Person Page - 1888

     Ramiro (?) King of Viguera died on 8 July 981.¹
      ; King Ramiro of Viguera, +8.7.981
     G1. King Sancho of Viguera
     H1. Lope Sanchez, sn de Loarre
     G2. King García of Viguera; m.Toda N
     H1. Toda; m.Fortun Sanchez, sn de Najera
     H2. Fronilda Garces de Viguera.¹


; per Farmerie: "Garcia then appears with a wife Teresa. Her origin has been subject to speculation. When first sorted out from Andregota, she was assigned two children Urraca and Ramiro, late 'king' of Viguera. It was further speculated that Teresa tried to get Garcia's son Sancho disinherited and her son Ramiro put in his place as heir, but that Garcia compromised by creating a novel kingdom for her son. (None of this is supported by contemporary evidence, it simply being known that Ramiro was, during his brother's life, called king, and held significant lands at Viguera.) As to the origin of Teresa, this has been subject to speculation. Her name is not one common to the Pamplona area, but had appeared in Leon. Likewise the name Ramiro given to her son further suggests a connection to Leon, whose king Ramiro II had been ally of Garcia. This has led to the hypothesis that Teresa was daughter of Ramiro II. In spite of years of speculation, there has been no support for this other than the names. That, apparently, has been resolved. The recently published vol. 7, pt. 2 of the Menendez Pidal Historia de Espana series includes an indication that within the extensive (and, unfortunately, unavailable in western languages) Al Muqtabis of ibn Hayyan there is the statement that Garcia was son-in-law of Ramiro. This, then, is clear evidence that the speculation based on onomastics proves correct, and that Teresa was daughter of that king. As to her maternity, given that Ramiro's second wife was Garcia's sister, it is probably safe to conclude that Teresa was daughter of his first wife, Adosinda Gutierrez.

What are the genealogical implications? This would present a novel descent from the Kings of Leon, somewhat uncommon, as the kings of Leon tended not to marry (or even notice) their daughters. From Alfonso III to Alfonso V, over six generations and 11 kings, there are only four known sons-in-law. A daughter of the obscure Fruela II is thought to have married a local lord, Teresa married Garcia, Cristina Vermudez married her cousin and co-royal infante, Ordono Ramirez, and Sancha Alfonso married Fernando I, eventually taking the kingdom with her (it is not fully appreciated what a big deal the proposed marriage of Garcia Sanchez of Castile to a royal princess really was). [A marriage has also been assigned to Jimena Alfonso, Sancha's half- sister, but this marriage was invented by Menendez Pidal in order to explain the kinship of Jimena Diaz, wife of el Cid, with Alfonso VI, and has no historical basis.] Teresa was clearly mother of Ramiro. he had two sons, Sancho and Garcia Ramirez. Neither of these had sons, but both had daughters. Sancho's daughter married Fortun of Najera, but this descent is lost amid a group of men of the same name. Garcia had two daughters, one of whom simply disappears, the other being disgraced by incest with her brother (presumably an otherwise unknown bastard son of Garcia or else a maternal half-brother).

Teresa can be presumed to be mother of Jimeno, a younger son of Garcia Sanchez, but he only appears in a couple of documents, with no known spouse or family. Finally, Teresa is assigned as mother of Urraca, Garcia's daughter. She married first, Fernan Gonzalez, Count of Castile and traditional pedigrees have invented bogus children, such as the Pedro said to be ancestor of Salvadorez and Lara, but probably was childless by him, and his death followed the marriage rather quickly. Urraca then married William Sancho of Gascony, having sons Bernard and Sancho William, and daughter Prisca, wife of William V of Aquitaine, whose son Eudes eventually inherited Gascony. There are claims of both female-line descent from Prisca, and illegitimate descent from Sancho William, but neither seem credible. That being said, Salazar y Acha has recently split Urraca into two. That she was daughter of Teresa is forced by her apparent survival to 1041, but Salazar has suggested that there were two Urraca's: the daughter of Garcia Sanchez being older, born to Andregota and married to William Sancho, then a second Urraca, derived from the Counts of Castile, married to Sancho WIlliam and being the woman who lived to 1041. Were this the case, then any descent from Urraca, daughter of Garcia Sanchez would not entail descent from Teresa. (It should be said that the reconstructions regarding Gascony are a mess, and I am not in a position to clarify them). The take-home message is that if there are descents, they are obscure and perhaps unknowable.

Still, at least now we can definitively identify Teresa, Queen of Navarre, and second wife of Garcia Sanchez I as daughter of Ramiro II of Leon."²

; per Farmerie: "Garcia then appears with a wife Teresa. Her origin has been subject to speculation. When first sorted out from Andregota, she was assigned two children Urraca and Ramiro, late 'king' of Viguera. It was further speculated that Teresa tried to get Garcia's son Sancho disinherited and her son Ramiro put in his place as heir, but that Garcia compromised by creating a novel kingdom for her son. (None of this is supported by contemporary evidence, it simply being known that Ramiro was, during his brother's life, called king, and held significant lands at Viguera.) As to the origin of Teresa, this has been subject to speculation. Her name is not one common to the Pamplona area, but had appeared in Leon. Likewise the name Ramiro given to her son further suggests a connection to Leon, whose king Ramiro II had been ally of Garcia. This has led to the hypothesis that Teresa was daughter of Ramiro II. In spite of years of speculation, there has been no support for this other than the names. That, apparently, has been resolved. The recently published vol. 7, pt. 2 of the Menendez Pidal Historia de Espana series includes an indication that within the extensive (and, unfortunately, unavailable in western languages) Al Muqtabis of ibn Hayyan there is the statement that Garcia was son-in-law of Ramiro. This, then, is clear evidence that the speculation based on onomastics proves correct, and that Teresa was daughter of that king. As to her maternity, given that Ramiro's second wife was Garcia's sister, it is probably safe to conclude that Teresa was daughter of his first wife, Adosinda Gutierrez.

What are the genealogical implications? This would present a novel descent from the Kings of Leon, somewhat uncommon, as the kings of Leon tended not to marry (or even notice) their daughters. From Alfonso III to Alfonso V, over six generations and 11 kings, there are only four known sons-in-law. A daughter of the obscure Fruela II is thought to have married a local lord, Teresa married Garcia, Cristina Vermudez married her cousin and co-royal infante, Ordono Ramirez, and Sancha Alfonso married Fernando I, eventually taking the kingdom with her (it is not fully appreciated what a big deal the proposed marriage of Garcia Sanchez of Castile to a royal princess really was). [A marriage has also been assigned to Jimena Alfonso, Sancha's half- sister, but this marriage was invented by Menendez Pidal in order to explain the kinship of Jimena Diaz, wife of el Cid, with Alfonso VI, and has no historical basis.] Teresa was clearly mother of Ramiro. he had two sons, Sancho and Garcia Ramirez. Neither of these had sons, but both had daughters. Sancho's daughter married Fortun of Najera, but this descent is lost amid a group of men of the same name. Garcia had two daughters, one of whom simply disappears, the other being disgraced by incest with her brother (presumably an otherwise unknown bastard son of Garcia or else a maternal half-brother).

Teresa can be presumed to be mother of Jimeno, a younger son of Garcia Sanchez, but he only appears in a couple of documents, with no known spouse or family. Finally, Teresa is assigned as mother of Urraca, Garcia's daughter. She married first, Fernan Gonzalez, Count of Castile and traditional pedigrees have invented bogus children, such as the Pedro said to be ancestor of Salvadorez and Lara, but probably was childless by him, and his death followed the marriage rather quickly. Urraca then married William Sancho of Gascony, having sons Bernard and Sancho William, and daughter Prisca, wife of William V of Aquitaine, whose son Eudes eventually inherited Gascony. There are claims of both female-line descent from Prisca, and illegitimate descent from Sancho William, but neither seem credible. That being said, Salazar y Acha has recently split Urraca into two. That she was daughter of Teresa is forced by her apparent survival to 1041, but Salazar has suggested that there were two Urraca's: the daughter of Garcia Sanchez being older, born to Andregota and married to William Sancho, then a second Urraca, derived from the Counts of Castile, married to Sancho WIlliam and being the woman who lived to 1041. Were this the case, then any descent from Urraca, daughter of Garcia Sanchez would not entail descent from Teresa. (It should be said that the reconstructions regarding Gascony are a mess, and I am not in a position to clarify them). The take-home message is that if there are descents, they are obscure and perhaps unknowable.

Still, at least now we can definitively identify Teresa, Queen of Navarre, and second wife of Garcia Sanchez I as daughter of Ramiro II of Leon."²

     Swinthila II (?) King of the Visigoths married Theodora (?), daughter of Sigebut (?) King of the West Goths.¹

Swinthila II (?) King of the Visigoths died in 633.¹
     GAV-38. He was King of the West Goths between 621 and 631.¹

     Theodora (?) married Swinthila II (?) King of the Visigoths, son of Rekkared I (?) King of the Visigoths and Chlodoswinthe/Chlodosinde (?) of Austrasia.¹

     GAV-38.

; Theodora, dau.of King Sigebut of the West Goths.¹

     GAV-39. Sigebut (?) King of the West Goths was King of the West Goths between 612 and 621.¹

     Rekkared I (?) King of the Visigoths was born in 566.² He and Rigonte/Rigundis (?) were engaged in 584.⁵ Rekkared I (?) King of the Visigoths married Bauda (?) in 586
; his 1st wife.^1,3 Rekkared I (?) King of the Visigoths married Chlodoswinthe/Chlodosinde (?) of Austrasia, daughter of Sigebert I (?) King of Metz (Austrasia) and Brunichilde/Brunechildis (?) Queen of the Franks, in 594.^1,6,2,7,3

Rekkared I (?) King of the Visigoths died in June 601 at Toledo, Provincia de Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain (now).^1,3
     GAV-39.

; Per Med Lands:
     "RECAREDO, son of LEOVIGILDO King of the Visigoths & his first wife --- (-Toledo mid-Jun or Dec 601). The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica names "duosque filios suos ex amissa coniuge Hermenegildem et Reccaredum" when recording that their father associated them in his rule in 573[233]. Herimannus records "Richaredus filius eius [=Levigildus rex Gothorum]" succeeding his father[234]. He expelled a Frankish invasion from Narbonne in 585. He was elected to succeed his father in 586 as RECAREDO I King of the Visigoths. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "filius eius Reccaredus" succeeded his father in 586[235]. Isidore of Seville records that "his son Recared" was crowned king after Leovigildo died "in the era 624 (586)"[236]. He converted to Catholicism in [Feb/Mar] 587, his example being followed by many Arian bishops and members of the Visigothic nobility[237]. He consecrated Toledo Cathedral, and summoned the third council of Toledo which adopted Catholicism as the official faith of the kingdom in 589. He brought bishops into his consultative royal council[238]. He ordered the burning of all Arian books written in the Visigothic script[239]. Isidore of Seville records that he ruled for fifteen years and died "peacefully" in Toledo "in the era 639 (601)"[240]. The Chronica Regum Visigotthorum records that “Reccardus” reigned for 15 years, six months, ten days[241].
     "Betrothed (584) to RIGUNDIS of the Franks, daughter of CHILPERIC I King of the Franks & his third wife Frédégonde ([569]-). Gregory of Tours names "Princess Rigunth" when recounting that she sympathised when Gregory was accused of treachery by her mother[242]. Gregory names Rigunth as daughter of King Chilperic when recording her betrothal to Recared, son of King Leuvigild and her voyage to Spain with a large retinue[243]. Gregory records that, on learning of the death of her father, she was abandoned before returning to her mother's palace where she led a life of debauchery[244].
     "m [firstly] (586) BADDO, daughter of --- (-[8 May 589/594]). "Reccaredus rex…Baddo…regina" professed their faith by charter dated 8 May 589[245]. This is the only source which names Recaredo´s first wife. There is no indication of her family origin.
     "Betrothed (594) to CHLODESINDIS [Clodesinde] of the Franks[246], daughter of SIGEBERT I King of the Franks & his wife Brunechildis of the Visigoths ([575/76]-after 594). Chlodosind is named as daughter of Queen Brunhilde, and sister of King Childebert, in the Treaty of Andelot dated 28 Nov 587[247]. Paulus Diaconus records the betrothal of "Flavius rex Authari" and "Childebertus…suam germanam", but states that Childebert accepted an offer of another betrothal for her from "Gothorum de Hispania"[248]. No proof has been found that the daughter referred to by Paulus was Chlodesindis but this is assumed to be the case.
     "[m secondly (after 594) ---. The name of Recaredo´s second wife is not known. No direct proof has been found of this supposed second marriage. However, the chronology suggests that King Recaredo´s son Suíntila was several years younger than his brother Liuva, which suggests that he was probably born from a later marriage. It is certainly likely that King Recaredo married again after his betrothal in 594, before his death in 601.]
     "King Recaredo and his [first] wife had one child:
     "King Recaredo and his [second] wife had one child:
Med lands cites: Rekkared I (?) King of the Visigoths was also known as Recaredo (?) King of the Visigoths.³
; Per Med Lands:
     "CHLODESINDIS [Clodesinde] ([575/76]-after 594). Chlodosind is named as daughter of Queen Brunhilde, and sister of King Childebert, in the Treaty of Andelot dated 28 Nov 587[311]. Paulus Diaconus records the betrothal of "Flavius rex Authari" and "Childebertus…suam germanam", but states that Childebert accepted an offer of another betrothal for her from "Gothorum de Hispania"[312]. No proof has been found that the daughter referred to by Paulus was Chlodesindis but this is assumed to be the case.
     "Betrothed (before [590] to AUTHACHAR [Authari] King of the Lombards, son of KLEPH King of the Lombards & his wife --- (-5 Sep 590).
     "Betrothed (594) to RECAREDO I King of the Visigoths, son of LEOVIGILDO King of the Visigoths & his first wife Theodosia --- (-Toledo mid-Jun or Dec 601). "
Med lands cites: He was King of the Visigoths between 586 and 601.^1,2

     Chlodoswinthe/Chlodosinde (?) of Austrasia and Flavius Authari (?) King of the Lombards were engaged before 590; Per Med Lands:
     "Betrothed (before [590], contract broken) to CHLODESINDIS [Clodesinde], daughter of SIGEBERT I King of the Franks & his wife Brunechildis of the Visigoths ([575/76]-after 594). Chlodosind is named as daughter of Queen Brunhilde, and sister of King Childebert, in the Treaty of Andelot dated 28 Nov 587[387]. Paulus Diaconus records the betrothal of "Flavius rex Authari" and "Childebertus…suam germanam", but states that Childebert accepted an offer of another betrothal for her from "Gothorum de Hispania"[388]. No proof has been found that the daughter referred to by Paulus was Chlodesindis but this is assumed to be the case.
Med lands cites: Chlodoswinthe/Chlodosinde (?) of Austrasia married Rekkared I (?) King of the Visigoths, son of Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths and Theodosia (?), in 594.^1,2,11,4,12

     GAV-29.

; Per Doria: “'Afonso I “o Católico.' Rei das Astúrias e da Galiza (739-757), n. 693, † 757. C.c. Ermesenda, †757, filha de Pelágio, † 737, primeiro rei das Astúrias, em 718, neta de Fávila, duque de Cantábria, † 705 por Witiza, bisneta de Chindaswinth, † 653, e de Rekiberga, e trineta de Swintila II, rei visigodo, filho de Reccared I, n. 566, † 601, rei (586-601), c. (2) em 594 c. Chlodoswinthe, filha de Sigebert II, rei de Austrasia, e de Brünnhilde, esta filha de Athanagild, † 566, rei visigodo. Reccared I era filho de Leodegild I, † 586, rei visigodo (568-586), c.c. Theodosia, dada como neta de Theoderic o Grande, rei da Itália.”.³

; Per Med Lands:
     "CHLODESINDIS [Clodesinde] ([575/76]-after 594). Chlodosind is named as daughter of Queen Brunhilde, and sister of King Childebert, in the Treaty of Andelot dated 28 Nov 587[311]. Paulus Diaconus records the betrothal of "Flavius rex Authari" and "Childebertus…suam germanam", but states that Childebert accepted an offer of another betrothal for her from "Gothorum de Hispania"[312]. No proof has been found that the daughter referred to by Paulus was Chlodesindis but this is assumed to be the case.
     "Betrothed (before [590] to AUTHACHAR [Authari] King of the Lombards, son of KLEPH King of the Lombards & his wife --- (-5 Sep 590).
     "Betrothed (594) to RECAREDO I King of the Visigoths, son of LEOVIGILDO King of the Visigoths & his first wife Theodosia --- (-Toledo mid-Jun or Dec 601). "
Med lands cites:

     Bauda (?) married Rekkared I (?) King of the Visigoths, son of Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths and Theodosia (?), in 586
; his 1st wife.^1,2

     Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths married Theodosia (?), daughter of Theoderic the Great (?) rei da Itália.^3,4
Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths was born between 525 and 530.⁴ He married Galswinthe of The Vandals (?), daughter of Hoamer of The Vandals (?) and Gossana (?), circa 568
;
Her 2nd husband; his 2nd wife. Her 1st husband d. 567/8.^3,5,4
Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths died between April 586 and May 586 at Toledo, Provincia de Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain (now).^3,2,4
     GAV-43.

; This is the same person as ”Liuvigild” at Wikipedia and as ”Léovigild” at Wikipédia (FR).^6,7 Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths was also known as Leovigildo (?) King of the Visigoths.⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "LEOVIGILDO, son of --- ([525/30]-Toledo [Apr/May] 586). His birth date range is estimated from the birth of his first grandson in [580/85], and his sons being appointed associate kings in 573. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "Leovegildus germanus Livvani regis" was installed "in regnum citerioris Hispaniæ" by his brother in 569[202]. Isidore of Seville records that Liuva established "his brother Leovigild not only as his successor but as his partner in the kingship, appointing him to rule Spain while he contented himself with rule of Gallia Narbonensis"[203]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that in 572 Leovigildo recaptured Córdoba[204], which had rebelled against Visigothic rule during the reign of King Agila. He succeeded his brother in 573 as LEOVIGILDO King of the Visigoths. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Leovigildo succeeded "Livva rex" in 573[205]. He extended Visigothic influence into Rioja in 574/75, and Oróspeda in 577. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "Leovigildus rex" occupied "partem Vasconiæ" and founded “civitatem...Victoriacum” [Victoriaco], dated to [581][206]. The greatest among the Visigothic rulers in Spain, he reinforced the power of the monarch by introducing court ceremonial based on Byzantine practices[207]. He introduced a new legal code Codex revisus (which has not survived)[208] and also rescinded a longstanding Roman ban on inter-marriage with native inhabitants of Spain, thus hastening Visigothic integration in the country[209]. His son Hermenegildo rebelled against him in Seville in 581. Leovigildo conquered the Suevi in the north-western part of the peninsula, deposing King Audica in 585, and suppressed the revolt of Malaricus who attempted to assume control of Galicia[210]. His reign was marked by persecution of the Catholic church in Spain. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the death in 586 of "Leovegildus rex"[211]. Isidore of Seville records that he ruled for eighteen years and died a natural death in Toledo "in the era 624 (586)"[212]. The Chronica Regum Visigotthorum records that “Liuvigildus” reigned for 18 years[213].
     "m firstly ([550/55]) ---. The name of King Leovigildo´s first wife is not known. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "duosque filios suos [Leovigildi]…Hermenegildem et Reccaredum" were born "ex amissa coniuge" but does not name their mother[214]. Salazar y Castro, in his genealogical table of the Visigothic kings, shows "Teodosia, hija de Seberiano Duque de Cartagena y de Teodora" as the wife of King Leovigildo and mother of his two sons[215]. The primary source on which this statement is based is not specified. The table includes numerous errors and the information should therefore be viewed with caution. It is not known whether this first wife died or was repudiated before King Leovigildo´s second marriage.
     "m secondly (569) as her second husband, GOSVINTA, widow of ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths, daughter of --- (-589). Her two marriages are confirmed by the Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica which records the marriage in 569 of "Leovegildus germanus Livvani regis" and "Gosuintham relictam Athanaildi"[216]. Nothing is known about her family origin, but her connection with Arianism, recorded in primary sources after her second marriage, suggests that she may have been of Visigothic origin. Gregory of Tours names "Goiswinth, mother of Brunhild", as wife of Leovegildo[217]. She contributed to the difficulties, which culminated in the rebellion of her stepson Hermenegildo, by trying to force the latter's wife to convert to Arianism[218]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Gosvinta was the focus of a plot to restore the Arian faith in 589[219].
     "King Leovigildo & his first wife had two children:
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Iberia 1): "Leodegild/Leuvigild, who became King of the West Goths (572-586), +586; 1m: Theodosia N; 2m: Goswinda, widow of Athanagild, King of the West Goths."⁸ He was King of the West Goths between 568 and 586.^3,2

     Theodosia (?) married Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths, son of Unknown (?).^1,3

      ; Per Med Lands:
     "LEOVIGILDO, son of --- ([525/30]-Toledo [Apr/May] 586). His birth date range is estimated from the birth of his first grandson in [580/85], and his sons being appointed associate kings in 573. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "Leovegildus germanus Livvani regis" was installed "in regnum citerioris Hispaniæ" by his brother in 569[202]. Isidore of Seville records that Liuva established "his brother Leovigild not only as his successor but as his partner in the kingship, appointing him to rule Spain while he contented himself with rule of Gallia Narbonensis"[203]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that in 572 Leovigildo recaptured Córdoba[204], which had rebelled against Visigothic rule during the reign of King Agila. He succeeded his brother in 573 as LEOVIGILDO King of the Visigoths. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Leovigildo succeeded "Livva rex" in 573[205]. He extended Visigothic influence into Rioja in 574/75, and Oróspeda in 577. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "Leovigildus rex" occupied "partem Vasconiæ" and founded “civitatem...Victoriacum” [Victoriaco], dated to [581][206]. The greatest among the Visigothic rulers in Spain, he reinforced the power of the monarch by introducing court ceremonial based on Byzantine practices[207]. He introduced a new legal code Codex revisus (which has not survived)[208] and also rescinded a longstanding Roman ban on inter-marriage with native inhabitants of Spain, thus hastening Visigothic integration in the country[209]. His son Hermenegildo rebelled against him in Seville in 581. Leovigildo conquered the Suevi in the north-western part of the peninsula, deposing King Audica in 585, and suppressed the revolt of Malaricus who attempted to assume control of Galicia[210]. His reign was marked by persecution of the Catholic church in Spain. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the death in 586 of "Leovegildus rex"[211]. Isidore of Seville records that he ruled for eighteen years and died a natural death in Toledo "in the era 624 (586)"[212]. The Chronica Regum Visigotthorum records that “Liuvigildus” reigned for 18 years[213].
     "m firstly ([550/55]) ---. The name of King Leovigildo´s first wife is not known. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "duosque filios suos [Leovigildi]…Hermenegildem et Reccaredum" were born "ex amissa coniuge" but does not name their mother[214]. Salazar y Castro, in his genealogical table of the Visigothic kings, shows "Teodosia, hija de Seberiano Duque de Cartagena y de Teodora" as the wife of King Leovigildo and mother of his two sons[215]. The primary source on which this statement is based is not specified. The table includes numerous errors and the information should therefore be viewed with caution. It is not known whether this first wife died or was repudiated before King Leovigildo´s second marriage.
     "m secondly (569) as her second husband, GOSVINTA, widow of ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths, daughter of --- (-589). Her two marriages are confirmed by the Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica which records the marriage in 569 of "Leovegildus germanus Livvani regis" and "Gosuintham relictam Athanaildi"[216]. Nothing is known about her family origin, but her connection with Arianism, recorded in primary sources after her second marriage, suggests that she may have been of Visigothic origin. Gregory of Tours names "Goiswinth, mother of Brunhild", as wife of Leovegildo[217]. She contributed to the difficulties, which culminated in the rebellion of her stepson Hermenegildo, by trying to force the latter's wife to convert to Arianism[218]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Gosvinta was the focus of a plot to restore the Arian faith in 589[219].
     "King Leovigildo & his first wife had two children:
Med Lands cites:

; Theodosia, dada como neta de Theoderic o Grande, rei da Itália.² GAV-40.

     Galswinthe of The Vandals (?) married Athanagild/Atanagildo (?) King of the Visigoths, son of Gesalic of The Vandals (?) and Brunichilde (?),
;
Her 1st husband.^5,6,7,3 Galswinthe of The Vandals (?) was born in 518.³ She married Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths, son of Unknown (?), circa 568
;
Her 2nd husband; his 2nd wife. Her 1st husband d. 567/8.^5,7,8
Galswinthe of The Vandals (?) died in 582; Genealogics says d. 582; Med Lands says d. 589.^3,6
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "LEOVIGILDO, son of --- ([525/30]-Toledo [Apr/May] 586). His birth date range is estimated from the birth of his first grandson in [580/85], and his sons being appointed associate kings in 573. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "Leovegildus germanus Livvani regis" was installed "in regnum citerioris Hispaniæ" by his brother in 569[202]. Isidore of Seville records that Liuva established "his brother Leovigild not only as his successor but as his partner in the kingship, appointing him to rule Spain while he contented himself with rule of Gallia Narbonensis"[203]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that in 572 Leovigildo recaptured Córdoba[204], which had rebelled against Visigothic rule during the reign of King Agila. He succeeded his brother in 573 as LEOVIGILDO King of the Visigoths. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Leovigildo succeeded "Livva rex" in 573[205]. He extended Visigothic influence into Rioja in 574/75, and Oróspeda in 577. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "Leovigildus rex" occupied "partem Vasconiæ" and founded “civitatem...Victoriacum” [Victoriaco], dated to [581][206]. The greatest among the Visigothic rulers in Spain, he reinforced the power of the monarch by introducing court ceremonial based on Byzantine practices[207]. He introduced a new legal code Codex revisus (which has not survived)[208] and also rescinded a longstanding Roman ban on inter-marriage with native inhabitants of Spain, thus hastening Visigothic integration in the country[209]. His son Hermenegildo rebelled against him in Seville in 581. Leovigildo conquered the Suevi in the north-western part of the peninsula, deposing King Audica in 585, and suppressed the revolt of Malaricus who attempted to assume control of Galicia[210]. His reign was marked by persecution of the Catholic church in Spain. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the death in 586 of "Leovegildus rex"[211]. Isidore of Seville records that he ruled for eighteen years and died a natural death in Toledo "in the era 624 (586)"[212]. The Chronica Regum Visigotthorum records that “Liuvigildus” reigned for 18 years[213].
     "m firstly ([550/55]) ---. The name of King Leovigildo´s first wife is not known. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that "duosque filios suos [Leovigildi]…Hermenegildem et Reccaredum" were born "ex amissa coniuge" but does not name their mother[214]. Salazar y Castro, in his genealogical table of the Visigothic kings, shows "Teodosia, hija de Seberiano Duque de Cartagena y de Teodora" as the wife of King Leovigildo and mother of his two sons[215]. The primary source on which this statement is based is not specified. The table includes numerous errors and the information should therefore be viewed with caution. It is not known whether this first wife died or was repudiated before King Leovigildo´s second marriage.
     "m secondly (569) as her second husband, GOSVINTA, widow of ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths, daughter of --- (-589). Her two marriages are confirmed by the Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica which records the marriage in 569 of "Leovegildus germanus Livvani regis" and "Gosuintham relictam Athanaildi"[216]. Nothing is known about her family origin, but her connection with Arianism, recorded in primary sources after her second marriage, suggests that she may have been of Visigothic origin. Gregory of Tours names "Goiswinth, mother of Brunhild", as wife of Leovegildo[217]. She contributed to the difficulties, which culminated in the rebellion of her stepson Hermenegildo, by trying to force the latter's wife to convert to Arianism[218]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Gosvinta was the focus of a plot to restore the Arian faith in 589[219].
     "King Leovigildo & his first wife had two children:
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Iberia 1): "Leodegild/Leuvigild, who became King of the West Goths (572-586), +586; 1m: Theodosia N; 2m: Goswinda, widow of Athanagild, King of the West Goths."⁹ Galswinthe of The Vandals (?) was also known as Goswinda (?)⁵

Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises, 1977, Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 59.³

; This is the same person as:
”Athanagild” at Wikipedia and as
”Atanagildo” at Wikipedia (ES).^10,11 GAV-41.

; Per Med Lands:
     "ATANAGILDO ([520/25]-Toledo 568). His birth date range is estimated from the birth date range of his second daughter Brunechildis, who gave birth to her first child shortly after her marriage in 566. Iordanes records that "Atanagildus" rebelled against King Agila[169]. Isidore of Seville records that Atanagildo was at Seville when Agila was killed by the Goths and that they "handed themselves over to the rule of Athanagild…in the era 592 (554)"[170]. He sought Byzantine support and was ceded the coastal territories between Cádiz and Valencia in 552[171]. He strengthened his position with the arrival of Byzantine reinforcements and deposed King Agila in 554, succeeding as ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths. He moved his capital in Spain from Barcelona to Toledo in [554][172], symbolising a change in the political centre of the Visigothic kingdom away from the remnants of their kingdom around Toulouse. Having helped King Atanagildo to power, the Byzantines remained and attempted to expand their control to the west in Spain, but the king was able to enforce a territorial agreement with them which limited their authority to south-east Spain. Seville rebelled against central Visigothic authority in 555, followed by Córdoba[173]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the death of "Athanaildus rex Gothorum in Hispania" in 568[174]. The Chronicon Albeldense records that “Atanagildus” died naturally in Toledo during the reign of Emperor Justinian[175]. Isidore of Seville records that Atanagildo ruled for fourteen years[176]. The Chronica Regum Visigotthorum records that “Athanagildus” reigned for 15 years, six months, or 14 years[177].
     "m as her first husband, GOSVINTA, daughter of --- (-589). Her two marriages are confirmed by the Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica which records the marriage in 569 of "Leovegildus germanus Livvani regis" and "Gosuintham relictam Athanaildi"[178]. Nothing is known about her family origin, but her connection with Arianism, recorded in primary sources after her second marriage, suggests that she may have been of Visigothic origin. She married secondly Leovigildo King of the Visigoths. Gregory of Tours names "Goiswinth, mother of Brunhild", as wife of Leovegildo[179]. She contributed to the difficulties, which culminated in the rebellion of her stepson Hermenegildo, by trying to force the latter's wife to convert to Arianism[180]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Gosvinta was the focus of a plot to restore the Arian faith in 589[181]."
Med Lands cites:

     Athanagild/Atanagildo (?) King of the Visigoths married Galswinthe of The Vandals (?), daughter of Hoamer of The Vandals (?) and Gossana (?),
;
Her 1st husband.^8,6,9,10 Athanagild/Atanagildo (?) King of the Visigoths was born before 510; Genealogics says b. bef 510; Med Lands says b. 520/25.^6,9
Athanagild/Atanagildo (?) King of the Visigoths died on 14 March 567 at Toledo, Provincia de Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain (now); Genealogics says d. 14 Mar 567; Med Lands says d. 568.^2,6,9
     GAV-41.

; This is the same person as ”Athanagild” at Wikipedia, as ”Athanagilde Ier” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Atanagildo” at Wikipedia (ES).^11,12,13

Reference: Genealogics cites: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, London, Toronto, 1961.⁶ Athanagild/Atanagildo (?) King of the Visigoths was also known as Atanagildo King of the Visigoths.⁹

; Per Med Lands:
     "ATANAGILDO ([520/25]-Toledo 568). His birth date range is estimated from the birth date range of his second daughter Brunechildis, who gave birth to her first child shortly after her marriage in 566. Iordanes records that "Atanagildus" rebelled against King Agila[169]. Isidore of Seville records that Atanagildo was at Seville when Agila was killed by the Goths and that they "handed themselves over to the rule of Athanagild…in the era 592 (554)"[170]. He sought Byzantine support and was ceded the coastal territories between Cádiz and Valencia in 552[171]. He strengthened his position with the arrival of Byzantine reinforcements and deposed King Agila in 554, succeeding as ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths. He moved his capital in Spain from Barcelona to Toledo in [554][172], symbolising a change in the political centre of the Visigothic kingdom away from the remnants of their kingdom around Toulouse. Having helped King Atanagildo to power, the Byzantines remained and attempted to expand their control to the west in Spain, but the king was able to enforce a territorial agreement with them which limited their authority to south-east Spain. Seville rebelled against central Visigothic authority in 555, followed by Córdoba[173]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the death of "Athanaildus rex Gothorum in Hispania" in 568[174]. The Chronicon Albeldense records that “Atanagildus” died naturally in Toledo during the reign of Emperor Justinian[175]. Isidore of Seville records that Atanagildo ruled for fourteen years[176]. The Chronica Regum Visigotthorum records that “Athanagildus” reigned for 15 years, six months, or 14 years[177].
     "m as her first husband, GOSVINTA, daughter of --- (-589). Her two marriages are confirmed by the Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica which records the marriage in 569 of "Leovegildus germanus Livvani regis" and "Gosuintham relictam Athanaildi"[178]. Nothing is known about her family origin, but her connection with Arianism, recorded in primary sources after her second marriage, suggests that she may have been of Visigothic origin. She married secondly Leovigildo King of the Visigoths. Gregory of Tours names "Goiswinth, mother of Brunhild", as wife of Leovegildo[179]. She contributed to the difficulties, which culminated in the rebellion of her stepson Hermenegildo, by trying to force the latter's wife to convert to Arianism[180]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Gosvinta was the focus of a plot to restore the Arian faith in 589[181]."
Med Lands cites: He was King of the Visigoths
See attached map of the Visigoth Kingdom ca 560 between 554 and 567.^1,14,11,13

     GAV-38.

     Athanagild (?) married Flavia Juliana (?)¹

     GAV-39.

     Flavia Juliana (?) married Athanagild (?), son of Hermenegild II "the Holy" (?) King of the West Goths and Ingonde/Ingunda (?) of Austrasia.¹

     GAV-39. Flavia Juliana (?) witnessed the GEDCOM of Flavia Juliana (?)

; Flavia Juliana, a relative of the Emperor Mauricius.¹

     Hermenegild II "the Holy" (?) King of the West Goths was born between 550 and 555.⁴ He married Ingonde/Ingunda (?) of Austrasia, daughter of Sigebert I (?) King of Metz (Austrasia) and Brunichilde/Brunechildis (?) Queen of the Franks, in 580
; Genealogics says m. 580; Med Lands says m. 579.^6,1,7,4,5,8
Hermenegild II "the Holy" (?) King of the West Goths died on 13 April 586 at Tarragona, Provincia de Tarragona, Cataluña, Spain (now); murdered.^2,7,4
      ; This is the same person as ”Hermenegild” at Wikipedia, as ”Herménégilde (prince wisigoth)” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Hermenegildo” at Wikipedia (ES).^9,10,11 GAV-43.

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.) 2:48.⁷ Hermenegild II "the Holy" (?) King of the West Goths was also known as Saint Hermenegildo "the Holy" (?) King of the Visigoths.⁴ Hermenegild II "the Holy" (?) King of the West Goths was also known as Saint Hermengild (?) King of the Visigoths.^7,9

; Per Catholic Encyclopedia:
     "Date of birth unknown; d. 13 April, 585. Leovigild, the Arian King of the Visigoths (569-86), had two sons, Hermengild and Reccared, by his first marriage with the Catholic Princess Theodosia. Hermengild married, in 576, Ingundis, a Frankish Catholic princess, the daughter of Sigebert and Brunhilde. Led by his own inclination, and influenced by his wife as well as by the instructions of St. Leander of Seville, he entered the Catholic fold. Leovigild's second wife, Goswintha, a fanatical Arian, hated her daughter-in-law and sought by ill-treatment to force her to abandon the Catholic Faith. Hermengild had accordingly withdrawn, with his father's sanction, to Andalusia, and had taken his wife with him. But when Leovigild learned of his son's conversion he summoned him back to Toledo, which command Hermengild did not obey. The fanatical Arianism of his step-mother, and his father's severe treatment of Catholics in Spain, stirred him to take up arms in protection of his oppressed co-religionists and in defence of his own rights. At the same time he formed an alliance with the Byzantines. Leovigold took the field against his son in 582, prevailed on the Byzantines to betray Hermengild for a sum of 30,000 gold solidi, besieged the latter in Seville in 583, and captured the city after a siege of nearly two years. Hermengild sought refuge in a church at Cordova, whence he was enticed by the false promises of Leovigild, who stripped him in camp of his royal raiment and banished him to Valencia (584). His wife, Ingundis, fled with her son to Africa, where she died, after which the boy was given, by order of Emperor Mauritius, into the hands of his grandmother Brunhilde. We are not fully informed as to Hermengild's subsequent fate.
     "Gregory the Great relates (Dialogi, III, 31, in P.L. LXVII, 289-93) that Leovigild sent an Arian bishop to him in his prison, on Easter Eve of 585, with a promise that he would forgive him all, provided he consented to receive Holy Communion from the hands of this bishop. But Hermengild firmly refused thus to abjure his Catholic belief, and was in consequence beheaded on Easter Day. He was later venerated as a martyr, and Sixtus V (1585), acting on the suggestion of King Philip II, extended the celebration of his feast (13 April) throughout the whole of Spain.
Sources: Acta SS., April, II, 134-138; GAMS, Kirchengeschichte Spaniens, II (Ratisbon, 1864), i, 489 sqq; II (1874), ii, 1 sqq; GÖRRES, Hermengild in Zetschrift für historische Theologie, 1873, 1-109; LECLERCQ, L'Espagne chrétienne (Paris, 1906), 254 sqq."⁵

; Per Royaume Europe: “Hermenegildo de los Visigoths, Hermenegild des Wisigoths, Hermenegildem V?s?g?thæ il est né vers 555 et décapité par un nommé Sisberto le 13 avril 586 à Tarragone fils de Leovigildo primero los Visigodos et de Théodosia de Cartagène
     "Il a le titre Royal de : Co-Roi d’Espagne en 573 avec sont frère Reccared des Wisigoths
     "Il a le titre de : Comte de Séville en 574
     "– Il se converti au catholicisme à Séville en 580 Canonisé en 1586 Saint Hermenegildo se proclame Roi d’Espagne en 583 contre son père
     "Épouse en 579 Ingonde der Franken née entre 567 et 568 et décédée fin 586 en Afrique fille de Sigibert erster der Franken et de Brunechild der Westgoten
     "** Atanagildo de los Visigodos, Athanagild des Wisigoths né vers 583
          "Épouse vers 610 Juliana Flavia de Constantinople née en 582 ou 585 fille de Ardabast Mamikonian et de Née de Constantinople”.¹²

; Per Med Lands:
     "HERMENEGILDO “the Holy” ([550/55]-murdered Tarragona 13 Apr 586). The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica names "duosque filios suos ex amissa coniuge Hermenegildem et Reccaredum" when recording that their father associated them in his rule in 573[220]. In 579, his father appointed Hermenegildo as Governor of Betica, based in Seville. Gregory of Tours records his conversion to Catholicism and baptism as "JOHN"[221]. He converted to Catholicism in Seville in 580 under the influence of Leandro, Archbishop of Seville[222]. He revolted against his father's Arian rule in 581, retired to Córdoba in 584, but was captured and exiled to Valencia. Isidore of Seville records that "his son Hermenegild" rebelled against his father who defeated him[223]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Hermenegildo was sent into exile in 584 and in 585 was killed "in urbe Tarraconensi" by "Sisberto"[224]. He was canonised in 1586.
     "m (579) INGUNDIS [Ingonde] of the Franks, daughter of SIGEBERT I King of the Franks & his wife Brunechildis of the Visigoths ([567/68]-in Africa Autumn 586). The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the marriage in 579 of "Leovegildus rex Hermenegildo filio" and "filiam Sisberti regis Francorum"[225]. Gregory of Tours records that one of the sons of Leovigildo by his first wife married the daughter of Sigebert King of the Franks, in a later passage naming her "Ingund", specifying that she married Hermenegildo, older son of Leovigildo, and that she was mistreated by her husband's stepmother[226]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Childebertus rex Ingundem sororem suam" married "Herminigildo, Levigildi Hispanorum regis filio", and that she fled Spain for France after the death of her husband but was captured and taken to Sicily where she died[227]. Gregory of Tours records that her father-in-law left her "to the good graces of the Greeks" after imprisoning her husband and was unable to "force the Greeks to hand" her over[228]. She fled to Africa with her son after her husband was killed, seeking refuge with the Eastern Emperor[229]. Hermenegildo and his wife had one child:
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Iberia 1): “A1. King Hermenegild II "the Holy" of the West Goths, +murdered 13.4.586; m.580 Ingunda of Austrasia (+585)”

Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians 1): “E2. Ingonde, +585; m.580 King Hermenegild II of West Goths (+586)”.^1,6

; Per Med Lands:
     "INGUNDIS [Ingonde] ([567/68]-[in Africa or Sicily] Autumn 586). The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the marriage in 579 of "Leovegildus rex Hermenegildo filio" and "filiam Sisberti regis Francorum" but does not name her[256]. Gregory of Tours records that one of the sons of Leovigildo by his first wife married the daughter of Sigibert King of the Franks, in a later passage naming her Ingund, specifying that she married Hermenegildo, older son of Leovigildo, and that she was mistreated by her husband's stepmother[257]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Childebertus rex Ingundem sororem suam" married "Herminigildo, Levigildi Hispanorum regis filio", and that she fled Spain for France after the death of her husband but was captured and taken to Sicily where she died[258]. Gregory of Tours records that her father-in-law left her "to the good graces of the Greeks" after imprisoning her husband and was unable to "force the Greeks to hand" her over[259]. Alternatively, she fled to Africa with her son after her husband was killed, seeking refuge with the Eastern Emperor[260].
     "m (579) HERMENEGILDO of the Visigoths, son of LEOVIGILDO King of the Visigoths & his first wife --- (-murdered Tarragona 13 Apr 586)."
Med Lands cites: He was King of the West Goths in 586.²

     Ingonde/Ingunda (?) of Austrasia was born circa 567.^2,3 She married Hermenegild II "the Holy" (?) King of the West Goths, son of Leodegild/Leuvigild I (?) King of the Visigoths and Theodosia (?), in 580
; Genealogics says m. 580; Med Lands says m. 579.^{9,10,11,12,13,2}
Ingonde/Ingunda (?) of Austrasia died in 585; Died in africa.^1,2,13,3
      ; Per Genealogy.EU (Iberia 1): “A1. King Hermenegild II "the Holy" of the West Goths, +murdered 13.4.586; m.580 Ingunda of Austrasia (+585)”

Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians 1): “E2. Ingonde, +585; m.580 King Hermenegild II of West Goths (+586)”.^10,9

; Per Med Lands:
     "HERMENEGILDO “the Holy” ([550/55]-murdered Tarragona 13 Apr 586). The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica names "duosque filios suos ex amissa coniuge Hermenegildem et Reccaredum" when recording that their father associated them in his rule in 573[220]. In 579, his father appointed Hermenegildo as Governor of Betica, based in Seville. Gregory of Tours records his conversion to Catholicism and baptism as "JOHN"[221]. He converted to Catholicism in Seville in 580 under the influence of Leandro, Archbishop of Seville[222]. He revolted against his father's Arian rule in 581, retired to Córdoba in 584, but was captured and exiled to Valencia. Isidore of Seville records that "his son Hermenegild" rebelled against his father who defeated him[223]. The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records that Hermenegildo was sent into exile in 584 and in 585 was killed "in urbe Tarraconensi" by "Sisberto"[224]. He was canonised in 1586.
     "m (579) INGUNDIS [Ingonde] of the Franks, daughter of SIGEBERT I King of the Franks & his wife Brunechildis of the Visigoths ([567/68]-in Africa Autumn 586). The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the marriage in 579 of "Leovegildus rex Hermenegildo filio" and "filiam Sisberti regis Francorum"[225]. Gregory of Tours records that one of the sons of Leovigildo by his first wife married the daughter of Sigebert King of the Franks, in a later passage naming her "Ingund", specifying that she married Hermenegildo, older son of Leovigildo, and that she was mistreated by her husband's stepmother[226]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Childebertus rex Ingundem sororem suam" married "Herminigildo, Levigildi Hispanorum regis filio", and that she fled Spain for France after the death of her husband but was captured and taken to Sicily where she died[227]. Gregory of Tours records that her father-in-law left her "to the good graces of the Greeks" after imprisoning her husband and was unable to "force the Greeks to hand" her over[228]. She fled to Africa with her son after her husband was killed, seeking refuge with the Eastern Emperor[229]. Hermenegildo and his wife had one child:
Med Lands cites:

; Per Royaume Europe: “Hermenegildo de los Visigoths, Hermenegild des Wisigoths, Hermenegildem V?s?g?thæ il est né vers 555 et décapité par un nommé Sisberto le 13 avril 586 à Tarragone fils de Leovigildo primero los Visigodos et de Théodosia de Cartagène
     "Il a le titre Royal de : Co-Roi d’Espagne en 573 avec sont frère Reccared des Wisigoths
     "Il a le titre de : Comte de Séville en 574
     "– Il se converti au catholicisme à Séville en 580 Canonisé en 1586 Saint Hermenegildo se proclame Roi d’Espagne en 583 contre son père
     "Épouse en 579 Ingonde der Franken née entre 567 et 568 et décédée fin 586 en Afrique fille de Sigibert erster der Franken et de Brunechild der Westgoten
     "** Atanagildo de los Visigodos, Athanagild des Wisigoths né vers 583
          "Épouse vers 610 Juliana Flavia de Constantinople née en 582 ou 585 fille de Ardabast Mamikonian et de Née de Constantinople”.¹⁴

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag, Marburg, Schwennicke, Detlev (Ed.) 1.1:1; 2:48.² GAV-43. GAV-40.

; Per Med Lands:
     "INGUNDIS [Ingonde] ([567/68]-[in Africa or Sicily] Autumn 586). The Iohannis Abbatis Biclarensis Chronica records the marriage in 579 of "Leovegildus rex Hermenegildo filio" and "filiam Sisberti regis Francorum" but does not name her[256]. Gregory of Tours records that one of the sons of Leovigildo by his first wife married the daughter of Sigibert King of the Franks, in a later passage naming her Ingund, specifying that she married Hermenegildo, older son of Leovigildo, and that she was mistreated by her husband's stepmother[257]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Childebertus rex Ingundem sororem suam" married "Herminigildo, Levigildi Hispanorum regis filio", and that she fled Spain for France after the death of her husband but was captured and taken to Sicily where she died[258]. Gregory of Tours records that her father-in-law left her "to the good graces of the Greeks" after imprisoning her husband and was unable to "force the Greeks to hand" her over[259]. Alternatively, she fled to Africa with her son after her husband was killed, seeking refuge with the Eastern Emperor[260].
     "m (579) HERMENEGILDO of the Visigoths, son of LEOVIGILDO King of the Visigoths & his first wife --- (-murdered Tarragona 13 Apr 586)."
Med Lands cites:

     Brunichilde/Brunechildis (?) Queen of the Franks was born circa 543 at Toledo, Provincia de Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain (now); Genealogics says b. bef 537; Genealogy.EU Merove 1 page says b. ca 543; Med Lands and Roglo say b. 545/50.^11,1,2,4 She married Sigebert I (?) King of Metz (Austrasia), son of Clothaire I "le Vieux" (?) King of Soissons, King of the Franks and Ingunde/Ingonde (?) des Francs, between 566 and 568
;
Her 1st husband. Genealogics and Roglo say m. 566; Genealogy.EU (Merove 1) says m. 568; Med Lands says m. "early 566."^{11,1,2,4,12,13,14} Brunichilde/Brunechildis (?) Queen of the Franks married Merovech (?), son of Chilperic I (?) King of Soissons and Paris and Audovera (?), in 576 at Rouen, Departement de la Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France,
;
Her 2nd husband.^5,15,2,4,16
Brunichilde/Brunechildis (?) Queen of the Franks died in October 613 at Renève-sur-Vingeanne, Departement de la Côte-d'Or, Bourgogne, France (now); Executed. Roglo says 28 Feb 613.^11,1,2,4
Brunichilde/Brunechildis (?) Queen of the Franks was buried after October 613 at Abbaye de St Martin (in ruins), Autun, Departement de Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     543, Toledo, Provincia de Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
     DEATH     613 (aged 69–70), Autun, Departement de Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
     A Visigoth who married King Sigebert I of Austrasia, and ruled the eastern kingdoms of Austrasia and Burgundy in the names of her sons and grandsons.
She was educated in Toledo as an Arian Christian.
     Family Members
     Parents
          Athanagild Apanagildis Visigoth unknown–567
     Spouse
          Sigebert I d'Austrasia 535–575
     Children
          Childebert II d'Austrasia 570–595
     BURIAL     Abbaye de St Martin (in ruins), Autun, Departement de Saône-et-Loire, Bourgogne, France
     PLOT     Brunhilda was buried in the Abbaye de St. Martin at Autun that she founded in 602 on the spot where the bishop of Tours had cut down a beech-tree that served as an object of pagan worship. The abbey was destroyed in 1793 and two parts of the cover of Brunhilda's sarcophagus are now in the Musée Lapidaire in Autun
     Created by: Memerizion
     Added: 4 Jun 2015
     Find a Grave Memorial 147442289.^4,17
      ; Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians 1): “D5. [1m.] Sigebert I, *535, +murdered Vitry 575, King of Metz (Austrasie) (561-575); m.568 Brunehaut/Brunhilde (*ca 543, +Renève 613), a widow of Merove, a son of Chilperic I, a dau.of Athanagilde, King of Wisigoths in Spain”.¹¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "SIGEBERT, son of CLOTAIRE I [Chlothachar] King of the Franks & his third wife Ingundis [Ingonde] ([535]-murdered Vitry [Nov/Dec] 575, bur Lambres transferred to Soissons Saint-Médard). Gregory of Tours names (in order) Gunthar, Childerich, Charibert, Guntram, Sigibert and a daughter Clothsind as the children of King Clotaire and his wife Ingonde[238]. He succeeded his father in 561 as SIGEBERT I King of the Franks, his territories covering those previously held by King Theoderich, with Reims as his capital[239]. These lands were referred to for the first time by Gregory of Tours as Austrasia in 577[240]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica records that "filii ipsius Charibertus, Guntegramnus, Hilpericus et Sigibertus" divided the kingdom between them on the death of their father in 561[241]. After the death of his brother King Charibert, Sigebert seized his lands, retaining in particular Poitiers and Tours against the rival claim of his brother King Chilperich[242]. Gregory of Tours records that King Sigebert died 18 days after his nephew Theodebert and 29 years after the death of King Theodebert, specifying in a later passage that he was killed at Vitry, buried first in the village of Lambres then transferred to the church of Saint-Médard in Soissons[243]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica records that "Sigibertus rex Francorum" was killed by men of his brother King Chilperich[244]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Sigispertus rex Francorum" was killed through the treachery of "Hilperici germani sui"[245]. He was probably murdered on the orders of Queen Frédégonde.
     "m (early 566) as her first husband, BRUNECHILDIS [Brunequilda/Brunechilde] of the Visigoths, daughter of ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths & his wife Gosvinta --- ([545/50]-Renève-sur-Vingeanne Autumn 613, bur Autun, abbaye de Saint-Martin). Gregory of Tours records the marriage of King Sigebert and Brunechildis, daughter of King Atanagildo, describing her as "elegant in all she did, lovely to look at, chaste and decorous in her behaviour, wise in her generation and of good address", specifying that she converted from Arianism to Catholicism and came to France with a large dowry[246]. After her husband's death, her brother-in-law King Chilperich seized her treasure in Paris and banished her to Rouen[247]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Brunihilde matre" became regent after the accession of her son "Childepertus…adhuc puerulus"[248]. She married secondly (Rouen after Easter 576) Merovech, son of King Chilperich I, who was murdered in 577 by Frédégonde. Herimannus records her second marriage to "Meroveus, Hilperici filius"[249]. Her power in Austrasia appears to have increased when her son King Childebert II assumed more direct control from [584], confirmed under the Treaty of Andelot in 587 which recognised her right to protection[250]. According to Fredegar, after her son's death in 596, she was regent for her grandson King Theodebert until 599 when she was "hunted out of Austrasia"[251]. Wood highlights that Pope Gregory I's correspondence with Queen Brunechildis concerning reform of the Frankish church appears to indicate that she still retained power in Austrasia as late as 602[252]. Fredegar reports that she was found "wandering alone near Arcis in Champagne" by a poor man (who was rewarded with the bishopric of Auxerre for his service)[253], and taken to the court of her grandson Theoderich II King of the Franks at Orléans, where she plotted against King Theodebert, culminating in the latter's overthrow and murder in 612 by King Theoderich. Fredegar records that she was the "bedfellow" of Protadius, a Roman, whom she "loaded with honours" and appointed patrician over the territory east of the Jura in [603][254]. After King Clotaire II defeated and captured her great-grandsons in 613, Brunechildis was arrested at the villa of Orbe by the constable Herpo and taken to Clotaire. According to Fredegar, she was tortured for three days, led through the ranks on a camel, and finally tied by her hair, one arm and a leg to the tail of an unbroken horse, being cut to shreds by its hoofs as it ran[255]."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; This is the same person as ”Brunhilda of Austrasia” at Wikipedia and as ”Brunehaut (reine)” at Wikipédia (FR).^18,3 GAV-40. Brunichilde/Brunechildis (?) Queen of the Franks was also known as Brunehaut/Brunhilde.^11,19

; Per Med Lands:
     "BRUNECHILDIS [Brunequilda/Brunehaut] ([545/50]-Renève-sur-Vingeanne Autumn 613, bur Autun, abbaye de Saint-Martin). Gregory of Tours records the marriage of King Sigebert and Brunechildis, daughter of King Atanagildo, describing her as "elegant in all she did, lovely to look at, chaste and decorous in her behaviour, wise in her generation and of good address", specifying that she converted from Arianism to Catholicism and came to France with a large dowry[184]. After her husband's death, her brother-in-law King Chilperic seized her treasure in Paris and banished her to Rouen[185]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Brunihilde matre" became regent after the accession of her son "Childepertus…adhuc puerulus"[186]. Herimannus records her second marriage to "Meroveus, Hilperici filius"[187]. Her power in Austrasia appears to have increased when her son King Childebert II assumed more direct control from [584], confirmed under the Treaty of Andelot in 587 which recognised her right to protection[188]. According to Fredegar, after her son's death in 596, she was regent for her grandson King Theodebert until 599 when she was "hunted out of Austrasia"[189]. Wood highlights that Pope Gregory I's correspondence with Queen Brunechildis concerning reform of the Frankish church appears to indicate that she still retained power in Austrasia as late as 602[190]. Fredegar reports that she was found "wandering alone near Arcis in Champagne" by a poor man (who was rewarded with the bishopric of Auxerre for his service)[191], and taken to the court of her grandson Theoderic II King of the Franks at Orléans, where she plotted against King Theodebert, culminating in the latter's overthrow and murder in 612 by King Theoderic. Fredegar records that she was the "bedfellow" of Protadius, a Roman, whom she "loaded with honours" and appointed patrician over the territory east of the Jura in [603][192]. After King Clotaire II defeated and captured her great-grandsons in 613, Brunechildis was arrested at the villa of Orbe by the constable Herpo and taken to Clotaire. According to Fredegar, she was tortured for three days, led through the ranks on a camel, and finally tied by her hair, one arm and a leg to the tail of an unbroken horse, being cut to shreds by its hoofs as it ran[193].
     "m firstly (early 566) SIGEBERT I King of the Franks, son of CLOTAIRE I [Chlothachar] King of the Franks & his third wife Ingundis [Ingonde] ([535]-murdered Vitry [Nov/Dec] 575, bur Soissons, basilique Saint-Médard).
     "m secondly (576) MEROVECH of the Franks, son of CHILPERICH I King of the Franks & his first wife Audovera (-Thérouanne, Pas-de-Calais 577, bur Paris Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés). He was murdered on the orders of Frédégonde, the concubine of Merovech's father."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Roglo:
     "Brunehilde ou Brunichildis (en germanique Déesse cuirassée, de Brunia qui veut dire broigne et Khildis la déesse de la Victoire), est une princesse wisigothe devenue reine des Francs qui dans les faits va régner sur au moins un royaume mérovingien (Austrasie et/ou Burgondie) pendant 33 ans. Elle est née en Hispanie wisigothique vers 547 et morte exécutée en 613 à Renève. Elle est nommée Brunehaut, forme française de son nom, à partir du XIIIe siècle. Certains historiens contemporains comme Roger-Xavier Lantéri préfèrent la forme Brunehilde. Cependant, d’autres historiens comme Bruno Dumézil conservent la forme traditionnelle pour la distinguer du personnage mythologique, la valkyrie Brunehilde.
     "Also known as Brunhilde, the Visigothic princess exerted great influence over political life in the Frankish kingdoms of Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy. Brunhilde married King Sigebert of Austrasia in 567, while her sister Galswintha married Sigebert's brother Chilperic, king of Neustria. Rivalry between the brothers developed into open war when Chilperic had Galswintha murdered and Brunhilde demanded that her sister's death be revenged. When Sigebert was assassinated on the orders of Fredegunde, Chilperic's second wife, in 575, Chilperic claimed his lands. Brunhilde resisted this claim in the name of her son Childebert II. However, her nobles deserted her and she fled to Burgundy. Childebert remained in Austrasia and in 592 inherited Burgundy. When Childebert died in 595, Brunhilde attempted to assert her control as regent over Burgundy and Austrasia, which her grandsons Theodoric II and Theodebert II had inherited. After successfully resisting attacks by Chilperic's heir Clotaire II, Brunhilde tried and failed to conquer Neustria in 600 and again in 603-04. In 612 Theodoric murdered his brother Theodebert at her instigation. Theodoric himself died in 613. When Brunhilde tried to make her great-grandson Sigebert II king, the nobles rebelled and acknowledged Clotaire as king. In the autumn of 613, near Dijon, France, Clotaire had both Sigebert and Brunhilde executed.
     "Brunehaut fut horriblement suppliciée pendant trois jours. Il existe manifestement une controverse quant à sa date de naissance : Pour certains (D. Feuer & J. d'Hendecourt dans "Dictionnaire des rois et des reines de France", Quid-2000) elle serait née en 534, ce qui fait qu'elle se marie tard, pour l'époque. Pour d'autres (Prof. Dr. Luiz de Mello Vaz de São-Payo, «Ascendência de D. Afonso Henriques», cité par Manuel Abranches de Soveral, elle est née en 511). On trouve même dans Quid (éd. 2000), à une autre page, qu'elle serait née en 543, mais quand même morte à près de 80 ans (donc vraisemblablement une faute de frappe).
     "La figure de Brunehaut est l'une des plus connue et des plus controversées de son siècle. Sa guerre mortelle avec Frédégonde ne saurait être rapportée ici. Rappelons brièvement les faits. Après les noces de Sigebert et de Brunehaut, son frère Chilpéric obtient la main de Galwintha, la soeur aînée de Brunehaut. Mais Frédégonde, la concubine de Chilpéric fait étrangler la jeune femme. Il en résulta une haine impitoyable entre les deux reines. Frédégonde assassine Merovech, deuxième époux de Brunehaut, qui est aussi le fils de son mari, mais Brunehaut élimine Chilpéric. Brunehaut, en dépit de la haine des chroniqueurs, notamment Frégédaire, fut certainement une grande reine. Elle gouverna le royaume d'une main de fer pendant 38 ans, durant la minorité de son fils, puis de ses petits-fils, se tenant à Metz ou en Alsace. A la suite d'une révolution de palais au profit de Chlothaire II, elle doit se réfugier en Bourgogne. A la fin, Brunehaut est capturée à Orbe et amlenée auprès de son neveu Chlothaire II, le fils de Frédégonde, qui lui fait subir les derniers outrages avant de la faire traîner par des chevaux emballés, à Renève-sur-Vingeanne (Côte-d'Or) à l'automne 613; elle est inhumée à l'abbaye Saint Martin à Autun (Saône et Loire) qu'elle avait fondée.
     "Je retiens les dates de naissance et mariage données par P.Van Kerrebrouck: La Préhistoire des Capétiens, 1993 qui se base sur les travaux de Kurth, Nelson, Ewig, Martindale et Rouche.[J-C de Vaugiraud - 29/05/2006]
     "Fille d’Athanagilde, roi des Visigots, Brunehaut épousa vers 566-568 un petit-fils de Clovis, Sigebert Ier, qui régnait sur l’Austrasie. Vers le même moment sa sœur Galswinthe épousa le roi de Neustrie Chilpéric Ier mais celui-ci ne tarda pas à l’assassiner à l’instigation de sa concubine Frédégonde. La vengeance que Brunehaut exigea de ce meurtre entraîna pendant près d’un demi-siècle un conflit entre les deux royaumes. Veuve depuis 575, en butte à une forte opposition en Austrasie, Brunehaut orienta son fils Childebert II vers une alliance avec son beau-frère Gontran qui régnait alors sur l’ancien royaume des Burgondes. Cette alliance aboutit après la mort de Gontran en 587 à l’union de la Bourgogne et de l’Austrasie. Au lendemain de la mort de Childebert (595), Brunehaut fut régente de toute la Gaule de l’Est et du Sud-Est au nom de ses deux petits-fils. Mais son autorité fut minée autant par le conflit qui éclata entre ces derniers que par un parti de seigneurs austrasiens dévoués au fils de Chilpéric et de Frédégonde, Clotaire II, roi de Neustrie. Les chefs de ce parti, Pépin de Landen et l’évêque Arnould de Metz, appelèrent Clotaire en Austrasie. Brunehaut lui fut livrée et subit une mort ignominieuse à Renève (est de Dijon). Très diversement jugée par ses contemporains, Brunehaut semble avoir été une femme autoritaire, efficace, rusée et sans scrupules. Son souvenir survit dans un certain nombre de toponymes et dans l’expression « chaussées de Brunehaut » qui désigne quelques routes censées avoir été construites par la reine d’Austrasie.
auteur: E.U - Robert Folz"
Roglo cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians 2): “A2. [1m.] Merovech, +577; m.576 Brunehaut N (*ca 543 +613), dau.of King Athanagild of Wisigoths in Spain”.²⁰

; Per Med Lands:
     "MEROVECH (-murdered Thérouanne 577, bur 584 Paris, Saint-Germain-des-Prés). Gregory of Tours names (in order) Theudebert, Merovech and Clovis as the sons of King Chilperich and Audovera[330]. Merovech was held in custody following his marriage, tonsured and sent to the monastery of Anille at Le Mans, but sought refuge in the church of St Martin at Tours before being murdered after he went into hiding in the area of Reims[331]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica records that "Meroveus filius Hilperici" was killed in 578[332].
     "m (Rouen after Easter 576) as her second husband, BRUNECHILDIS [Brunequilda/Brunechilde] of the Visigoths, widow of SIGEBERT I King of the Franks, daughter of ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths & his wife Gosvinta --- ([545/50]-Renève-sur-Vingeanne Autumn 613, bur Autun, abbaye de Saint-Martin). Gregory records that Merovech married his uncle's widow in Rouen soon after Easter in the year following her first husband's murder[333]."
Med Lands cites:

     Merovech (?) married Brunichilde/Brunechildis (?) Queen of the Franks, daughter of Athanagild/Atanagildo (?) King of the Visigoths and Galswinthe of The Vandals (?), in 576 at Rouen, Departement de la Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France,
;
Her 2nd husband.^1,2,5,6,3
Merovech (?) died in 577 at Thérouanne, France (now); Murdered.^1,2
     ; Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians 1): “D5. [1m.] Sigebert I, *535, +murdered Vitry 575, King of Metz (Austrasie) (561-575); m.568 Brunehaut/Brunhilde (*ca 543, +Renève 613), a widow of Merove, a son of Chilperic I, a dau.of Athanagilde, King of Wisigoths in Spain”.⁷
; Per Med Lands:
     "BRUNECHILDIS [Brunequilda/Brunehaut] ([545/50]-Renève-sur-Vingeanne Autumn 613, bur Autun, abbaye de Saint-Martin). Gregory of Tours records the marriage of King Sigebert and Brunechildis, daughter of King Atanagildo, describing her as "elegant in all she did, lovely to look at, chaste and decorous in her behaviour, wise in her generation and of good address", specifying that she converted from Arianism to Catholicism and came to France with a large dowry[184]. After her husband's death, her brother-in-law King Chilperic seized her treasure in Paris and banished her to Rouen[185]. Paulus Diaconus records that "Brunihilde matre" became regent after the accession of her son "Childepertus…adhuc puerulus"[186]. Herimannus records her second marriage to "Meroveus, Hilperici filius"[187]. Her power in Austrasia appears to have increased when her son King Childebert II assumed more direct control from [584], confirmed under the Treaty of Andelot in 587 which recognised her right to protection[188]. According to Fredegar, after her son's death in 596, she was regent for her grandson King Theodebert until 599 when she was "hunted out of Austrasia"[189]. Wood highlights that Pope Gregory I's correspondence with Queen Brunechildis concerning reform of the Frankish church appears to indicate that she still retained power in Austrasia as late as 602[190]. Fredegar reports that she was found "wandering alone near Arcis in Champagne" by a poor man (who was rewarded with the bishopric of Auxerre for his service)[191], and taken to the court of her grandson Theoderic II King of the Franks at Orléans, where she plotted against King Theodebert, culminating in the latter's overthrow and murder in 612 by King Theoderic. Fredegar records that she was the "bedfellow" of Protadius, a Roman, whom she "loaded with honours" and appointed patrician over the territory east of the Jura in [603][192]. After King Clotaire II defeated and captured her great-grandsons in 613, Brunechildis was arrested at the villa of Orbe by the constable Herpo and taken to Clotaire. According to Fredegar, she was tortured for three days, led through the ranks on a camel, and finally tied by her hair, one arm and a leg to the tail of an unbroken horse, being cut to shreds by its hoofs as it ran[193].
     "m firstly (early 566) SIGEBERT I King of the Franks, son of CLOTAIRE I [Chlothachar] King of the Franks & his third wife Ingundis [Ingonde] ([535]-murdered Vitry [Nov/Dec] 575, bur Soissons, basilique Saint-Médard).
     "m secondly (576) MEROVECH of the Franks, son of CHILPERICH I King of the Franks & his first wife Audovera (-Thérouanne, Pas-de-Calais 577, bur Paris Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés). He was murdered on the orders of Frédégonde, the concubine of Merovech's father."
Med Lands cites:
; Per Roglo:
     "Brunehilde ou Brunichildis (en germanique Déesse cuirassée, de Brunia qui veut dire broigne et Khildis la déesse de la Victoire), est une princesse wisigothe devenue reine des Francs qui dans les faits va régner sur au moins un royaume mérovingien (Austrasie et/ou Burgondie) pendant 33 ans. Elle est née en Hispanie wisigothique vers 547 et morte exécutée en 613 à Renève. Elle est nommée Brunehaut, forme française de son nom, à partir du XIIIe siècle. Certains historiens contemporains comme Roger-Xavier Lantéri préfèrent la forme Brunehilde. Cependant, d’autres historiens comme Bruno Dumézil conservent la forme traditionnelle pour la distinguer du personnage mythologique, la valkyrie Brunehilde.
     "Also known as Brunhilde, the Visigothic princess exerted great influence over political life in the Frankish kingdoms of Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy. Brunhilde married King Sigebert of Austrasia in 567, while her sister Galswintha married Sigebert's brother Chilperic, king of Neustria. Rivalry between the brothers developed into open war when Chilperic had Galswintha murdered and Brunhilde demanded that her sister's death be revenged. When Sigebert was assassinated on the orders of Fredegunde, Chilperic's second wife, in 575, Chilperic claimed his lands. Brunhilde resisted this claim in the name of her son Childebert II. However, her nobles deserted her and she fled to Burgundy. Childebert remained in Austrasia and in 592 inherited Burgundy. When Childebert died in 595, Brunhilde attempted to assert her control as regent over Burgundy and Austrasia, which her grandsons Theodoric II and Theodebert II had inherited. After successfully resisting attacks by Chilperic's heir Clotaire II, Brunhilde tried and failed to conquer Neustria in 600 and again in 603-04. In 612 Theodoric murdered his brother Theodebert at her instigation. Theodoric himself died in 613. When Brunhilde tried to make her great-grandson Sigebert II king, the nobles rebelled and acknowledged Clotaire as king. In the autumn of 613, near Dijon, France, Clotaire had both Sigebert and Brunhilde executed.
     "Brunehaut fut horriblement suppliciée pendant trois jours. Il existe manifestement une controverse quant à sa date de naissance : Pour certains (D. Feuer & J. d'Hendecourt dans "Dictionnaire des rois et des reines de France", Quid-2000) elle serait née en 534, ce qui fait qu'elle se marie tard, pour l'époque. Pour d'autres (Prof. Dr. Luiz de Mello Vaz de São-Payo, «Ascendência de D. Afonso Henriques», cité par Manuel Abranches de Soveral, elle est née en 511). On trouve même dans Quid (éd. 2000), à une autre page, qu'elle serait née en 543, mais quand même morte à près de 80 ans (donc vraisemblablement une faute de frappe).
     "La figure de Brunehaut est l'une des plus connue et des plus controversées de son siècle. Sa guerre mortelle avec Frédégonde ne saurait être rapportée ici. Rappelons brièvement les faits. Après les noces de Sigebert et de Brunehaut, son frère Chilpéric obtient la main de Galwintha, la soeur aînée de Brunehaut. Mais Frédégonde, la concubine de Chilpéric fait étrangler la jeune femme. Il en résulta une haine impitoyable entre les deux reines. Frédégonde assassine Merovech, deuxième époux de Brunehaut, qui est aussi le fils de son mari, mais Brunehaut élimine Chilpéric. Brunehaut, en dépit de la haine des chroniqueurs, notamment Frégédaire, fut certainement une grande reine. Elle gouverna le royaume d'une main de fer pendant 38 ans, durant la minorité de son fils, puis de ses petits-fils, se tenant à Metz ou en Alsace. A la suite d'une révolution de palais au profit de Chlothaire II, elle doit se réfugier en Bourgogne. A la fin, Brunehaut est capturée à Orbe et amlenée auprès de son neveu Chlothaire II, le fils de Frédégonde, qui lui fait subir les derniers outrages avant de la faire traîner par des chevaux emballés, à Renève-sur-Vingeanne (Côte-d'Or) à l'automne 613; elle est inhumée à l'abbaye Saint Martin à Autun (Saône et Loire) qu'elle avait fondée.
     "Je retiens les dates de naissance et mariage données par P.Van Kerrebrouck: La Préhistoire des Capétiens, 1993 qui se base sur les travaux de Kurth, Nelson, Ewig, Martindale et Rouche.[J-C de Vaugiraud - 29/05/2006]
     "Fille d’Athanagilde, roi des Visigots, Brunehaut épousa vers 566-568 un petit-fils de Clovis, Sigebert Ier, qui régnait sur l’Austrasie. Vers le même moment sa sœur Galswinthe épousa le roi de Neustrie Chilpéric Ier mais celui-ci ne tarda pas à l’assassiner à l’instigation de sa concubine Frédégonde. La vengeance que Brunehaut exigea de ce meurtre entraîna pendant près d’un demi-siècle un conflit entre les deux royaumes. Veuve depuis 575, en butte à une forte opposition en Austrasie, Brunehaut orienta son fils Childebert II vers une alliance avec son beau-frère Gontran qui régnait alors sur l’ancien royaume des Burgondes. Cette alliance aboutit après la mort de Gontran en 587 à l’union de la Bourgogne et de l’Austrasie. Au lendemain de la mort de Childebert (595), Brunehaut fut régente de toute la Gaule de l’Est et du Sud-Est au nom de ses deux petits-fils. Mais son autorité fut minée autant par le conflit qui éclata entre ces derniers que par un parti de seigneurs austrasiens dévoués au fils de Chilpéric et de Frédégonde, Clotaire II, roi de Neustrie. Les chefs de ce parti, Pépin de Landen et l’évêque Arnould de Metz, appelèrent Clotaire en Austrasie. Brunehaut lui fut livrée et subit une mort ignominieuse à Renève (est de Dijon). Très diversement jugée par ses contemporains, Brunehaut semble avoir été une femme autoritaire, efficace, rusée et sans scrupules. Son souvenir survit dans un certain nombre de toponymes et dans l’expression « chaussées de Brunehaut » qui désigne quelques routes censées avoir été construites par la reine d’Austrasie.
auteur: E.U - Robert Folz"
Roglo cites:

; This is the same person as ”Mérovée (fils de Chilpéric Ier)” at Wikipédia (FR).⁸

; Per Roglo: "En 576, est mis à la tête d'une armée se dirigeant vers Poitiers, mais s'arrête à Tours qu'il dévaste. Il se rend ensuite à Rouen où il épouse Brunehault, la veuve de son oncle. Ayant encouru pour cela la colère de son père, il se réfugie dans la basilique Saint Martin où il parvient à l'apaiser. Peu après, toutefois, provoquant de nouveau son courroux, il est placé sous bonne garde. Il est même tonsuré et ordonné prêtre. Il réussit cependant à se réfugier de nouveau dans la basilique Saint Martin où il tient tête quelque temps à son père. Enfin, vaincu par trahison, il se fait tuer par un familier à Thérouanne (Pas de Calais) en 577. En 584, sa dépouille est transférée solennellement à Paris et déposée dans l'abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés à côté de celle de son jeune frère Clovis. [J-C de Vaugiraud (P.Van Kerrebrouck: La Préhistoire des Capétiens, 1993) 29/05/2006]"
Roglo cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians 2): “A2. [1m.] Merovech, +577; m.576 Brunehaut N (*ca 543 +613), dau.of King Athanagild of Wisigoths in Spain”.⁹

; Per Med Lands:
     "MEROVECH (-murdered Thérouanne 577, bur 584 Paris, Saint-Germain-des-Prés). Gregory of Tours names (in order) Theudebert, Merovech and Clovis as the sons of King Chilperich and Audovera[330]. Merovech was held in custody following his marriage, tonsured and sent to the monastery of Anille at Le Mans, but sought refuge in the church of St Martin at Tours before being murdered after he went into hiding in the area of Reims[331]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica records that "Meroveus filius Hilperici" was killed in 578[332].
     "m (Rouen after Easter 576) as her second husband, BRUNECHILDIS [Brunequilda/Brunechilde] of the Visigoths, widow of SIGEBERT I King of the Franks, daughter of ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths & his wife Gosvinta --- ([545/50]-Renève-sur-Vingeanne Autumn 613, bur Autun, abbaye de Saint-Martin). Gregory records that Merovech married his uncle's widow in Rouen soon after Easter in the year following her first husband's murder[333]."
Med Lands cites:

     Audovera (?) married Chilperic I (?) King of Soissons and Paris, son of Clothaire I "le Vieux" (?) King of Soissons, King of the Franks and Aregunde (?) Queen of the Franks, circa 549
;
His 1st wife.^1,3,2,4,5
Audovera (?) died in 580; murdered.^1,3,2
      ; Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians): “[2m.] Chilperich I, *ca 523, +murdered 27.9./9.10.584, King of Soissons (561-584) and of Paris (568-584), he took Poitou, Limousin and Touraine 576; 1m: ca 549 Audovere N (+murdered 580), reputiated; 2m: 567 Galsonte N (+568); 3m: Fredegonde N (*Montdidier 546, +Paris 597); for his issue see http://genealogy.euweb.cz/merove/merove2.html”.³

; Per Med Lands:
     "CHILPERICH, son of CLOTAIRE I [Chlothachar] King of the Franks & his fourth wife Arnegundis (before 535-murdered Chelles [27 Sep/9 Oct] 584, bur Paris, Saint-Germain-des-Prés). Gregory of Tours names Chilperich as the son of King Clotaire and his wife Aregonde[314]. He succeeded his father in 561 as CHILPERICH I King of the Franks, his territories covering those previously held by his father, with Soissons as his capital[315]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica records that "filii ipsius Charibertus, Guntegramnus, Hilpericus et Sigibertus" divided the kingdom between them on the death of their father in 561[316]. Gregory of Tours records that King Chilperich was forced to flee by his half-brother King Sigebert who conquered his territories[317]. He captured Neustria on the death of his brother King Charibert. Gregory of Tours records the murder of King Chilperich at Chelles and his burial in the church of St Vincent in Paris[318].
     "m firstly ([549]) AUDOVERE, daughter of --- (-murdered 580). Gregory of Tours names Audovera as one of the earlier consorts of King Chilperich[319]. Herimannus records that "Audoveram reginam commatrem suam [=Geislundam]" was strangled by her husband's concubine "Fridegundis"[320]. Gregory of Tours records that the mother of Clovis was "murdered in the most cruel fashion"[321], dated to late 580 from the context.
     "m secondly (564) GALSWINTHA of the Visigoths, daughter of ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths & his wife Gosvinta --- (-murdered [567]). Gregory of Tours records the marriage of King Chilperich and Galswintha, older daughter of King Atanagildo, after the marriage of King Sigebert to her younger sister, specifying that she converted from Arianism to Catholicism and came to France with a large dowry, but never stopped complaining to the king about the insults she had to endure, her husband eventually having her garrotted by one of his servants[322]. Herimannus names "Geisluindam, sororem Brunæ [filiam Athanagildi regis Gothorum]" as wife of "Hilpericus frater Sigibertus rex", recording that she was strangled by her husband's concubine "Fridegundis"[323].
     "m thirdly (568) FREDEGONDE, daughter of --- (-597, bur Paris, Saint-Germain-des-Prés). Gregory of Tours records that King Chilperich married Frédégonde before his marriage to Galswintha, specifying that a great quarrel ensued between the two of them[324]. It is assumed that this indicates that Frédégonde was the king's mistress before his second marriage. She plotted actively in favour of her sons at the expense of her husband's children by his first marriage. It is likely that she ordered the murder of her brother-in-law King Sigebert I. According to the 8th century source, Liber Historiae Francorum, she murdered her husband after he discovered that she was having an affair[325]. She was regent for her son King Clotaire II after his succession in 584. Fredegar records that Frédégonde died "in the second year of the reign of Theodebert"[326]."
Med Lands cites:

; Leo van de Pas cites: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: I-1 1.² The marriage of Audovera (?) and Chilperic I (?) King of Soissons and Paris was annulled circa 567; repudiated.^1,2,4

     Galsvintha/Galsonte (?) married Chilperic I (?) King of Soissons and Paris, son of Clothaire I "le Vieux" (?) King of Soissons, King of the Franks and Aregunde (?) Queen of the Franks, between 564 and 567
;
His 2nd wife.^1,6,2,7,8
Galsvintha/Galsonte (?) died in 568; Leo van de Pas says d. 567; Genealogy.EU Merove 2 page says d. 568.^1,2
     ; Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians): “[2m.] Chilperich I, *ca 523, +murdered 27.9./9.10.584, King of Soissons (561-584) and of Paris (568-584), he took Poitou, Limousin and Touraine 576; 1m: ca 549 Audovere N (+murdered 580), reputiated; 2m: 567 Galsonte N (+568); 3m: Fredegonde N (*Montdidier 546, +Paris 597); for his issue see http://genealogy.euweb.cz/merove/merove2.html”.⁷
; Per Med Lands:
     "CHILPERICH, son of CLOTAIRE I [Chlothachar] King of the Franks & his fourth wife Arnegundis (before 535-murdered Chelles [27 Sep/9 Oct] 584, bur Paris, Saint-Germain-des-Prés). Gregory of Tours names Chilperich as the son of King Clotaire and his wife Aregonde[314]. He succeeded his father in 561 as CHILPERICH I King of the Franks, his territories covering those previously held by his father, with Soissons as his capital[315]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica records that "filii ipsius Charibertus, Guntegramnus, Hilpericus et Sigibertus" divided the kingdom between them on the death of their father in 561[316]. Gregory of Tours records that King Chilperich was forced to flee by his half-brother King Sigebert who conquered his territories[317]. He captured Neustria on the death of his brother King Charibert. Gregory of Tours records the murder of King Chilperich at Chelles and his burial in the church of St Vincent in Paris[318].
     "m firstly ([549]) AUDOVERE, daughter of --- (-murdered 580). Gregory of Tours names Audovera as one of the earlier consorts of King Chilperich[319]. Herimannus records that "Audoveram reginam commatrem suam [=Geislundam]" was strangled by her husband's concubine "Fridegundis"[320]. Gregory of Tours records that the mother of Clovis was "murdered in the most cruel fashion"[321], dated to late 580 from the context.
     "m secondly (564) GALSWINTHA of the Visigoths, daughter of ATANAGILDO King of the Visigoths & his wife Gosvinta --- (-murdered [567]). Gregory of Tours records the marriage of King Chilperich and Galswintha, older daughter of King Atanagildo, after the marriage of King Sigebert to her younger sister, specifying that she converted from Arianism to Catholicism and came to France with a large dowry, but never stopped complaining to the king about the insults she had to endure, her husband eventually having her garrotted by one of his servants[322]. Herimannus names "Geisluindam, sororem Brunæ [filiam Athanagildi regis Gothorum]" as wife of "Hilpericus frater Sigibertus rex", recording that she was strangled by her husband's concubine "Fridegundis"[323].
     "m thirdly (568) FREDEGONDE, daughter of --- (-597, bur Paris, Saint-Germain-des-Prés). Gregory of Tours records that King Chilperich married Frédégonde before his marriage to Galswintha, specifying that a great quarrel ensued between the two of them[324]. It is assumed that this indicates that Frédégonde was the king's mistress before his second marriage. She plotted actively in favour of her sons at the expense of her husband's children by his first marriage. It is likely that she ordered the murder of her brother-in-law King Sigebert I. According to the 8th century source, Liber Historiae Francorum, she murdered her husband after he discovered that she was having an affair[325]. She was regent for her son King Clotaire II after his succession in 584. Fredegar records that Frédégonde died "in the second year of the reign of Theodebert"[326]."
Med Lands cites:

; Leo van de Pas cites: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: I-1 1.²

     Liuga/Leova II (?) King of the West Goths died in 603; murdered.¹
     He was King of the West Goths between 601 and 603.¹

     Recimir (?) King of the West Goths died in 631; murdered.¹
     He was King of the West Goths in 631.¹

     Sisenand (?) King of the West Goths died between 635 and 636.¹
     He was King of the West Goths between 601 and 636.¹

     Fulk/Tulga (?) King of the West Goths died in 642.¹
     He was King of the West Goths between 640 and 642.¹

     Chindaswinth (?) King of the Visigoths married Rekiberga (?)¹

Chindaswinth (?) King of the Visigoths died on 1 October 653.^1,2
     He was King of the West Goths between 642 and 653.¹

     Rekiberga (?) married Chindaswinth (?) King of the Visigoths, son of Swinthila II (?) King of the Visigoths and Theodora (?).¹

     Rekkaswind (?) King of the West Goths died on 1 September 672.¹
     He was King of the West Goths between 653 and 672.¹

     Theodofred (?) Duke of Cordoba married Princess Recilona (?) of Cordoba.¹

     Princess Recilona (?) of Cordoba married Theodofred (?) Duke of Cordoba, son of Chindaswinth (?) King of the Visigoths and Rekiberga (?).¹