senate House, as asked by non-Christian senators.[31]:115
     "In 392 he became sole emperor. From this moment till the end of his reign in 395, while non-Christians continued to request toleration,[33][34] he ordered, authorized, or at least failed to punish, the closure or destruction of many temples, holy sites, images and objects of piety throughout the empire.[35][36][37][38][39]
     "In 393 he issued a comprehensive law that prohibited any public non-Christian religious customs,[40] and was particularly oppressive to Manicheans.[41] He is likely to have discontinued the ancient Olympic Games, whose last record of celebration was in 393, though archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held after this date.[42]
Death and legacy
     "Theodosius died, after suffering from a disease involving severe edema, in Milan on 17 January 395. Ambrose delivered a panegyric titled De Obitu Theodosii[43] before Stilicho and Honorius in which Ambrose praised the suppression of paganism by Theodosius. Theodosius was finally buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople on 8 November 395,[44] in a porphyry sarcophagus that was described in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the De Ceremoniis.[45]
     "Theodosius's army rapidly dissolved after his death, with Gothic contingents raiding as far as Constantinople. As his heir in the Eastern Roman Empire he left Arcadius, who was about eighteen years old,[46] and in the Western Roman Empire Honorius, who was ten.[47] Neither ever showed any sign of fitness to rule, and their reigns were marked by a series of disasters. As their guardians Theodosius left Stilicho, who ruled in the name of Honorius in the Western Empire, and Flavius Rufinus who was the actual power behind the throne in the East. Several historians mark the day of Theodosius' death as the beginning of the Middle Ages.[48]
See also
** De Fide Catolica: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_fide_Catolica
** Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galla_Placidia
** List of Byzantine emperors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors
** Roman emperors family tree: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Roman_emperors
** Saint Fana: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Fana
** Serena, niece of Theodosius and wife of Flavius Stilicho: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_(Roman)
** Zosimus, pagan historian from the time of Anastasius I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus
References
1. In Classical Latin, Theodosius' name would be inscribed as FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS.
2. Cf. decree, infra.
3. "Edict of Thessalonica": See Codex Theodosianus XVI.1.2
4. https://oca.org/saints/lives/2000/01/17/109027-emperor-theodosius-the-great
5. http://www.saint.gr/1118/saint.aspx
6. Hydatius Chronicon, year 379, II.
7. Alicia M. Canto, "Sobre el origen bético de Teodosio I el Grande, y su improbable nacimiento en Cauca de Gallaecia", Latomus 65/2, 2006, 388-421. The author points out that the city of Cauca was not part of Gallaecia, and demonstrates the probable interpolations of the traditional texts of Hydatius and Zosimus.
8. Zos. Historia Nova 4.24.4.
9. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 13.
10. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 136.
11. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 32.
12 Williams & Friell 1995, p. 100.
13. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 33.
14. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 34.
15. Davis 2004, p. 298.
16. Mackay 2004, p. 329.
17. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 41.
18. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 42.
19. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 64.
20. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 129.
21. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 134.
22. Potter 2004, p. 533.
23. Majeska 1984, p. 256.
24. Meyers 1997, p. 61.
25. Lenski 2002, p. 235-237.
26. "Medieval Sourcebook: Theodosian Code XVI".
27. Kaylor 2012, p. 14.
28. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 54.
29. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 55.
30. N Lewis; Reinhold Meyer (1990). Empire. Columbia University Press. pp. 614–. ISBN 978-0-231-07133-8. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
31. Charles Freeman (26 January 2010). A.D. 381: Heretics, Pagans, and the Christian State. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59020-522-8. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
32. Madeleine Pelner Cosman; Linda Gale Jones (1 January 2009). Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set. Infobase Publishing. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-1-4381-0907-7. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
33. Zosimus 4.59
Sy34.mmachus Relatio 3.
35. Grindle, Gilbert (1892) The Destruction of Paganism in the Roman Empire, pp.29–30. Quote summary: For example, Theodosius ordered Cynegius (Zosimus 4.37), the praetorian prefect of the East, to permanently close down the temples and forbade the worship of the deities throughout Egypt and the East. Most of the destruction in the East was perpetrated by Christian monks and bishops.
36. "Life of St. Martin".
37. R. MacMullen, Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D.100–400, Yale University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-300-03642-6
38. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1912). "Theophilus (2)" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
39. Ramsay McMullen (1984) Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400, Yale University Press, p.90.
40. "A History of the Church", Philip Hughes, Sheed & Ward, rev ed 1949, vol I chapter 6.
41. "The First Christian Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Early Church", Edited by Gillian Rosemary Evans, contributor Clarence Gallagher SJ, "The Imperial Ecclesiastical Lawgivers", p68, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-631-23187-0
42. Tony Perrottet (8 June 2004). The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-1-58836-382-4. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
43. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 139.
44. Williams & Friell 1995, p. 140.
45. Vasiliev 1948, p. 1, 3-26.
46. "Arcadius".
47. "Honorius – Roman emperor".
48. Norwich, John Julius (1996). Byzantium (First American ed.) New York: Knopf. p. 120. ISBN 0394537785. OCLC 18164817.
Sources
** Davis, William S. (2004). Readings in Ancient History: Rome and the West (2nd ed.) University Press of the Pacific.
** Kaylor, Noel Harold (2012). "Introduction: The Life and Times, Life, and Work of Boethius". In Kaylor, Noel Harold; Phillips, Philip Edward (eds.) A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages. BRILL. p. 1–46. ISBN 978-90-04-18354-4.
** Lenski, Noel (2002). Failure of Empire, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23332-8.
** Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge University Press.
** Majeska, George P. (1984). Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library.
** Meyers, Eric M., ed. (1997). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Volume 2. Oxford University Press. Missing or empty |title= (help)
** Potter, David Stone (2004). The Roman Empire at Bay AD 80-395. ISBN 0-415-10058-5.
** Vasiliev, A.A. (1948). "Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople" (PDF). Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 4: 1+3–26. doi:10.2307/1291047.
** Williams, Stephen; Friell, Gerard (1995). Theodosius: The Empire at Bay. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300061730.
Further reading
** Brown, Peter, The Rise of Western Christendom, 2003, p. 73–74
** King, N.Q. The Emperor Theodosius and the Establishment of Christianity. London, 1961.
** Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck (1911). "Theodosius (emperors)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.) Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.) Cambridge University Press. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Theodosius_(emperors)
** Stokes, George Thomas (1911). "Theodosius I., the Great" . In Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C. (eds.) Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century (3rd ed.) London: John Murray. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Theodosius_I.,_the_Great
External links
** De Imperatoribus Romanis, Theodosius I: http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm
** Josef Rist (1996). "Theodosios I., römischer Kaiser (379–395)". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.) Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 11. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 989–994. ISBN 3-88309-064-6.
** This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Theodosius I relating to Christianity: https://www.fourthcentury.com/imperial-laws-364/."² GAV-46.

; Per Med Lands:
     "THEODOSIUS (Cauca, near Valladolid 11 Jan 347-Milan 17 Jan 395, bur 8 Nov 395 Constantinople). The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Theodosius was “natione Hispanus, de provincial Gallæciæ, civitate Cauca”[51]. After campaigning with his father, he retired to Cauca after his father was executed. He was named master of cavalry by Emperor Gratian, and led the victory against the Visigoths in Pannonia in end 378[52]. The Pauli Historiæ Romanæ names "Theodosius genitus patre Theodosio matre Thermantia"[53]. Iordanes records the accession of "Theodosius Spanus" as emperor at Sirmium and his reigning for 17 years[54]. He was proclaimed co-Emperor THEODOSIUS I in the East 19 Jan 379 by Emperor Gratian, ruling jointly with the latter and with Emperor Valentinian II until 392. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Theodosius Augustus" was proclaimed emperor "in Sirmio…XIV Kal Feb" by "Gratiano uxoris fratre" and entered Constantinople "VIII Kal Dec"[55]. Ruling first from Thessaloniki, he entered Constantinople 24 Nov 380[56]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records that "Valentinianus Gratiani frater et Theodosius imperatores" defeated the rebel "Maximum tyrannum et Victorem filius eius" at Aquileia in 388[57]. Theodosius eliminated the division of the empire, ruling in both east and west after this victory[58]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "Mediolani…XVI Kal Feb" in 394 (presumably O.S.) of "Theodosius Augustus", and the return of his body to Constantinople and burial "V Id Nov"[59].
     "m firstly (end 376) PLACILLA, daughter of --- (-Autumn 386). Theophanes names "Placilla" as the first wife of "magnus Theodosius"[60]. Iordanes names "Flacilla" as the first wife of Emperor Theodosius, recording that she died before his second marriage[61]. The Pauli Historiæ Romanæ also names "Flacilla" as the first wife of Emperor Theodosius[62].
     "m secondly (387) GALLA, daughter of Emperor VALENTINIAN I & his second wife Justina --- (-May 394). Theophanes names "Iustam, Gratam et Gallam" as the three daughters of "Valentinianus senior" and his second wife "Iustinam", adding that "magnus Theodosius" married Galla as his second wife[63]. Iordanes names "Valentinianum…Gratam Iustamque et Gallam" as the four children of "Valentinianus senior" & his second wife, specifying that Galla married Emperor Theodosius after the death of his first wife[64]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records that "Galla Theodosii regis altera uxor" came to Constantinople in 386[65]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records that "Gallia Theodosii uxor" was expelled by "Arcadio privigno suo" in 390[66]. She died in childbirth."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; See attached chart for position of Theodosius I and his children in the genealogy of the Roman emperors.¹²

; Per Racines et Histoire: "Flavius Theodosius ( 49) ° 346 (Italica) + 17/01/395 (Milan) duc de Mésie, Général, Magister Equitum, nommé par Gratianus Auguste (19/01/379) pour l’Orient
     ép. 1) Aelia Flacilla + 385/386
     ép. 2) ~387 Galla, fille de Valentinianus 1er et de Justina.)¹³" He was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire between 19 January 379 and 15 May 382.^2,5 He was Emperor of the (whole) Roman Empire between 15 May 392 and 17 January 395.²

     Galla (?) Roman Empress consort was born circa 366 at Italy (now).³ She married Flavius Theodosius I 'the Great' (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire, son of Comes (Count) Flavius Theodosius 'the Elder' (?) and Thermantia 'the Elder' (?), in 387
;
His 2nd wife.^2,9,10,3
Galla (?) Roman Empress consort died in May 394.^2,3
     ; See attached chart for position of Theodosius I and his children in the genealogy of the Roman emperors.¹¹
; Per Racines et Histoire: "Flavius Theodosius ( 49) ° 346 (Italica) + 17/01/395 (Milan) duc de Mésie, Général, Magister Equitum, nommé par Gratianus Auguste (19/01/379) pour l’Orient
     ép. 1) Aelia Flacilla + 385/386
     ép. 2) ~387 Galla, fille de Valentinianus 1er et de Justina.)⁷"

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Flavia Galla (died 394) was an empress of the Roman Empire and a princess of the Western Roman Empire. She was the second empress consort of Theodosius I. She was the daughter of Valentinian I and his second wife Justina.
Family
     "Little is known of Galla, including her full name. Galla is the female cognomen for Gallus and, in Latin, gallus could mean both an inhabitant of Gaul and a rooster.
     "Galla is listed as one of four children of the marriage by Jordanes. Her paternal uncle Valens was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Byzantine Empire from 364 to his death in the Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378). Her father was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 364 to his death on 17 November 375 and was previously married to Marina Severa. The only known child of that marriage was Gratian, Western Roman Emperor from 375 to his assassination on 25 August 383. Her mother was previously married to Magnentius, a Roman usurper from 350 to 353.[1][2] However both Zosimus and the fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch report that Justina was too young at the time of her first marriage to have children.[3] Galla thus had no known maternal half-siblings.
     "Galla had three full-siblings. Her only brother was Valentinian II, first co-emperor with Gratian from 375 and then the only legitimate Western Roman Emperor from 383 to his death by hanging on 15 May 392. His death was officially reported as a suicide but Arbogast, his magister militum, was suspected to have had a hand in it, an accusation found in the writings of Socrates of Constantinople, Orosius, and Zosimus. Sozomen was less certain and mentioned both versions of how Valentinian II died.[4]
     "Her two sisters were Grata and Justa.[4] According to Socrates, both remained unmarried. They were probably still alive in 392 but not mentioned afterwards.[5]
Marriage to Theodosius
     "Galla was cast into a role of significance because of conflict between three Roman emperors in the 380s. In 383, Gratian died while facing a major revolt under Magnus Maximus. Maximus proceeded to establish his control of a portion of the Roman Empire including Britain, Gaul, Hispania, and the Diocese of Africa.[6] Ruling from his capital at Augusta Treverorum (Treves, Trier), he was able to negotiate his recognition by Valentinian II and Theodosius I starting in 384. Valentinian II's territory was effectively limited to Italia, ruling from Mediolanum (modern Milan).[4]
     "In 387, the truce between Valentinian II and Maximus ended. Maximus crossed the Alps into the Po Valley and threatened Mediolanum. Valentinian and Justina fled their capital for Thessaloniki, capital of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and at the time the chosen residence of Theodosius. Galla accompanied them. Theodosius was then a widower, his first wife Aelia Flaccilla having died in 385 or 386.
     "Theodosius granted refuge to the fugitives. According to Zosimus's account, Justina arranged for Galla to appear weeping before Theodosius and to appeal for his compassion. Galla was reportedly a beautiful woman and Theodosius was soon smitten and requested to marry her. Justina used this to her advantage, setting a condition for the marriage agreement under which Theodosius would have to attack Maximus and restore Valentinian II to his throne. Theodosius consented to Justina’s condition, the marriage probably taking place in late 387.[7] The account was questioned by Louis-Sébastien de Tillemont as inconsistent with the piety of Theodosius. He suggested that the marriage took place in 386, prior to the beginning of hostilities. On the other hand, Edward Gibbon in his The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire considered Zosimus' account more likely.
     "In Theodoret and Tyrannius Rufinus's accounts, religious ardor fueled Theodosius' decision to start the war, contradicting Zosimus' tale of Galla's involvement. Zosimus' explanation, as well as Theodoret's and Rufinus', has been disputed by modern scholars, who believe Theodosius' march against Maximus and union with Galla to be based on calculations of political gain. The marriage would cement his dynastic alliance to Valentinian II and enable him to control the newly installed Western ruler.[8]
Empress
     "When Galla married Theodosius, she became both a Roman empress and a stepmother to Theodosius’ two sons from his first marriage, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius was the eldest and had been declared an Augustus in January 383. He served as a nominal co-ruler to his father but was still approximately ten years old at the time of Galla's marriage.
     "In July and August of 388, the combined troops of Theodosius I and Valentinian II invaded the territory of Maximus under the leadership of Richomeres, Arbogast, Promotus, and Timasius. Maximus suffered a series of losses and surrendered in Aquileia. He was executed on 28 August 388 along with his son and nominal co-ruler Flavius Victor. Elen, his wife, and his two daughters were spared. Justina's condition for the marriage had been met, however she died the same year, unable to witness the result of her efforts.[9]
     "Theodosius installed Valentinian and his court at Vienne in Gaul, away from Milan and the influence of Ambrose. Theodosius appointed Arbogast as magister militum for the Western provinces. Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius.[10]
     "Theodosius spent the years 388–391 in Italia, while Galla and her stepsons remained in the Great Palace of Constantinople. According to Marcellinus Comes, in 390 Arcadius expelled her from the palace.[5] However, since Arcadius was only thirteen, that decision could as well have belonged to those who governed in his name.[7]
     "Zosimus reports her mourning over the death of her brother in 392.[5] On August 22 of the same year, Arbogast declared Eugenius as an emperor without the approval of Theodosius. Negotiations with Theodosius to achieve recognition were unsuccessful and, on 23 January 393, Theodosius declared his second son Honorius, an Augustus, the implication being that Theodosius alone was legitimate emperor. Conflict between the two emperors began the following year, resulting in the Battle of the Frigidus, on 5–6 September 394. Theodosius was victorious and gained control of the entire Roman Empire while Arbogast committed suicide and Eugenius was executed.[11]
     "Whether Galla lived to see the victory is uncertain. According to Zosimus, she died in childbirth within the same year, the exact date unknown.[7]
     "Tillemont interpreted a passage of Philostorgius to identify Galla as an adherent of Arianism, however the passage actually seems to mean that her mother was Arian. Galla herself is identified as an Arian in the Chronicon Paschale.[7]
Children
     "Galla had three children with Theodosius who were:
References
1. DiMaio, Michael Jr., Magnentius (350–353 A.D) and Decentius (351–353 A.D.), roman-emperors.org. Accessed 2012-5-29.
2. Wend, David A., Magnentius As Emperor, 2009-10-25, archived from geocities.com. Accessed 2012-5-29.
3. Lenski, Noel Emmanuel, Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D., 2003, page 103.
4. Roberts, Walter E., Valentinian II (375-92 A.D.), roman-emperors.org.
5. Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 1.
6. Walter E. Roberts, "Magnus Maximus (383–388 A.D.)"
7. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1849)
8. Hebblewhite, Mark, Theodosius and the Limits of Empire, Routledge, 2020; Holum, Kenneth, Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity, University of California Press, 1982, p. 46-47; Williams, Stephen, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 43
9. Justina's entry in the Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century
10. Williams, Stephen & Friell, Gerard, Theodosius: the Empire at Bay, 1994.
11. Roberts, Walter E., Flavius Eugenius (392–394), roman-emperors.org, 1994.
12. Woods, David, Theodosius I (379–395 A.D.), roman-emperors.org.
Sources
** Rodgers, N., The History and Conquests of Ancient Rome, Hermes House, 2005.
** Roberts, Walter E., Valentinian I (364–375 A.D), roman-emperors.org: http://www.roman-emperors.org/vali.htm
** Woods, David, Theodosius I (379–395 A.D.), roman-emperors.org.
** Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, ancientlibrary.com: https://web.archive.org/web/20121008225920/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1326.html
** Cawley, Charles, Theodosius I and Galla profile, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy,[self-published source][better source needed]: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ITALY,%20Kings%20to%20962.htm#_Toc144276905
** Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Google Books, Galla's sister Iusta: https://books.google.com/books?id=uOHw4idqAeYC&pg=PA488#v=onepage&q&f=false."¹²

; Per Med Lands:
     "GALLA (-May 394). Theophanes names "Iustam, Gratam et Gallam" as the three daughters of "Valentinianus senior" and his second wife "Iustinam", adding that "magnus Theodosius" married Galla as his second wife[37]. Iordanes names "Valentinianum…Gratam Iustamque et Gallam" as the four children of "Valentinianus senior" & his second wife, specifying that Galla married Emperor Theodosius after the death of his first wife[38]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records that "Galla Theodosii regis altera uxor" came to Constantinople in 386[39]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus also records that "Gallia Theodosii uxor" was expelled by "Arcadio privigno suo" in 390[40]. She died in childbirth.
     "m (387) as his second wife, Emperor THEODOSIUS I, son of THEODOSIUS & his wife Thermantia --- (346-17 Jan 395)."
Med Lands cites: GAV-46.

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.³ She was Roman Empress consort between 387 and 394.¹²

     Aelia Flacilla (?) married Flavius Theodosius I 'the Great' (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire, son of Comes (Count) Flavius Theodosius 'the Elder' (?) and Thermantia 'the Elder' (?), in 376.^2,3,4

Aelia Flacilla (?) died in 386.¹
      ; Per Racines et Histoire: "Flavius Theodosius ( 49) ° 346 (Italica) + 17/01/395 (Milan) duc de Mésie, Général, Magister Equitum, nommé par Gratianus Auguste (19/01/379) pour l’Orient
     ép. 1) Aelia Flacilla + 385/386
     ép. 2) ~387 Galla, fille de Valentinianus 1er et de Justina.)⁵"

; See attached chart for position of Theodosius I and his children in the genealogy of the Roman emperors.⁶ GAV-47.

; Per Med Lands:
     "m firstly (end 376) PLACILLA, daughter of --- (-Autumn 386). Theophanes names "Placilla" as the first wife of "magnus Theodosius"[60]. Iordanes names "Flacilla" as the first wife of Emperor Theodosius, recording that she died before his second marriage[61]. The Pauli Historiæ Romanæ also names "Flacilla" as the first wife of Emperor Theodosius[62]."
Med Lands cites: Aelia Flacilla (?) was also known as Placilla (?)⁴

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.⁷

     Pulcheria (?) was born in 378 at Spain (now); Per Wikipedia: "Their daughter Pulcheria has been suggested to have been born prior to the elevation of her parents to the throne due to another passage of Laus Serenae. She predeceased her parents as mentioned in the writings of Gregory of Nyssa.[2]"
Wikipedia cites: [2] Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.^2,3
Pulcheria (?) died before 386.³
      ; Genealogics cites: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, London, Toronto, 1961 , Reference: father's bio.²

     Flavius Arcadius (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire in the East was born in 377 at Italy (now).^1,3,8 He married Aelia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire in the East, daughter of Flavius Bauto (?), on 27 April 395.^9,8,7

Flavius Arcadius (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire in the East died on 1 May 408 at Constantinople, Byzantium.^1,3
Flavius Arcadius (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire in the East was buried after 1 May 408 at Church of the Holy Apostles, Istanbul, Turkey (now); From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown, Spain
     DEATH     1 May
     Roman Emperor. He was born in approximately 377 AD, and was declared Augustus and co ruler of the Eastern Empire by his father, the Emperor Theodosius I, in 383 AD. He became Eastern Emperor in 395 AD with his brother ruling in the West, but from the outset was controlled by a minister, Rufinus. Rufinus was soon assassinated by Gothic mercenaries and replaced as the power behind the throne by the eunuch Eutropius. Arcadius' most significant new building work was the erection of a new forum in Constantinople, and in 399 AD he issued an edict ordering the demolition of all remaining pagan temples. In his later years he was dominated by the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius and was more concerned with appearing to be a pious Christian than attending to political and military matters. By the time of his death in 408 AD he was the ruler of his Empire in name only. Bio by: js
     BURIAL     Church of the Holy Apostles, Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Originally Created by: js
     Added: 15 May 2009
     Find a Grave Memorial 37123805.¹⁰
     ; See attached chart for position of Theodosius I and his children in the genealogy of the Roman emperors.¹¹

; Per Racines et Histoire: "1) Arcadius (50) ° 377 (Espagne) + 01/05/408 (Constantinople) Auguste (383) pour l’Orient
     ép. 27/04/395 Eudoxia + ~404/410 (fille de Bauto.)⁷" GAV-46.

; Per Med Lands:
     "ARCADIUS, son of Emperor THEODOSIUS I & his first wife Placilla --- (end 377-1 May 408, bur Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles). Theophanes names "Arcadius…et Honorius" as the sons of "magnus Theodosius" and his first wife[30]. Iordanes names "Archadium Honoriumque" as the children of Emperor Theodosios and his first wife, recording in a later passage that they later divided the empire, Arcadius ruling in Constantinople for 13 years after the death of their father[31]. His father proclaimed him co-Emperor ARCADIUS at Constantinople 19 Jan 383. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Arcadius" was proclaimed emperor "Constantinopoli a patre suo Theodosio Augusto in Tribunali Hebdomi…XIV Kal Feb"[32]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that Theodosios installed “Arcadium filium suum” as emperor in 383[33]. He succeeded as Emperor in the East in 395. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the death in 408 of "Arcadius imperator"[34]. Cedrenus records the death of "Arcadius", aged 31, after ruling for 14 years and seven days, and his burial "in templo Apostolorum…cum Eudoxia uxore"[35]. Emperor Konstantinos VII's De Ceremoniis Aulæ records that "Arcadii et filii eius, Theodosii, et Eudoxiæ…uxor Arcadii et mater Theodosii" were buried in the church of the Holy Apostles[36].
     "m (27 Apr 395) EUDOXIA, daughter of --- (-6 Oct 404, bur 12 Oct Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles). The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Eudoxiam Arcadii uxorem” was converted to Catholicism from Arianism by “Constantinopoli Joannes Episcopus”[37]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "nobilissima Eudoxia" was created augusta "Id Jan" in 400[38]. Cedrenus records the death of "Eudoxia…uxor Arcadii", noting that she was "mulier barbara et ferox"[39]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the death in 404 of "Eudoxia uxor Arcadii"[40]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "pridie Non Oct" in 404 of "Eudoxia Augusta" and her burial "in sede Sanctorum Apostolorum…IV Id Oct"[41]. She died after a miscarriage[42]. Emperor Konstantinos VII's De Ceremoniis Aulæ records that "Arcadii et filii eius, Theodosii, et Eudoxiæ…uxor Arcadii et mater Theodosii" were buried in the church of the Holy Apostles[43]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Arcadius (Latin: Flavius Arcadius Augustus; Greek: ????????; 1 January 377 – 1 May 408) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 395 to 408. He was the eldest son of Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of the Western Emperor Honorius. A weak ruler, his reign was dominated by a series of powerful ministers and by his wife, Aelia Eudoxia.[1]
Life
Birth and reign to the fall of Eutropius (377-399)
     "Arcadius was born in 377 in Hispania, the eldest son of Theodosius I and Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of Honorius, who would become the Western Roman Emperor. In January 383, at the age of 5, his father declared him an Augustus and co-ruler for the eastern half of the Empire. His younger brother was later declared Augustus in 393, for the Western half. During these early years, Arcadius was under the tutelage of the rhetorician Themistius and Arsenius Zonaras, a monk.[2]
     "As emperors, both of Theodosius' sons revealed themselves to have weak characters and therefore were able to be dominated by ambitious subordinates.[3] Although left as regent in Constantinople by his father in 394 when Theodosius went west to fight Arbogastes and Eugenius,[4] at Theodosius's death in January 395, the ten year old Honorius was placed under the guardianship of the magister militum Flavius Stilicho, while the seventeen year old Arcadius quickly fell under the influence of the Praetorian Prefect of the East, Rufinus.[5] Ambitious and unprincipled,[6] Rufinus quickly attempted to have Arcadius marry his daughter and become Arcadius's father-in-law. However, during an absence in Antioch (where, according to Zosimus, Rufinus had Lucianus, the comes orientis, flogged to death with whips loaded with lead),[7] Arcadius was shown a painting of Aelia Eudoxia, the daughter of the deceased Frankish Magister Militum per Orientem, Bauto. Introduced to Arcadius by the eunuch Eutropius, the Praepositus sacri cubiculi, the young emperor swiftly fell in love, and the marriage was quickly arranged, with the ceremony performed on 27 April 395.[8] According to Zosimus, Rufinus was under the impression right until the last minute, when the nuptial procession went to Eudoxia's residence rather than his own, that it was his daughter who was to be married to Arcadius.[9] That Eudoxia was raised after her father's death by a general who was an enemy of Rufinus demonstrates the shifting of the centres of power in the eastern court.[10] This jostling for power in the eastern court from one individual to another would be a recurring feature of Arcadius's reign.[11]
     "The first crisis facing the young emperor was the rebellion of the Visigoths in 395, under the command of Alaric I, who sought to take advantage of the accession of two inexperienced Roman Emperors.[12] As Alaric marched towards Constantinople, plundering Macedonia and Thrace, the eastern court was unable to deal with them, as Theodosius had taken the majority of the eastern regiments with him to Italy, and were now in the hands of Stilicho.[13] Perhaps sensing an opportunity to consolidate his power of the eastern half of the empire as well, Stilicho declared that Theodosius had made him guardian over both his sons. Declaring he was marching to deal with Alaric, he set off to the east, reaching Thessaly, leading both his own forces as well as the Gothic mercenaries whom Theodosius had taken west in the civil war with Eugenius. Arcadius and Rufinus were more concerned by the threat of Stilicho then they were of Alaric;[14] Arcadius ordered Stilicho not to proceed any further, but instead to send back the eastern regiments. Stilicho complied, falling back to Salona, while the Gothic mercenaries under the command of Gainas marched onwards to Constantinople.[15] When Arcadius and Rufinus greeted Gainas with his army in the Campus Martius outside of Constantinople on 27 November 395, Rufinus was suddenly assassinated on the parade ground by the Goths, on the orders of Stilicho and possibly with the support of Eutropius.[16] With Rufinus's death, it would be Eutropius and Arcadius' wife, Eudoxia, would assume Rufinus' place as advisors, or guardians, of the emperor.[17]
     "While Eutropius consolidated his hold on power in the capital, the distracted government continued to turn a blind eye to the presence of Alaric in Greece.[18] Although at first Eutropius may have coordinated with Stilicho around the defence of Illyricum, by 397, when Stilicho had returned and proceeded to blockade Alaric, who then retreated into Epirus, the feelings of the eastern court had changed.[19] As neither Arcadius nor Eutropius was keen to have Stilicho intervening in the affairs of the eastern empire, they provided no further military aid to Stilicho, who then abandoned the blockade of the Visigoths.[20] At Eutropius's urging, Arcadius declared Stilicho to be a hostis publicus, and came to an arrangement with Alaric, making him magister militum per Illyricum.[21] At around the same time, the eastern court persuaded Gildo, the Magister utriusque militiae per Africam to transfer his allegiance from Honorius to Arcadius, causing relations between the two imperial courts to deteriorate further.[22]
     "Eutropius' influence lasted four years, during which time he sought to marginalise the military and promote the civilian offices within the bureaucracy. He brought to trial two prominent military officers, Timasius and Abundantius.[23] He also had Arcadius introduce two administrative innovations: the running of the Cursus publicus (office of postmaster general) and the office responsible for the manufacturing of military equipment was transferred from the praetorian prefects to the Magister officiorum (master of offices). Secondly, the role that Eutropius held, the Praepositus sacri cubiculi (grand chamberlain) was given the rank of illustris, and therefore equal in rank to the praetorian prefects.[24] In the autumn of 397 he issued a law in Arcadius's name, targeting the Roman military, where any conspiracy involving soldiers or the barbarian regiments against persons holding the rank of illustris was considered to be treason, with the conspirators to be sentenced to death, and their descendants to be stripped of citizenship.[25]
     "Although in 398, Eutropius led a successful campaign against the Huns in Roman Armenia, his convincing of Arcadius to grant him the consulship for 399 triggered protests across the empire. For traditionalists, the granting of the consulship to a eunuch and former slave was an insult, and the western court refused to recognise him as consul.[26] The crisis came to a head when the Ostrogoths who had been settled in Asia Minor by Theodosius I, and led by Tribigild, revolted, demanding the removal of Eutropius. The emperor sent out two forces to deal with Tribigild; the first under Leo was defeated. The second, commanded by Gainas, an enemy of Eutropius, returned to Arcadius, and argued that the Ostrogoths could not be defeated and that it would be sensible to agree to their demand.[27] Although Arcadius was still wanting to support Eutropius, it was the intervention of his wife Eudoxia that finally forced Arcadius's hand, who saw an opportunity to rid herself of a powerful rival and replace him as the main influence over Arcadius.[28] Arcadius therefore dismissed Eutropius and sent him into exile (17 August 399), before recalling him to face trial and execution during the autumn of 399.[29] The imperial edict issued by Arcadius detailing Eutropius's banishment survives:
Later reign and death (399-408)
     "With Eutropius' fall from power, Gainas sought to take advantage of Arcadius's current predicament.[31] He joined the rebel Ostrogoths, and, in a face to face meeting with Arcadius, forced the emperor to make him magister militum praesentalis and Consul designate for 401.[32] Arcadius also acquiesced when Gainas asked for the dismissal of further officials, such as the urban prefect Aurelianus, as well as a place for settlement for his troops in Thrace.[33] However, Arcadius refused to agree to Gainas's demand for an Arian church in Constantinople for his Gothic mercenaries, following the advice of John Chrysostom, the Archbishop of Constantinople and the intervention of Eudoxia.[34]
     "By July 400, the actions of Gainas had irritated a significant portion of the population of Constantinople to the point that a general riot broke out in the capital.[35] Although Gainas had stationed his troops outside of the capital walls, he was either unable or unwilling to bring them into the capital when many Goths in the city were hunted down and attacked.[36] As many as 7,000 Goths were killed in the rioting; those who took refuge in a church were stoned and burned to death, after they received the emperor's permission, nor was it condemned by the Archbishop of Constantinople, John Chrysostom.[37]
     "Although initially staying his hand (probably through the intervention of the new Praetorian Prefect of the East Caesarius),[38] Gainas eventually withdrew with his Gothic mercenaries into Thrace and rebelled against Arcadius. He attempted to take his forces across the Hellespont into Asia, but was intercepted and defeated by Fravitta, another Goth who held the position of magister militum praesentalis. Following his defeat, Gainas fled to the Danube with his remaining followers, but was ultimately defeated and killed by Uldin the Hun in Thrace.[39]
     "With the fall of Gainas, the next conflict emerged between Eudoxia and John Chrysostom. The Archbishop was a stern, ascetic individual, who was a vocal critic of all displays of extravagant wealth. But his ire tended to focus especially on wealthy women, and their use of clothing, jewellery and makeup as being vain and frivolous.[40] Eudoxia assumed that Chrysostom's denunciations of extravagance in feminine dress were aimed at her.[41] As the tensions between the two escalated, Chrysostom, who felt that Eudoxia had used her imperial connections to obtain the possessions of the wife of a condemned senator, preached a sermon in 401 in which Eudoxia was openly called Jezebel, the infamous wife of the Israelite king Ahab.[42] Eudoxia retaliated by supporting Bishop Severian of Gabala in his conflict with Chrysostom. As Chrysostom was very popular in the capital, riots erupted in favour of the Archbishop, forcing Arcadius and Eudoxia to publicly back down and beg Chrysostom to revoke Severian's excommunication.[43]
     "Then in 403, Eudoxia saw another chance to strike against the Archbishop, when she threw her support behind Theophilus of Alexandria who presided over a synod in 403 (the Synod of the Oak) to charge Chrysostom with heresy. Although Arcadius originally supported Chrysostom, the Archbishop's decision not to participate caused Arcadius to change his mind and support Theophilus, resulting in Chrysostom's deposition and banishment.[44] He was called back by Arcadius almost immediately, as the people started rioting over his departure, even threatening to burn the royal palace.[45] There was an earthquake the night of his arrest, which Eudoxia took for a sign of God's anger, prompting her to ask Arcadius for John's reinstatement.[46]
     "Peace was short-lived. In September 403 a silver statue of Eudoxia was erected in the Augustaion, near the Magna Ecclesia church. Chrysostom, who was conducting a mass at the time, denounced the noisy dedication ceremonies as pagan and spoke against the Empress in harsh terms: "Again Herodias raves; again she is troubled; she dances again; and again desires to receive John's head in a charger",[47] an allusion to the events surrounding the death of John the Baptist. This time Arcadius was unwilling to overlook the insult to his wife; a new synod was called in early 404 where Chrysostom was condemned. Arcadius hesitated until Easter to enforce the sentence, but Chrysostom refused to go, even after Arcadius sent in a squad of soldiers to escort him into exile. Arcadius procrastinated, but by 20 June 404, the emperor finally managed to get the Archbishop to submit, and he was taken away to his place of banishment, this time to the Caucasus in Abkhazia.[48] Eudoxia did not get to enjoy her victory for long, dying later that year.[49]
     "With the passing of Eudoxia, Arcadius once again fell under the domination of a member of his court, this time the competent Anthemius, the Praetorian Prefect. He would rule in Arcadius's name for the final four year of his reign, seeking to repair the harm done by his predecessors. He attempted to heal the divisions of the past decade by trying to make peace with Stilicho in the West. Stilicho, however, had lost patience with the eastern court, and in 407 encouraged Alaric and the Visigoths to seize the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and hand it over to the western empire.[50] Stilicho's plan failed, and soon after, on 1 May 408, Arcadius died. He was succeeded by his young son, Theodosius [51]
     "Like Constantine the Great and several of his successors, he was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, in a porphyry sarcophagus that was described in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the De Ceremoniis.[52]
Character and achievements
     "In noting the character of Arcadius, the historian J. B. Bury described him and his abilities thus:
     "Traditional interpretations of the reign of Arcadius have revolved around his weakness as an Emperor, and the formulation of policy by prominent individuals (and the court parties that formed and regrouped round them) towards curtailing the increasing influence of barbarians in the military, which in Constantinople at this period meant the Goths. Scholars such as the historian J. B. Bury spoke of a group in Arcadius's court with Germanic interests and, opposed to them, a Roman faction.[54] So when interpreting the revolt of Gainas and the massacre of the Goths in Constantinople in 400, the episode has been traditionally interpreted by scholars such as Otto Seeck as a violent anti-barbarian reaction that functioned to stabilize the East and prevent the rise of all powerful Romanised barbarian military leaders such as Stilicho in the West - what has been termed the victory of anti-Germanism in the eastern empire.[55][56]
     "The main source of this interpretation has been the works Synesius of Cyrene, specifically Aegyptus sive de providentia and De regno. Both works have traditionally been interpreted to support the thesis that there were anti-barbarian and pro-barbarian groups, with the Praetorian Prefect Aurelianus being the leader of the anti-barbarian faction.[57] Recent scholarly research has revised this interpretation, and has instead favoured the interaction of personal ambition and enmities among the principal participants as being the leading cause for the court intrigue throughout Arcadius's reign.[58] The gradual decline of the use of Gothic mercenaries in the eastern empire's armies that began in the reign of Arcadius was driven by recruitment issues, as the regions beyond the Danube were made inaccessible by the Huns, forcing the empire to seek recruitment in Asia Minor.[59] The current consensus can be summarised by the historian Thomas S. Burns: "Despite much civilian distrust and outright hatred of the army and the barbarians in it, there were no anti-barbarian or pro-barbarian parties at the court."[60]
     "With respect to Arcadius himself, as emperor was more concerned with appearing to be a pious Christian than he was with political or military matters. Not being a military leader, he began to promote a new type of imperial victory through images, not via the traditional military achievements, but focusing on his piety.[61] Arcadius's reign saw the growing push towards the outright abolishment of paganism.[62] On 13 July 399, Arcadius issued an edict ordering that all remaining non-Christian temples should be immediately demolished.
     "In terms of buildings and monuments, a new forum was built in the name of Arcadius, on the seventh hill of Constantinople, the X?rolophos, in which a column was begun to commemorate his 'victory' over Gainas (although the column was only completed after Arcadius' death by Theodosius II). The Pentelic marble portrait head of Arcadius (now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum) was discovered in Istanbul close to the Forum Tauri, in June 1949, in excavating foundations for new buildings of the University at Beyazit.[63] The neck was designed to be inserted in a torso, but no statue, base or inscription was found. The diadem is a fillet with rows of pearls along its edges and a rectangular stone set about with pearls over the young Emperor's forehead.
     "A more nuanced assessment of Arcadius's reign was provided by Warren Treadgold:
     "Arcadius had four children with Eudoxia: three daughters, Pulcheria, Arcadia and Marina, and one son, Theodosius, the future Emperor Theodosius II.
See also
** Flavia (gens): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavia_gens
** List of Byzantine emperors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors
Notes
1. Nicholson, pg. 119
2. Jones, pg. 99
3. Goldsworthy, pg. 290
4. Kazhdan, pg. 173
5. Goldsworthy, pg. 290; Jones, pg. 779
6. Bury, pg. 62
7. Jones, pg. 779; Bury, pg. 63
8. Bury, pg. 63
9. Zosimus, 5.3.5
10. Lee, pg. 90; Long, pg. 10
11. Nicholson, pg. 119; Goldsworthy, pg. 290
12. Goldsworthy, pg. 291
13. Goldsworthy, pg. 292
14. Treadgold, pg. 79
15. Goldsworthy, pg. 292; Bury, pgs. 64-66
16. Cameron, pg. 319; Jones, pg. 780; Bury, pg. 66
17. Goldsworthy, pg. 292; Gibbon, pg. 1039
18. Treadgold, pg. 81; Goldsworthy, pg. 292
19. Long, pg. 10
20. Goldsworthy, pg. 292; Bury, pg. 68
21. Goldsworthy, pg. 292; Long. Pg. 10
22. Long, pg. 11
23. Lee, pg. 91
24. Bury, pg. 71
25. Bury, pg. 74
26. Long, pg. 11; Goldsworthy, pg. 293
27. Cameron, pg. 324; Lee, pgs. 91-92; Long, pg. 12
28. Long, pg. 12; Bury, pg. 84
29. Long, pg. 12
30. Bury, pgs. 85-86
31. Cameron, pgs. 227-231
32. Treadgold, pg. 84; Cameron, pg. 327
33. Lee, pg. 92; Gibbon, pgs. 1158-1159
34. Cameron, pg. 327; Treadgold, pg. 84; Bury, pg. 87
35. Cameron, pg. 333; Bury pg. 88
36. Cameron, pgs. 207-209
37. Cameron, pg. 231; Bury, pg. 88; Burns, pg. 173; Lee, pg. 92
38. Cameron, pgs. 231-232
39. Burns, pg. 173; Cameron, pg. 331; Lee, pg. 92
40. Liebeschuetz, pgs. 231-232; Bury, pgs. 91-93
41. Liebeschuetz, pg. 236
42. Liebeschuetz, pg. 233
43. Liebeschuetz, pg. 233; Bury, pgs. 96-97
44. Liebeschuetz, pgs. 237-239
45. Socrates Scholasticus (1995) [1890]. "Book VI, Chapter XVI: Sedition on Account of John Chrysostom's Banishment". In Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.) Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. II: Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories. Translated by Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry. Zenos, A. C. (rev., notes) (reprint ed.) Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 149. ISBN 1-56563-118-8. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
46. "St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople". Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
47. Socrates Scholasticus, op cit "Chapter XVIII: Of Eudoxia's Silver Statue", p. 150.
48. Bury, pgs. 100-102
498. Treadgold, pg. 86
50. Treadgold, pg. 86
51. Bury, pg. 106
52. A. A. Vasiliev (1848). "Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople" (PDF). Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 4: 1, 3–26.
53. Bury, pg. 107
54. Bury, pgs. 78-80
55. de la Fuente, David Hernández, New Perspectives on Late Antiquity, Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2011), pgs. 125-126
56. Cameron, pg. 328
57. Cameron, pgs. 120-122
58. Nicholson, pg. 119
59. Burns, pgs 174-175
60. Burns, pg. 182
61. Kazhdan, pgs. 173-174
62. Nicholson, pg. 120
63. Nezih Firatli, "A Late Antique Imperial Portrait Recently Discovered at Istanbul" American Journal of Archaeology 55.1 (January 1951), pp. 67–71.
64. Treadgold, pg. 87
Sources
Primary sources
** Zosimus, "Historia Nova", Book 5 Historia Nova
Secondary sources
** McEvoy, Meaghan, 'An imperial jellyfish? The emperor Arcadius and imperial leadership in the late fourth century A.D.', in Erika Manders, Daniëlle Slootjes (eds), Leadership, ideology and crowds in the Roman empire of the fourth century AD. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag (2020).
** Nicholson, O. (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Arcadius, Flavius (2018)
** Lee, A. D., From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565, Edinburgh University Press (2013) ISBN 0-748-66835-7
** Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G., Ambrose and John Chrysostom: Clerics Between Desert and Empire, Oxford University Press (2011) ISBN 0-199-59664-6
** Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of the West: The Death of the Roman Superpower, Phoenix (2010)
** Treadgold, Warren, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press (1997)
** Long, Jacqueline, Claudian's In Eutropium, Or, How, When, and why to Slander a Eunuch, University of North Carolina Press (1996) ISBN 0-807-82263-9
** Burns, Thomas Samuel, Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, Ca. 375-425 A.D., Indiana University Press (1994) ISBN 0-253-31288-4
** Cameron, A; Long, J., Sherry, L., 1993. Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius, University of California Press (1993) ISBN 0-520-06550-6
** Kazhdan, Alexander P. (Ed.) The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Vol. I (1991)
** Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 1, Cambridge University Press, 1971, ISBN 0-521-07233-6
** Bury, J. B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. I (1889)
** Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (The Modern Library, 1932, New York)
External links
** Laws of Arcadius, extracted from Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis: http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Arcadius_Laws.html
** Watts, Edward, "the motifs of Imperial authority in the bust of Arcadius": https://www.brown.edu/academics/classics/
** This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Arcadius relating to Christianity: https://web.archive.org/web/20081025063840/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-364."²

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.⁴ He was Byzantine Emperor in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire between 395 and 1 May 408.²

     Aelia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire in the East married Flavius Arcadius (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire in the East, son of Flavius Theodosius I 'the Great' (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire and Aelia Flacilla (?), on 27 April 395.^1,5,2

Aelia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire in the East died on 6 October 404.¹
      ; Per Wikipedia:
     Aelia Eudoxia (died 6 October 404) was the Empress consort of the Eastern Roman emperor Arcadius.
Family
     She was a daughter of Flavius Bauto, a Romanised Frank who served as magister militum in the Western Roman army during the 380s. The identity of her father is mentioned by Philostorgius.[1] The fragmentary chronicle of John of Antioch, a 7th century monk tentatively identified with John of the Sedre, Syrian Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 641 to 648[2] considers Bauto to have also fathered Arbogast. The relation is disputed by modern historians.[3] However Christian Settipani has included the relation in his genealogical works.[4] Settipani has further speculated that the maternal grandfather of Arbogast and/or Eudoxia was Mallobaudes. Considering Richomeres as their maternal uncle.[5] The History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian (1923) by J. B. Bury[6] and the historical study Theodosian Empresses. Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity (1982) by Kenneth Holum consider her mother to be Roman and Eudoxia to be a "semibarbara", half-barbarian. However the primary sources are silent on her maternal ancestry.[7]
Early life
     Her father was last mentioned as Roman Consul with Arcadius in 385. He was already deceased in 388. [8] According to Zosimus, Eudoxia entered started her life in Constantinople as a household member of Promotus, magister militum of the Eastern Roman Empire. She is presumed to have been orphaned at the time of her arrival [9] Her entry into the household of Promotus may indicate a friendship of the two magisters [10] or a political alliance.[11]
     Promotus died in 391. According to Zosimus, he was survived by his widow Marsa and two sons who were raised alongside the sons and co-emperors of Theodosius I. Said sons were Arcadius and his younger brother Honorius. Zosimus asserts that Eudoxia lived alongside one of the surviving sons in Constantinople. She is therefore assumed to have already been acquainted with Arcadius during his years as junior partner to his father. Zosimus reports that Eudoxia was educated by Pansophius. Her former tutor was promoted to bishop of Nicomedia in 402. Wendy Mayer considers Eudoxia to have been groomed as a vehicle for the ambitions of her foster family. [12]
Marriage
     On 17 January 395, Theodosius I succumbed to death by oedema in Milan. Arcadius succeeded him in the Eastern Roman Empire and Honorius in the Western Roman Empire. Arcadius was effectively placed under the control of Rufinus, Praetorian prefect of the East. Rufinus reportedly intended to marry his daughter to Arcadius and establish his own relation to the Theodosian dynasty. [13] Bury considers that "once the Emperor's father-in-law he [Rufinus] might hope to become an Emperor himself." [14]
     However Rufinus was distracted by a conflict with Stilicho, magister militum of the West. The wedding of Eudoxia to Arcadius was orchestrated by Eutropius, one of the eunuch officials serving in the Great Palace of Constantinople. The marriage took place on 27 April 395, without the knowledge or consent of Rufinus. [15] [16] For Eutropius it was an attempt to increase his own influence over the emperor and hopefully ensure the loyalty of the new empress to himself. Rufinus had been an enemy of Promotus and the surviving household of the magister militum, inncluding Eudoxia, might have been eager to undermine him. [17] Arcadius himself may have been motivated in asserting his own will over that of his regent. [18] Zosimus reports that Arcadius was also influenced by the extraordinary beauty of his bride but this considered doubtful by later scholars. [19]Arcadius was approximately eighteen years old and Eudoxia may be presumed to be of an equivalent age.
Empress consort
     In the decade between her marriage and her death, Eudoxia gave birth to five surviving children. A contemporary source known as pseudo-Martyrius also reports two stillbirths. The writer is considered to be Cosmas, supporter of John Chrysostom who attributed both events to punishment for the two exiles of John. Zosimus alleges that her son Theodosius was widely rumored to be the result of her affair with a courtier. Zosimus' account of her life is generally hostile to Eudoxia and the accuracy of his tale is doubtful. [20]
     She and Gainas, the new magister militum, are considered to have played a part in the stripping of all offices and subsequent execution of Eutropius in 399. However the extent and nature of her involvement are disputed. Nevertheless, she seems to have increased her personal influence following his demise. On 9 January 400, Eudoxia was officially given the title of an Augusta. She was then able to wear the purple paludamentum representing imperial rank and was depicted in Roman currency Official images of her in the manner similar to a male Augustus also went in circulation. Her brother-in-law Honorius would later complain to Arcadius about them reaching his own court. [21]
     The extent of her influence at matters of court and state has been a matter of debate among historians. Philostorgius considers her to be more intelligent than her husband but comments on her "barbarian arrogance". Zosimus considers her strong-willed but ultimately manipulated by eunuchs at court and the women of her environment. Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church, and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (1990) by J. W. H. G. Liebeschuetz considers her influence overestimated in primary sources while The Cambridge Ancient History XIII. The Late Empire A.D. 337-425 (1998) reports her dominating the government between 400 and her death in 404. [22]
     In 403, Simplicius, Prefect of Constantinople, erected a statue dedicated to her on a column of porphyry and a base of marble. Arcadius renamed the town of Selymbria (Silivri) Eudoxiopolis after her, though this name did not survive.[23]
Church policy
     Her role in the ecclesiastical affairs of her time is relatively well-recorded. She became a patron to the faction of the Christian Church accepting the Nicene Creed and she is reported by Socrates of Constantinople to be financing nighttime anti-Arian processions in Constantinople. She also presided in public celebrations over the arrival of new relics of Christian martyrs to the city and joined nightly vigils over the remains by herself. She is consistently reported to act alone in religious matters and to appear alone in public. Arcadius remarkably absent from public events. [24]
     An interpretation is that Eudoxia had adopted the role of patron of the Church previously belonging to the Augusti from Constantine I onwards. [25]Her role would bring her into conflict with John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople. Their initial opposition may have been his protests over the fall from power and execution of Eutropius.
     During his time as Archbishop John adamantly refused to host lavish social gatherings, which made him popular with the common people, but unpopular with wealthy citizens and the clergy. His reforms of the clergy were also unpopular with these groups. He told visiting regional preachers to return to the churches they were meant to be serving — without any payout.[26]
     At about the same time, Theophilus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, wanted to bring Constantinople under his sway and opposed John's appointment to Constantinople. Being an opponent of Origen's teachings, he accused John of being too partial to the teachings of that theologian. Theophilus had disciplined four Egyptian monks (known as "the tall brothers") over their support of Origen's teachings. They fled to and were welcomed by John. John made another enemy in Aelia Eudoxia, the wife of the eastern Emperor Arcadius, who assumed (perhaps with justification) that his denunciations of extravagance in feminine dress were aimed at herself.[27]
     Depending on one's outlook, John was either tactless or fearless when denouncing offences in high places. An alliance was soon formed against him by Eudoxia, Theophilus and others of his enemies. They held a synod in 403 (the Synod of the Oak) to charge John, in which his connection to Origen was used against him. It resulted in his deposition and banishment. He was called back by Arcadius almost immediately, as the people became "tumultuous" over his departure.[28] There was also an earthquake the night of his arrest, which Eudoxia took for a sign of God's anger, prompting her to ask Arcadius for John's reinstatement.[29]
     Peace was short-lived. A silver statue of Eudoxia was erected near his cathedral. John denounced the dedication ceremonies. He spoke against her in harsh terms: "Again Herodias raves; again she is troubled; she dances again; and again desires to receive John’s head in a charger,"[30] an allusion to the events surrounding the death of John the Baptist. Herodias was a member of the Herodian Dynasty. In the Gospels of Mark and Matthew, Herodias plays a major role in the execution of John the Baptist execution, using the dance of her daughter Salome before Herod Antipas and his party guests to ask for the head of the Baptist as a reward.
     Once again John was banished, this time to the Caucasus in Armenia.[31] Eudoxia would not survive long. Her seventh and last pregnancy ended in either a miscarriage or, according to pseudo-Martyrius, a second stillbirth. She was left bleeding and died of an infection shortly after. Pseudo-Martyrius celebrates her death and considers her a second Jezebel[32]. The reference being to a Queen consort of the Kingdom of Israel whose conflict with Elijah, a prophet, was described in the Books of Kings.
Children
     "Eudoxia and Arcadius had five known children. The main source about their births and deaths is the chronicle of Ammianus Marcellinus:
* Flacilla (born 17 June 397). Her birth was recorded by Ammianus Marcellinus. She predeaceased her father. Only sibling not mentioned alive at his death in 408.
* Pulcheria (19 January 399 - 453). Married Marcian.
* Arcadia (3 April 400 - 444).
* Theodosius II (10 April 401 - 28 July 450).
* Marina (12 February 403 - 449).
Legacy
     "Eudoxia is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.[13][14]
See also
** List of Byzantine emperors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors
** List of Roman and Byzantine Empresses: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empresses
References
1. "Roman Emperors - DIR Aelia Eudoxia (Wife of Arcadius)". www.roman-emperors.org.
2. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: John of Antioch". www.newadvent.org.
3. Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
4. J.B.Bury,History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian', chapter V
5. "Roman Emperors - DIR Arcadius". www.roman-emperors.org.
6. David H. Farmer, The Oxford Dictionary of the Saints, second ed. (New York:Oxford University Press, 1987) p.232.
7. Robert Wilken, "John Chrysostom" in Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, ed. Everett Ferguson (New York:Garland Publishing, 1997).
8. Socrates Scholasticus (1995) [1890]. "Book VI, Chapter XVI: Sedition on Account of John Chrysostom's Banishment". In Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.) Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Volume II: Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories. Zenos, A. C. (rev., notes) (reprint ed.) Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 149. ISBN 1-56563-118-8. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
9. "St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople". Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
10. Socrates Scholasticus, op cit "Chapter XVIII: Of Eudoxia's Silver Statue", p. 150.
11. "John Chrysostom" in The Oxford Dictionary of Church History, ed. Jerald C. Brauer (Philadelphia:Westminster Press, 1971).
12. A. A. Vasiliev (1848). "Imperial Porphyry Sarcophagi in Constantinople" (PDF). Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 4: 1+3-26.
13. "Eudoxia". Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Eudoxia. Brooklyn Museum. 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
14. Chicago, 106.
Bibliography
** Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation. London: Merrell (2007). ISBN 1-85894-370-1
External links
** Cawley, Charles, Her profile, along with her husband, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTIUM.htm#_Toc176857610
** An article about her by Wendy Mayer: http://www.roman-emperors.org/aeleudoxia.htm#N_17_
** Profile of her father Bauto at the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: https://books.google.com/books?id=uOHw4idqAeYC&pg=PA147#v=onepage&q&f=false"


Per Wikipédia (Fr.):
     "Eudoxie (en latin : Ælia Eudoxia), née vers 375/380(?) et décédée en 404, est une impératrice byzantine par son mariage avec l'empereur Flavius Arcadius en 395.
Biographie
Origines
     "Elle est la fille d'un général franc de Théodose Ier, Bauto, et peut-être sœur du général Arbogast1. Elle vit à la cour de Constantinople où son père est chargé de fonctions importantes2. À la mort de son père, son ami Promote se charge de l'éducation d'Eudoxie avant d'être éliminé par Flavius Rufinus, le préfet du prétoire d'Orient. Ce sont alors les deux fils de Promote, élevés avec Arcadius qui la prennent en charge. Le futur évêque de Nicomédie, Pansophius, l'instruit dans la religion chrétienne.
Un couple impérial soudé
     "L'eunuque Flavius Eutropius, ennemi affiché de Flavius Rufinus, ruine par un stratagème l'organisation du mariage de la fille de Rufinus avec Flavius Arcadius. Grâce à sa beauté exceptionnelle, Eudoxie est choisie par l'eunuque Eutropius pour épouser l'empereur. Lors d'une absence de Rufinus en Syrie, en avril 395, Eutropius organise les préparatifs du mariage d'Arcadius avec Eudoxie dans le plus grand secret ; personne à la cour hormis le prince n'est au courant que la future épouse n'est pas la fille de Rufinus. Celui-ci, revenu de voyage, est persuadé que les préparatifs du mariage qu'il observe au palais sont ceux de sa fille avec Arcadius. La manipulation est si bien montée que le nom de l'épouse n'est dévoilé qu'au dernier moment. Rufinus perdit alors beaucoup d'influence sur l'empereur.
     "Eudoxie prend rapidement l'ascendant sur son époux. Son chambellan, Amantius, s'occupe d'organiser les bonnes œuvres de l'impératrice, mais elle a aussi de mauvais conseillers parmi ses femmes et ses eunuques, tels que Marsa, Castricia et Eugraphia3. Sa fidélité à l'empereur n'est pas avérée. Elle fait construire des thermes et un palais à Constantinople4. Elle a quatre enfants, dont en 399, une fille, Pulchérie et en 401, un fils qui deviendra l'empereur Théodose II.
     "Le couple impérial apprécie le patriarche de Constantinople Jean Chrysostome, mais celui-ci il s'attire rapidement l'inimitié des classes supérieures et des évêques par ses critiques sévères de leur mode de vie non conforme à l'idéal évangélique. Lorsque Jean ordonne le retour des reliques de saint Phocas de Sinope, l'impératrice Eudoxie se charge en personne de porter la châsse à travers la ville, ce dont Jean la remercie ensuite vivement dans une homélie.
Une princesse ambitieuse
     "Princesse ambitieuse, elle n'hésite pas à se débarrasser d'Eutropius en 399 afin de dominer le faible esprit de son époux. Elle obtient alors le soutien du général goth Gaïnas, ancien allié d'Eutropius. Mais Jean Chrysostome reçoit Eutropius et le protège grâce au droit d'asile des églises. Pourtant, Eutropius s'étant aventuré hors de l'église, est arrêté et mené devant Arcadius. Eudoxie le fait exiler à Chypre, d'où il est peu de temps après ramené vers Chalcédoine, pour y être jugé et décapité.
     "Le second à être éliminé est le remuant général goth Gaïnas en 400, dont elle fait massacrer les soldats par la foule, ce qui provoque la fuite de ce dernier.
     "La ville de Sélymbrie en Thrace demande l'autorisation de changer son nom en Eudoxiopolis en hommage à l'impératrice. Flattée, Eudoxie leur assure une augmentation de revenus4.
L’opposition avec Jean Chrysostome
     "Eudoxie scandalise les chrétiens par son luxe et son amour du faste. Elle se voit reprocher par Jean Chrysostome l'accaparement d'une somme appartenant à la veuve Callitrope et des biens d'une autre veuve : il aurait comparé l'impératrice à l'infâme reine Jézabel de l'Ancien Testament. Mais Jean Chrysostome, qui a déjà tenté de protéger Eutropius de la vengeance d'Eudoxie, se trouve en mauvaise posture à la cour.
     "Pour se venger, Eudoxie profite d'une controverse canonique avec Théophile, patriarche d'Alexandrie, pour faire exiler Jean Chrysostome. En juin 403, Théophile arrive à Constantinople pour être jugé par le patriarche de Constantinople, mais le patriarche et son entourage savent se faire apprécier de la cour et l'affaire se retourne contre Jean qui est alors déposé et condamné, condamnation ratifiée par l'empereur Flavius Arcadius qui est dominé par sa femme. Cependant, confronté à la réaction outrée de la population de Constantinople, Jean est aussitôt rappelé à la demande de l'impératrice4 qui, à la suite d'un mystérieux accident — une fausse couche — y voit un avertissement du Ciel. Eudoxie le félicite de ce prompt retour. Cependant, l'impératrice ne peut souffrir la présence d'un prélat si indépendant.
     "Comme elle souhaite être adorée au même titre que l'empereur, elle obtient du sénat qu'une statue la représentant soit installée sur le forum de la cité en face de la cathédrale sainte Sophie. En septembre 403, une statue d'Eudoxie en argent, posée sur une colonne de porphyrenote 1, donne lieu à des jeux de théâtre et des danses à l'occasion de sa dédicace. Jean Chrysostome, indigné, se plaint dans un discours public que ces réjouissances perturbent le service religieux. Ses propos sont rapportés à Eudoxie qui enrage. Alors que la tension avec Eudoxie est à son comble, Jean se montre peu diplomate, commençant un sermon par une allusion à Hérodiade réclamant la tête de Jean le Baptiste : De nouveau Hérodiade est en démence. De nouveau elle danse. De nouveau elle réclame la tête de Jean sur un plat5. L'allusion à Eudoxie est très claire. Elle envoie chercher les évêques opposants de Chrysostome qui prétendent qu'il a été condamné dans un concile et ne peut donc gérer une église. Il n'a pas la possibilité de se défendre contre les accusations dont il est victime devant l'empereur car Eudoxie se débrouille pour empêcher que le grand orateur rencontre l'empereur et le persuade de renoncer à l'exiler. Des troubles importants secouent alors la communauté chrétienne de Constantinople. Finalement, en 404, il est une deuxième fois condamné et exilé à Cucusus, en Arménie.
     "Eudoxie meurt peu après, le 6 octobre 404 à la suite d'une seconde fausse couche4. Elle est enterrée dans l'église des Saints-Apôtres près des tombeaux de son époux et de son fils Théodose II.
Notes et références
Notes
1. Un fragment de la colonne se trouvait encore dans l'église Sainte-Irène d’Istanbul au début du xxe siècle.
Références
1. Werner 1984, p. 298.
2. Jacques Bloeme, L'Europe avant l'an mil : Du déclin de l'Empire romain au démembrement de l'Empire carolingien, tome 2, L'harmattan.
3. J. Gottwald, « La statue de l'impératrice Eudoxie à Constantinople », Échos d'Orient, 66e série,? 1907, pp. 274-276 (lire en ligne [archive]).
4. Charles Le Beau, Histoire du Bas-Empire.. Tome 3, Paris, Ledoux et Tenré, 1819 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 203.
5. Ce sermon nous a été rapporté par l'historien Socrate le Scolastique. Mais l'historiographie du xixe siècle tend à le considérer comme apocryphe.
Annexes
Bibliographie
** Karl Ferdinand Werner, Les Origines (avant l'an Mil), Livre de Poche, coll. « Histoire de France », 1984, (réimpr. 1992), (ISBN 2-253-06203-0).
Article connexe
** Antiquité tardive: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9_tardive
** Liste des impératrices romaines et byzantines: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_imp%C3%A9ratrices_romaines_et_byzantines."⁶ GAV-46.

; Per Med Lands:
     "m (27 Apr 395) EUDOXIA, daughter of --- (-6 Oct 404, bur 12 Oct Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles). The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records that “Eudoxiam Arcadii uxorem” was converted to Catholicism from Arianism by “Constantinopoli Joannes Episcopus”[37]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "nobilissima Eudoxia" was created augusta "Id Jan" in 400[38]. Cedrenus records the death of "Eudoxia…uxor Arcadii", noting that she was "mulier barbara et ferox"[39]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the death in 404 of "Eudoxia uxor Arcadii"[40]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "pridie Non Oct" in 404 of "Eudoxia Augusta" and her burial "in sede Sanctorum Apostolorum…IV Id Oct"[41]. She died after a miscarriage[42]. Emperor Konstantinos VII's De Ceremoniis Aulæ records that "Arcadii et filii eius, Theodosii, et Eudoxiæ…uxor Arcadii et mater Theodosii" were buried in the church of the Holy Apostles[43]."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.⁷ She was Empress of Byzantium between 395 and 404.²

     Flavius Bauto (?) died in 385.²
     GAV-47. He was Magister militum of the Western Roman Empire.²

Reference: Genealogics cites: The Roman Emperors, A Biographical Guide 31BC-AD476 London, 1985, Grant, Michael, Reference: 258.³

; This is the same person as ”Flavius Bauto” at Wikipedia and as ”Bauto” at Wikipédia (FR).^4,5

     Theodosius II (?) Emperor of Byzantium was born on 10 April 401 at Constantinople, Byzantium.^4,1 He married Aelia Eudocia (?) Empress pf the Roman Empire, daughter of Leontius (?), on 7 June 421.^2,7,1

Theodosius II (?) Emperor of Byzantium died on 28 July 450 at Constantinople, Byzantium, at age 49.^3,4,1
      ; Per Genealogics:
     "Born in 401, he was made co-emperor in 402 and from 408 till 450 was Eastern Roman Emperor. Gentle, scholarly and easily dominated, he allowed his government to be run by relatives and ministers. Throughout his reign, control of the government remained out of Theodusius' hands. At first the able Anthemius, praetorian prefect of the East, was regent until, in 414, Theodosius's sister, Pulcheria, received the title of 'Augusta' and assumed the regency.
     "In 413, on orders of Anthemius, an impregnable wall was erected around the city of Constantinople. In 425 Theodosius was involved with the founding of the University of Constantinople.
     "During his reign armies were sent against the Vandals, the Persians and the Huns. In 422 and 447 Persian invaders were defeated but action against the Vandals, who occupied most of Roman Africa, ended in failure. However, the policy of appeasing Attila did not prevent the massive Hun invasions of the Danubian provinces in 441-443 and 447.
     "In 428 Theodosius appointed, as patriarch of Constantinople, Nestorius whose heretical doctrines caused a dispute. In 431, by a church council, Nestorius was deposed. The Theodosian Code, which he supervised and was published in 438, was a codification of the laws issued after 312. On 28 July 450 Emperor Theodosius died from injuries suffered during a hunting accident. (Encyclopaedia Britannica.)¹"

; This is the same person as ”Theodosius II” at Wikipedia and as ”Théodose II” at Wikipédia (FR).^2,8 GAV-45.

Reference: Genealogics cites: Theodosius II (?) Emperor of Byzantium was also known as Flavius Theodosius 'the Calligrapher' (?)²

; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident ): “Theodosius II (51) ° 401 + 28/07/450 (Constantinople, d’une blessure de chasse à la colonne vertébrale) empereur d’Orient (01/402)
     ép. 1) 421 Eudokia (baptisée Athénaïs) Augusta + 20/10/460 en exil volontaire à Jérusalem (dès 441) (fille de Leontius)”.⁶

; Per Med Lands:
     "THEODOSIUS (Constantinople 10 Apr 401-28 Jul 450, bur Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles). The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the birth "401 IV Id Apr" of "Theodosius iunior patre Arcadio"[60]. The Chronicon Paschale records the birth "IV Id Apr" in 401 of "nobilissimus Arcadii filius" and the proclamation of "Theodosius junior…Augustus Constantinopoli in Hebdomo in Tribunali by Arcadio patre…IV Id Jan" in 402[61]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records the birth in 403 of “Theodosius Arcadii filius”[62]. Cedrenus names "Pulcheriam, Falcillam, Arcadiam et Marinam…Theodosium ultimum"[63]. Iordanes names "Theodosius iunior Archadii filius…aduliscens egregius" when recording that he succeeded his father and ruled 43 years[64]. His father named him co-Emperor THEODOSIUS II, Emperor in the East 10 Jan 402, ruling jointly with his father until the latter's death in 408. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records that "Theodosius iunior" was created cæsar "in loco pater patruusque suus" in 402[65]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the death in 450 of "Theodosius imperator"[66]. Emperor Konstantinos VII's De Ceremoniis Aulæ records that "Arcadii et filii eius, Theodosii, et Eudoxiæ…uxor Arcadii et mater Theodosii" were buried in the church of the Holy Apostles[67].
     "m (7 Jun 421) ATHENAIS, daughter of LEONTIOS [Heraclitus] & his wife --- ([392/93]-Jerusalem 460). Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Athenais…quæ et postea Eudocia vocata est, Leontii, Philosophi Atheniensis…filiam" and Emperor Theodosios after the death of her father, also naming her brothers "Valerium et Gesium"[68]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Theodosius" married "puella Græcanica…Athenais…Heracliti Philosophi filia…VII Id Jun" in 421 and that she was then called "Eudocia"[69]. The emperor's sister Pulcheria arranged this marriage to the daughter of a professor of rhetoric in Athens, after which she was baptised EUDOKIA[70]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the marriage in 421 of "Theodosius imperator" and "Eudociam Achivam"[71]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Eudocia" was named augusta "IV Non Jan" in 423[72]. She left court after disagreements in [444], but continued to use the title Augusta until her death[73]. Theophanes records the death of "Eudocia" in Jerusalem[74]. The primary source which records her date of death has not been identified."
Med Lands cites: He was Emperor of Byzantium (Eastern Roman Empire) between 1 May 408 and 28 July 450.²

     Aelia Eudocia (?) Empress pf the Roman Empire married Theodosius II (?) Emperor of Byzantium, son of Flavius Arcadius (?) Emperor of the Roman Empire in the East and Aelia Eudoxia (?) Empress of the Roman Empire in the East, on 7 June 421.^4,5,6

Aelia Eudocia (?) Empress pf the Roman Empire died on 20 October 460 at Jerusalem, Palestine; Wikipedia & Racines et Histoire say d. Oct. 20 460; Genealogics says d. 455.^7,8,5
      ; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident ): “Theodosius II (51) ° 401 + 28/07/450 (Constantinople, d’une blessure de chasse à la colonne vertébrale) empereur d’Orient (01/402)
     ép. 1) 421 Eudokia (baptisée Athénaïs) Augusta + 20/10/460 en exil volontaire à Jérusalem (dès 441) (fille de Leontius)”.⁸

; Per Med Lands:
     "THEODOSIUS (Constantinople 10 Apr 401-28 Jul 450, bur Constantinople Church of the Holy Apostles). The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the birth "401 IV Id Apr" of "Theodosius iunior patre Arcadio"[60]. The Chronicon Paschale records the birth "IV Id Apr" in 401 of "nobilissimus Arcadii filius" and the proclamation of "Theodosius junior…Augustus Constantinopoli in Hebdomo in Tribunali by Arcadio patre…IV Id Jan" in 402[61]. The Chronicon of Bishop Idatius records the birth in 403 of “Theodosius Arcadii filius”[62]. Cedrenus names "Pulcheriam, Falcillam, Arcadiam et Marinam…Theodosium ultimum"[63]. Iordanes names "Theodosius iunior Archadii filius…aduliscens egregius" when recording that he succeeded his father and ruled 43 years[64]. His father named him co-Emperor THEODOSIUS II, Emperor in the East 10 Jan 402, ruling jointly with his father until the latter's death in 408. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records that "Theodosius iunior" was created cæsar "in loco pater patruusque suus" in 402[65]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the death in 450 of "Theodosius imperator"[66]. Emperor Konstantinos VII's De Ceremoniis Aulæ records that "Arcadii et filii eius, Theodosii, et Eudoxiæ…uxor Arcadii et mater Theodosii" were buried in the church of the Holy Apostles[67].
     "m (7 Jun 421) ATHENAIS, daughter of LEONTIOS [Heraclitus] & his wife --- ([392/93]-Jerusalem 460). Ioannes Malalas records the marriage of "Athenais…quæ et postea Eudocia vocata est, Leontii, Philosophi Atheniensis…filiam" and Emperor Theodosios after the death of her father, also naming her brothers "Valerium et Gesium"[68]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Theodosius" married "puella Græcanica…Athenais…Heracliti Philosophi filia…VII Id Jun" in 421 and that she was then called "Eudocia"[69]. The emperor's sister Pulcheria arranged this marriage to the daughter of a professor of rhetoric in Athens, after which she was baptised EUDOKIA[70]. The Chronicle of Marcellinus records the marriage in 421 of "Theodosius imperator" and "Eudociam Achivam"[71]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Eudocia" was named augusta "IV Non Jan" in 423[72]. She left court after disagreements in [444], but continued to use the title Augusta until her death[73]. Theophanes records the death of "Eudocia" in Jerusalem[74]. The primary source which records her date of death has not been identified."
Med Lands cites:

; This is the same person as ”Aelia Eudocia” at Wikipedia and as ”Eudoxie (épouse de Théodose II)” at Wikipédia (FR).^7,10 GAV-45.

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band II, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von, Reference: Page 139.⁵ She was poet.⁷

     GAV-46. Leontius (?) was Sophist: In Ancient Greece, the sophists were a group of teachers of philosophy and rhetoric. The term sophism originated from Greek sophiste-s, meaning "wise-ist", one who "does" wisdom, one who makes a business out of wisdom (sophós means "wise man").²

; van de Pas cites: The Roman Emperors, A Biographical Guide 31BC-AD476 London, 1985, Grant, Michael, Reference: 289.¹

     Comes (Count) Flavius Theodosius 'the Elder' (?) married Thermantia 'the Elder' (?)^2,3
Comes (Count) Flavius Theodosius 'the Elder' (?) was born circa 325.⁴
Comes (Count) Flavius Theodosius 'the Elder' (?) died in 376 at Carthage; Per Wikipedia: "In 375, when Emperor Valentinian suddenly died, Theodosius was still in Africa. Orders arrived for Theodosius to be arrested; he was taken to Carthage, and put to death in early 376. The reasons for this are not clear, but it is thought to have resulted from a factional power struggle in Italy after the sudden death of Emperor Valentinian in November 375. Shortly before his death Count Theodosius accepted Christian baptism — a common practice at the time, even for lifelong Christians."²
      ; Per Genealogics:
     “In 368 and 369 he was in charge of the military campaings against the Picts and Scots in Britain, in 370 against the Alamanni in Gaul and, in 372 and 373, against the Sarmatians in the Balkans. However, as a result of political intrigues by enemies at court, he was sentenced to death and executed. (Encyclopaedia Britannica)”.⁴ GAV-47.

; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident): “Theodosius + 01 ou 02/376 (exéc. à Carthage sous Valentinianus) Général”.⁵

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; This is the same person as ”Count Theodosius” at Wikipedia and as ”Théodose l'Ancien” at Wikipédia (FR).^2,6

; Per Med Lands:
     "THEODOSIUS (-beheaded early 376). A general under the service of Emperor Valentinian I, he was decapitated by Emperor Gratian[49].
     "m THERMANTIA, daughter of ---. The Pauli Historiæ Romanæ names "Theodosius genitus patre Theodosio matre Thermantia"[50]."
Med Lands cites:

     Thermantia 'the Elder' (?) married Comes (Count) Flavius Theodosius 'the Elder' (?)^2,1

      ; Per Med Lands:
     "THEODOSIUS (-beheaded early 376). A general under the service of Emperor Valentinian I, he was decapitated by Emperor Gratian[49].
     "m THERMANTIA, daughter of ---. The Pauli Historiæ Romanæ names "Theodosius genitus patre Theodosio matre Thermantia"[50]."
Med Lands cites: GAV-47.

Reference: Genealogics cites: The Roman Emperors, A Biographical Guide 31BC-AD476 London, 1985, Grant, Michael, Reference: 258.

     Flavius Valentinianus I (?) Emperor of the Eoman Empire was born between 3 July 320 and 321 at Cibalae (Vinkovci now), Pannonia (Croatia now).^5,2,3 He married Marina Severa (?) Empress of the Roman Empire before 364
;
His 1st wife.^6,1,3,7,2 Flavius Valentinianus I (?) Emperor of the Eoman Empire married Justina (?) Empress of the Roman Empire, daughter of Justus (?) Governor of Picenum, circa 370
;
Her 2nd husband; his 2nd wife.^8,2,1,3,9
Flavius Valentinianus I (?) Emperor of the Eoman Empire died on 17 November 375 at Bridge on the Danube, Sirmium (near today Komárno), Slovakia (now).^5,2,1,3
      ; Per Genalogics:
     "Son of an army officer stationed in Pannonia in Central Europe, Flavius Valentinian joined the army and served with his father in Africa. Tradition has it that when he was a tribune in the forces of Emperor Julian the Apostate, he was disgraced for his refusal to renounce Christianity. However, in 363 he served in Emperor Julian's expedition to Persia and was promoted by Julian's successor, Emperor Jovian, who died soon afterwards on 17 February 364.
     "A few days after Jovian's death the commanders of the army proclaimed Valentinian Emperor. A month later Valentinian appointed his younger brother, Valens, as co-ruler, giving him the East while Valentinian retained the West. Both agreed to allow religious toleration which, unlike Valens, Valentinian maintained throughout his reign.
     "The energetic Valentinian fortified and defended the borders. In January 365 his army in Gaul was defeated by the Germanic Alemanni. In October 365 Valentinian had set up his headquarters in Paris from where he directed his assault on the invaders. Jovinus, one of his generals, defeated the Alemanni three times, the last time securing Gaul for many years. In 367 Valentinian moved to Ambiani (Amiens) to be closer to his general Theodosius, who was defending Britain from Saxon, Pictish and Scottish invaders.
     "To strengthen his line of succession, on 24 August 367 he proclaimed his nine-year-old son, Gratian, as co-emperor. Two months later he moved to Trier where he remained for seven years, devoting his time to the construction of an elaborate system of fortifications on the Rhine. In 375 an invasion by the Quadi of Pannonia brought Valentinian to Sirmium (Stemska Mitrovica, Yugoslavia) where he fell sick and died.
     "Despite his achievements, Valentinian gained a reputation for irritability and cruelty. Frequently he would choose ministers of the worst character who ruthlessly oppressed the provincials. However, he was successful in the defence of the Western Empire against the Germanic invasions."¹

; This is the same person as ”Valentinian I” at Wikipedia and as ”Valentinien Ier” at Wikipédia (FR).


This is also the same person as "Valentinian I (364-375 A.D)" at De Imperatoribus Romanis.^10,11,12 GAV-47.

Reference: Genealogics cites: Flavius Valentinianus I (?) Emperor of the Eoman Empire was also known as Valentinian I (?) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.^13,5

; Per Racines et Histoire (Empire Romain d’Occident): “Flavius Valentinianus 1er (47) ° ~320 (Pannonie) + 17/11/375 (Bregetio, d’apoplexie), proclamé Empereur (26/02/364)
     ép. 1) Severa
     ép. 2) Justina + ~388”.²

; Per Med Lands:
     "VALENTINIAN (Cibalæ, Pannonia [3 Jul] [320/21]-Vergitione 17 Nov 375). Ammianus Marcellinus implies, but does not state explicitly, that "Valentinianus" was the son of "Gratianus maior ignobili stirpe"[4]. Zosimus records that Valentinian was "Cibali oriundus…Pannoniæ"[5]. A member of the personal guard of Emperor Julian, he was disgraced and returned to Pannonia. He helped engineer the succession in 363 of Emperor Jovian, after whose death in Feb 364 he was acclaimed by the army at Nikaia 26 Feb 364 as Emperor VALENTINIAN I. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Valentianianus" was proclaimed emperor "Nicææ Bythiniæ…V Kal Mar" (in 364)[6]. Theophanes records that "Valentinianus Augustus" was installed as emperor "cum Gratianum filium imperii collegam…et consulem" and that he renounced "fratrem…Valentem" and Arianism[7]. He formalised a division of the empire into east and west in Jun 364, retaining the latter part while his brother ruled in the former[8]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "in castello Vergitione" of "Valentinianus Augustus" aged 55[9].
     "m firstly SEVERA [Marina], daughter of ---. Theophanes records that "Valentinianus senior" repudiated "Severa uxore Gratiani matre" in 360 and married "Iustinam"[10]. Iordanes names "Severa" as first wife of "Valentinianus senior" when recording that she consented to her husband's second marriage[11]. The Chronicon Paschale records that "Gratianus Augustus" revoked "Marinam matrem suam Augustam" after his father died[12]. The Chronicon Paschale records the death "III Non Aug" in 449 of "Marina Augusta Valentiniani Augusti uxor"[13], but the year must be incorrect.
     "m secondly (bigamously) as her second husband, IUSTINA, widow of MAGNENTIUS, daughter of --- (-Milan 391). Theophanes records that "Valentinianus senior" repudiated "Severa uxore Gratiani matre" in 360 and married "Iustinam"[14]. Iordanes names "Iustina" as second wife of "Valentinianus senior", recording that he married her with the consent of his first wife during the latter's lifetime[15]. Zosimus records that the mother of "minorem Valentiniani filium" was "Magnentii prius uxor", and names her "Iustina" in a later passage[16]."
Med Lands cites: He was (alone) Emperor of the Western Roman Empire between 26 February 364 and 28 March 364.^5,14 He and Flavius Julius Valens (?) Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire were Emperor of the Western Roman Empire with his borther emperor in the east
See the attached map of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires in 395 (from Wikipedia: By AKIKA3D - Own workOwn work using the following public domain sources:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_empire_395.jpghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:REmpire_Dalmatia.svg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37913758) between 26 March 364 and 17 November 375.^5,15