Person Page - 2139

     Bertha (?) Queen of Kent was born circa 550; Friend [2004] says b. ca 550. Find A Grave says b. ca 539. Wikipedia says b. c 565; Med Lands says b. bef 560.^1,9,4,7 She married Aethelberht (?) King of Kent, son of Eormenric (?) King of Kent, in 580
;
His 1st wife.^1,3,10,11
Bertha (?) Queen of Kent was buried circa 597 at Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, City of Canterbury, co. Kent, England; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown
     DEATH     unknown
     British Monarch. She reigned as the Queen of Kent. She was the daughter of King Charibert of France and the wife of King Ethelbert. Mother of King Ethelred. She was born around 539 and died in 597 AD. Berthe brought French customs to the Kentish court.
Bio by: girlofcelje
     BURIAL     Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, City of Canterbury, Kent, England
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Originally Created by: girlofcelje
     Added: 5 Jul 2004
     Find A Grave Memorial 9043409.⁹
Bertha (?) Queen of Kent died between 601 and 616; Wikipedia says d. in or after 601; Med Lands says d. 601/before 616; Med Lands says d. bef 616.^9,4,10,7
Bertha (?) Queen of Kent was buried before 616 at Church of St. Peter and St. Paul's Abbery Church, Canterbury, co. Kent, England.⁷
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: I.1 1.¹² GAV-42.

; Per Med Lands:
     "BERTA ([before 560]-[601/before 616], bur Canterbury, Church of St Peter and St Paul). Gregory of Tours records that the daughter of King Charibert and Ingoberg "eventually married a man from Kent and went to live there"[181]. Bede records that "rex Aedilberct in Cantia" had "uxorem…Christianam de gente Francorum regia…Bercta" whom he had received "a parentibus" on condition she retained her religion[182]. It is reasonable to assume that Berta was born before 560, given the subsequent marital history of her father, who died in 567 having married three times after repudiating his first wife, although it is possible that some if not all of his marriages were polygamous. Kirby suggests that Berta's marriage took place in [580] after analysing the various contradictory chronological indications in contemporary sources[183]. According to Bede, as noted above, King Æthelberht received Bertha "a parentibus". As her father died in 567, and her mother in 589, this appears to mean that she married before 567 if taken literally, which seems unlikely. The word "parents" may in this context mean "relatives" more broadly. Already a Christian when she came to England, she was accompanied by Liudhard, a Frankish bishop[184], although if he attempted to convert her husband his efforts must have been unsuccessful in view of the later conversion of King Æthelberht by St Augustine. Queen Berta is named in Pope Gregory I's letter of 601 to her husband[185]. Bede records the burial of "Aedilbert tex Cantuariorum" in "portico sancti Martini intro ecclesiam beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli" stating that this was where "Berctæ regina" was buried[186]. m ([580]) as his first wife, ÆTHELBERHT King of Kent, son of EORMENRIC King of Kent & his wife --- (after [550]-24 Feb 616, bur Canterbury, Church of St Peter and St Paul)."
Med Lands cites:

; From Wikipedia:
     "Saint Bertha or Saint Aldeberge (c. 565 [1] – d. in or after 601) was the queen of Kent whose influence led to the Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England. She was canonized as a saint for her role in its establishment during that period of English history.
Life
     "Bertha was a Frankish princess, the daughter of Charibert I and his wife Ingoberga, granddaughter of the reigning King Chlothar I and great-granddaughter of Clovis I and Saint Clotilde.[2] Her father died in 567, her mother in 589. Bertha had been raised near Tours.[3] Her marriage to the pagan Æthelberht of Kent, in 580 AD, was on condition that she be allowed to practice her religion.[4] She brought her chaplain, Liudhard, with her to England.[5] A former Roman church was restored for Bertha just outside the City of Canterbury, and dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. It was the private chapel of Queen Bertha before Augustine arrived from Rome. The present St Martin's Church continues on the same site, incorporating Roman walling of the original church in the chancel. It is acknowledged by UNESCO as the oldest church in the English-speaking world where Christian worship has taken place continuously since 580 AD. St Martin's (with Canterbury Cathedral and St Augustine's Abbey) make up Canterbury's UNESCO World Heritage site.[6]
     "Pope Gregory the Great sent a Mission led by Augustine of Canterbury, to restore Christianity to England in 596. The Mission's favourable reception upon arrival in 597 AD owed much to the influence of Bertha.[7] Without her support and Æthelberht's good will, monastic settlements and the cathedral would likely have been developed elsewhere.[8] In 601, Pope Gregory addressed a letter to Bertha, in which he complimented her highly on her faith and knowledge of letters.[4]
     "Anglo-Saxon records indicate that Saint Bertha had two children: Eadbald of Kent, and Æthelburg of Kent. She is named in the genealogies of various of the medieval accounts of the 'Kentish Royal Legend'.[9]
     "The date of her death (possibly 606) is disputed.[4]
References
1. Janet L. Nelson, ‘Bertha (b. c.565, d. in or after 601)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006 accessed 19 May 2015
2. Gregory of Tours (539-594), History of the Franks, Book 4 at fordham.edu
3. Taylor, Martin. The Cradle of English Christianity Archived March 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
4. Wace, Henry and Piercy, William C., "Bertha, wife of Ethelbert, king of Kent", Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the sixth Century, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. ISBN 1-56563-460-8
5. Bede, Ecclesiastical History
6. "Canterbury", World Heritage Site Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
7. Thurston, Herbert. "Bertha." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 7 May 2013
8. "Queen Bertha", Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society
9. Rollason, D. W. (1982), The Mildrith Legend: A Study in Early Medieval Hagiography in England, Leicester: Leicester University Press, p. 45, ISBN 0-7185-1201-4
10. "6th Century royal statues on show", BBC News, 26 May 2006."⁴ Bertha (?) Queen of Kent was also known as Saint Bertha (?)⁴ Bertha (?) Queen of Kent was also known as Saint Aldeberge (?)⁴ Bertha (?) Queen of Kent was also known as Berta (?) Queen of Kent.⁷

     Ingoberga (?) Queen of the Franks was born circa 520; Friend email says b. ca 519; Genealogy.EU Merove 1 page Genealogics and Med Lands say b. ca 520.^1,5,3,2 She married Charibert I (?) King of the Franks, son of Clothaire I "le Vieux" (?) King of Soissons, King of the Franks and Ingunde/Ingonde (?) des Francs,
;
His 1st wife; later repudiated.^1,6,7,8,3
Ingoberga (?) Queen of the Franks was buried in 589 at Saint-Germain-des-Prés Church, Paris, City of Paris, Île-de-France, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     520, City of Paris, Île-de-France, France
     DEATH     589 (aged 68–69), City of Paris, Île-de-France, France
     Queen Consort. Charibert married Ingoberga, of unknown parentage. They had four children:
     Parents:
          Godegisel, King of the Burgundians
     Family Members
     Spouse
          Charibert I de Paris 517–567
     Children
          Charibert de Haspengau 555–636
          St Bertha of Kent 565–601
     BURIAL     Saint-Germain-des-Prés Church, Paris, City of Paris, Île-de-France, France
     Created by: Memerizion
     Added: 30 Mar 2015
     Find a Grave Memorial 144375090.⁹
Ingoberga (?) Queen of the Franks died in 589 at Tours, Departement d'Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France (now).^1,6,10
      ; Per Genealogy.EU (Meroveans 1): "[1m.] Charibert, *ca 520, +Paris 568, King of Paris (561-568); 1m: Ingoberge N (*ca 520 +589); 2m: Meroflede/Mirefleur N; 3m: Marcovefa N (+ca 570); 4m: Theodichilde N (+after 570.)⁶"

; Per Med Lands:
     "CHARIBERT ([520]-Paris end 567, bur [Paris, Saint-Germain des Prés]). Gregory of Tours names (in order) Gunthar, Childerich, Charibert, Guntram, Sigibert and a daughter Clothsind as the children of King Clotaire and his wife Ingonde[171]. It is assumed that the first three children at least were born illegitimate. He succeeded his father in 561 as CHARIBERT King of the Franks, his territories covering those previously held by his uncle King Childebert, with Paris as his capital[172]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica records that "filii ipsius Charibertus, Guntegramnus, Hilpericus et Sigibertus" divided the kingdom between them on the death of their father in 561[173]. Herimannus names "Hariberti rex libidini deditus" when recording his marriages[174]. After his death, his kingdom was divided among his brothers.
     "m firstly (repudiated) INGOLBERGA [Ingelberge], daughter of --- ([520]-Tours 589). Gregory of Tours names Ingoberg as the wife of King Charibert, but records that he dismissed her and took Merofled in her place[175]. Herimannus records the repudiation by "Hariberti" of his wife "Ingoberga"[176]. She retired to Tours after her repudiation. Gregory of Tours records the death of Queen Ingoberg, widow of Charibert, in the fourteenth year of King Childebert's reign, saying he thought that she was in her 70th year[177], although this age seems exaggerated considering the likely birth date of her daughter.
     "[m] secondly (after 561) MEROFLEDIS, daughter of ---, a wool-worker. Gregory of Tours records that King Charibert fell in love with the two daughters of a wool-worker, Marcovefa and Merofled, and that after Queen Ingoberg humiliated their father by making him prepare wool for the royal household he dismissed the Queen and replaced her by Merofled[178].
     "[m] thirdly (after 561) THEODECHILDIS, daughter of ---. Gregory of Tours names Theudechild, daughter of the shepherd who looked after King Charibert's flocks, as another of the king's women and that after Charibert died she offered her hand in marriage to King Gontran, who seized most of her goods and packed her off to a nunnery at Arles from which she unsuccessfully tried to escape[179].
     "[m] fourthly his sister-in-law, MARCOVEFA, sister of MEROFLEDIS, daughter of --- (-before end 567). Gregory of Tours records the marriage of King Charibert and Marcovefa, sister of Merofled, for which they were excommunicated by "Saint Germanus the Bishop", as well as Marcovefa's death soon after before her husband[180]."
Med lands cites:

; This is the same person as ”Ingoberga” at Wikipedia and as ”Ingeberge” at Wikipédia (FR).^11,4

Reference: Genealogics cites: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: I.1:1.³ Ingoberga (?) Queen of the Franks was also known as Ingolberga/Ingelberge (?)² GAV-45.¹

     Hilarius III (?) was born circa 500.¹
     GAV-43.

; "HILARIUS. Born about 500. Heir of St. Remi. Brother of Loup, Bishop of Chalons 535, and Principius, Bishop of Meaux c.540. He m. a sister of Arnegonde and Ingonde, queens of Clothaire I. Possibly an anonymous brother was the father of generation 31, but in any case the mother of generation 31 [Ingoberga] was a sister in law of Clothaire I."¹

     Saint Radegonda (?) was born in 518 at Erfurt.⁴ She married Clothaire I "le Vieux" (?) King of Soissons, King of the Franks, son of Clovis I 'the Great' (?) King of the Franks and Saint Clotilde/Chrotechilde (?) of Burgundy, circa 540
; Med Lands says m. 531.^1,5,4,6,7
Saint Radegonda (?) died in 587 at Poitiers, Departement de la Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France (now).⁴
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "CHLOTHACHAR [Clotaire/Lothar], son of CHLODOVECH King of the Franks & his second wife Chrotechildis of Burgundy ([501/02]-Soissons [30 Nov/31 Dec] 561, bur Soissons, basilique Saint-Médard). Gregory of Tours names Clotaire as son of King Clovis and his wife Clotilde, listed after Childebert[145]. "Theodorico, Chlomiro, Hildeberto, Hlodario" are named (in order) as sons of "Chlodoveus" in the Regum Merowingorum Genealogia[146]. He succeeded his father in 511 as CLOTAIRE I King of the Franks, at Soissons, his territory covering Soissons, Laon, Noyon, Arras, Cambrai, Tournai and the lower Meuse, the lands which were later to become the kingdom of Neustria. Gregory of Tours records that King Clotaire and his half-brother King Theoderich invaded Thuringia in 531, deposed King Hermanfred and annexed the kingdom, specifying that Clotaire brought his second wife back as part of his booty[147]. He and his brother King Childebert launched a third attack on Burgundy, besieged Autun and occupied the whole kingdom, deposing King Gondemar II[148] in 534. He invaded Spain, with his brother King Childebert, and besieged Zaragoza but was forced to withdraw[149]. He inherited the territories of his great-nephew King Theodebert in 555 and those of his brother King Childebert in 558, when he became sole king of the Franks. Gregory of Tours records his death, in the fifty-first year of his reign on the first anniversary of the killing of his son Chramn, at Soissons from a fever caught while hunting in the forest of Cuise, and his burial at Soissons Saint Medard[150]. The Marii Episcopi Aventicensis Chronica records the death in 561 of "Chlothachrius rex"[151].
     "m firstly ([524]) as her second husband, his sister-in-law, GUNTHEUCA [Gondioque], widow of CHLODOMER King of the Franks, daughter of --- [King of Burgundy]. Gregory of Tours names Guntheuc as widow of King Chlodomer and records her second marriage with his brother Clotaire, but does not give her origin[152]. Settipani suggests, for onomastic reasons only, that she may have belonged to the Burgundian royal family which, if correct, means that she must have been the daughter of either King Gondebaud or his brother Godogisel[153]. However, Gregory makes no mention of this in his lengthy description of King Chlodomer's campaigns in Burgundy, an omission which is surprising if the king’s wife was related to his opponents.
     "m secondly (531, repudiated) RADEGUND of Thuringia, daughter of BERTHECHAR [Bertaire] King of the Thuringians & his wife --- (Erfurt 518-Poitiers 13 Aug 587, bur Poitiers, basilique Sainte-Marie-hors-les-Murs). Gregory of Tours names Radegund as the orphaned daughter of Berthar[154]. The Vitæ Sanctæ Radegundis names "Radegundis natione barbare de regione Thoringa" and her "avo rege Bessino, patruo Hermenfredo, patre rege Bertechario"[155]. In a later passage, Gregory records that, after the Frankish invasion of Thuringia, Radegund formed part of the booty taken home by Clotaire I King of the Franks, who later married her[156]. The testament of Radegund dated to [584/87] survives[157]. Gregory of Tours records the death of St Radegund on 13 Aug[158]. She was canonised, her feast day is 13 Aug[159].
     "[m] thirdly ([532]) INGUNDIS [Ingonde], daughter of ---. Gregory of Tours names Ingund as the wife of King Clotaire and mother of six of his children[160]. She was King Clotaire's concubine from [517][161].
     "[m] fourthly ARNEGUNDIS [Aregonde], sister of his third wife Ingonde, daughter of ---. Gregory of Tours specifies that King Clotaire's wife Aregonde was the sister of his wife Ingonde, making clear that the marriage was polygamous as he records that Clotaire reported his "marriage" to Aregonde to his wife Ingonde[162]. She is named "Chæregundem" in the Liber Historiæ Francorum[163].
     "[m] [fifthly] (555, repudiated) [as her second husband], WALDRADA, widow of THEODEBALD King of the Franks, daughter of WACCHO King of the Lombards & his second wife Ostrogotha of the Gepides. According to Gregory of Tours, King Clotaire "began to have intercourse" with the widow of King Theodebald, before "the bishops complained and he handed her over to Garivald Duke of Bavaria"[164], which does not imply that Clotaire married Waldrada. Herimannus names "Wanderadam" wife of "Theodpaldus rex Francorum" when recording her second marriage to "Lotharius rex patris eius Theodeberti patruus"[165]. She married thirdly (after 555) Garibald Duke in Bavaria.
     "Mistress (1): CHUNSINA, daughter of ---. Gregory of Tours names Chunsina as the mistress of King Clotaire, mother of Chramn[166]. She is named "Gunsinam" in the Liber Historiæ Francorum[167].
     "Mistress (2): ---. The name of King Clotaire's second mistress is not known.
     "King Clotaire & his third [wife] had [seven] children."
Med lands cites:

; As a child she was carried off from her home in Thuringia by invading Franks, and at about the age of twenty was forced into marriage with King Chlotar I, a man of shocking character. She endured him with exemplary patience for some ten years until, about 550, his murder of her brother when she left him.

At Noyon she induced a bishop to take the risk of making her a deaconess, and soon after she established a nunnery at Poitiers. The convent was known as Holy Cross, and here she made her home for the rest of her life. She developed a close friendship with the poet Venantius Fortunatus, who became the nuns' chaplain. Fortunatus loved to praise people, and he wrote of Radegunde: 'Human eloquence is struck almost dumb by the piety, self-denial, charity, sweetness, humility, uprightness, faith, and fervour in which she lived.⁴'

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Radegund (Latin: Radegunda; also spelled Rhadegund, Radegonde, or Radigund; c. 520 – 13 August 587) was a Thuringian princess and Frankish queen, who founded the Abbey of the Holy Cross at Poitiers. She is the patron saint of several churches in France and England and of Jesus College, Cambridge (whose full name is "The College of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint John the Evangelist and the glorious Virgin Saint Radegund, near Cambridge").
Life
     "Radegund was born about 520 to Bertachar, one of the three kings of the German land Thuringia.[1] Radegund's uncle, Hermanfrid, killed Bertachar in battle, and took Radegund into his household. After allying with the Frankish King Theuderic, Hermanfrid defeated his other brother Baderic. However, having crushed his brothers and seized control of Thuringia, Hermanfrid reneged on his agreement with Theuderic to share sovereignty.
     "In 531, Theuderic returned to Thuringia with his brother Clotaire I (also known as Chlothar). Together they defeated Hermanfrid and conquered his kingdom. Clotaire I also took charge of Radegund, taking her back to Merovingian Gaul[1] with him. He sent the child to his villa of Athies in Picardy for several years, before marrying her in 540.[2]
     "Radegund was one of Clotaire I’s six wives or concubines (the other five being Guntheuca who was the widow of his brother Chlodomer, Chunsina, Ingund, Ingund’s sister Aregund and Wuldetrada the widow of Clotaire's grand-nephew Theudebald). She bore him no children. Radegund was noted for her almsgiving.[3]
     "By 550 Radegund's brother was the last surviving male member of the Thuringian royal family. Clotaire had him murdered. Radegund fled the court and sought the protection of the Church, persuading the bishop of Noyon to ordain her as a deaconess;[1] founding the monastery of Sainte-Croix in Poitiers circa 560, where she cared for the infirm. Radegund was widely believed to have the gift of healing.[3]
     "Living under the Rule for Virgins of Caesarius of Arles, the nuns were required to be able to read and write, and to devote several hours of the day to reading the scriptures and copying manuscripts, as well as traditional tasks such as weaving and needlework.[4] This Rule strictly enclosed women, to the point that nuns of Sainte-Croix were unable to attend Radegund's funeral.
     "Her abbey was named for the relic of the True Cross that Radegund obtained from the Byzantine Emperor Justin II. Although the bishop of Poitiers Maroveus refused to install it in the abbey, at Radegund's request king Sigebert sent Eufronius of Tours to Poitiers to perform the ceremony. To celebrate the relic and its installation into Sainte-Croix, Venantius Fortunatus composed a series of hymns, including the famous Vexilla Regis, considered to be one of the most significant Christian hymns ever written, which is still sung for services on Good Friday, Palm Sunday, as well as the Exaltation of the Holy Cross
     "Radegund was a close friend of Junian of Maire; Junian and Radegund are said to have died on the same day, August 13, 587.[5]
Asceticism
     "Radegund was known for her ascetic behaviour and has been described as an "extreme ascetic".[6][7] She refused all animal products. She ate nothing but legumes and green vegetables: neither fruit nor fish nor eggs.[6]
     "Radegund also abstained from wine, mead and beer. During Lent she abstained from bread, oil, and salt, and only drank a little water.[6] She acted against the advice of others who warned her that her extreme ascetism might make her ill.[6] She bound her neck and arms with three iron circlets; her flesh was badly cut because of this. On one occasion she heated a brass cross and pressed it on her body.[7]
Literary connections
     "The poet Venantius Fortunatus and the bishop, hagiographer, and historian, Gregory of Tours, were close friends with Radegund and wrote extensively about her. She wrote Latin poems to Fortunatus on tablets that have been lost. The three of them seem to have been close and Fortunatus' relations with Radegund seem to have been based on friendship. There are two poems written in the voice of Radegund, De Excidio Thoringiae and Ad Artachin. While it has been proposed that Venantius wrote them, recent historians see her as the author.[8]
     "Another biography was written by the nun Baudovinia following a rebellion at the abbey described by Gregory of Tours.
     "Radegund's funeral, which Venantius Fortunatus and Gregory of Tours attended, was three days after her death. She was buried in what was to become the Church of St. Radegonde in Poitiers. Her tomb can still be found in the crypt of that church, which remains the center of devotion to her. In the 1260s a church decoration program included stained-glass windows depicting Radegund's life. These were later largely destroyed by Huguenots.
     "In her book Woman Under Monasticism: Chapters on Saint-Lore and Convent Life between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1500 (1896) Lina Eckenstein drew the attention of modern readers to the rebellion of the nuns at Poitiers after the death of Radegund, during which, for a period of two years, they refused to accept a new abbess who had been appointed by the male Catholic hierarchy.[9]
Attributes
     "She is typically depicted "with royal robes, crown, and sceptre" and nearby there are "wolves and wild beasts" which are tame in her presence. Also: "Crosier and book. Field of oats. White headdress, tunic with fleurs-de-lys, mantle with castles."[10]
Later history
     "Five English parish churches are dedicated to her, and she had a chapel in Old St Paul's Cathedral, as well as in Gloucester, Lichfield, and Exeter Cathedrals. St. Radegund's Abbey, near Dover, was founded in her honour in 1191, and Longleat Priory in Wiltshire was also dedicated to her. She is also a patron saint of Jesus College, Cambridge, which was founded on the site of the 12th century Priory of Saint Mary and Saint Radegund.
     "The St Radegund public house in Cambridge is named in her honour. St Rhadagund's Holiday and Conference Centre on the Isle of Wight is also named after her.
     "There are many places named Sainte-Radegonde in France. In Austria, Sankt Radegund in Upper Austria is a municipality in the district of Braunau am Inn, situated at the western rim of the Innviertel region, where the Salzach river forms the border to the German state of Bavaria.
     "Close to the ruins of the castle Mühlburg which can be dated back to 704 above the village of Mühlberg in Thuringia in Germany, the foundations of a chapel dedicated to St Radegund can be visited.
References
1. "St. Radegund", Jesus College, Cambridge Archived 2013-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
2. "Radegund of Thuringia", Epistolae, Columbia University
3. McNamara, Jo Ann et al, "St. Radigund", Sainted Women of the Dark Ages.(Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1992), pp. 70–86
4. "St Radegund" the nunnery and its history rediscovered", Jesus College Cambridge
5. "Quelques saints du Poitou et d'ailleurs". n.d. Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
6. Effros, Bonnie. (2002). Creating Community with Food and Drink in Merovingian Gaul. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 49-50. ISBN 978-0-312-22736-4
7. Muir, Elizabeth Gillan. (2019). Women's History of the Christian Church: Two Thousand Years of Female Leadership. University of Toronto Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4875-9385-8
8. Stevenson, p. 88
9. Woman under Monasticism, book review, jstor, Retrieved 2 July 2018
10. Francis Bond, Dedications and patron saints of English churches: ecclesiastical symbolism; saints and their emblems, 1914, p. 328
Sources
** Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors, translation by R. Van Dam (Liverpool, 1988)
** Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs; translated by Raymond Van Dam. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2004.
** Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks; translation by L. Thorpe (Penguin, 1974: many reprints)
** Venantius Fortunatus, The Life of the Holy Radegund; translation by J. McNamara and J. Halborg
** Lina Eckenstein, Woman Under Monasticism: Chapters on Saint-Lore and Convent Life between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1500, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1896.
** Edwards, Jennifer C. Superior Women: Medieval Female Authority in Poitiers' Abbey of Sainte-Croix. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
** Glenn, Jason. "Two Lives of Saint Radegund," in Jason Glenn (ed.), The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2012
** Labande-Mailfert, Yvonne & Robert Favreau, eds. Histoire de l’abbaye Sainte-Croix de Poitiers: Quatorze siècles de vie monastique. Poitiers: Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest, 1986.
** Lillich, Meredith Parsons. The Armor of Light: Stained Glass in Western France, 1250–1325. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
** Hahn, Cynthia. Portrayed on the Heart: Narrative Effect in Pictorial Lives of Saints from the Tenth through the Thirteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
** Smith, Julia M. H. "Radegundis peccatrix: authorizations of virginity in late antique Gaul," in Philip Rousseau and Emmanuel Papoutsakis (eds), Transformations of Late Antiquity: essays for Peter Brown Vol. 2 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), 303–326.
** Jane Stevenson (2005). Women Latin Poets: language, gender, and authority, from antiquity to the eighteenth century. Oxford University Press.
External links
** Other Women's Voices Useful guide to some of the works on Radegund including links to on-line materials: https://web.archive.org/web/20121125205540/http://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/radegund.html
** "Radegunda, St" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.) 1911. p. 784: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Radegunda,_St
** Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., eds. (1911). "Radegundis, St" . Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century (3rd ed.) London: John Murray: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Radegundis,_St
** Wikisource-logo.svg "Radegundis, Saint" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Radegundis,_Saint.² Saint Radegonda (?) was also known as Saint Radegund (?)² Saint Radegonda (?) was also known as Saint Radegundis (?)⁸

     GAV-44.

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Berthar or Bertachar was a son of Bisinus and Menia. He and his brothers Hermanfrid and Baderic succeeded their father Bisinus to the rule over the Thuringii. Berthar, however, was soon defeated by Hermanfrid in battle.
     "Berthar had one daughter, Radegund (later canonised), who married the Frankish king Clotaire I.² Berthaire (?) King of Thuringia was also known as Bertachar (?) King of Thuringia.² Berthaire (?) King of Thuringia was also known as Berthar (?) King of Thuringia.²

     GAV-43.

; "the mother of generation 31 [Ingoberga] was a sister in law of Clothaire I."¹

     Hilarius II (?) was born circa 480.¹
     GAV-44.

; Heir of St. Remi. Possibly his brother, Lupus, Bishop of Soissons, was father of generation 30 [Hilarius III].¹

     Aemilius II (?) married Hilaria(?) (?), daughter of Hilarius (?) v.nob. of Langres and Quieta (?).¹
Aemilius II (?) was born circa 445.¹
     GAV-45.

; Son of Aemilius, v.nob. of Laon, and brother of St. Remi, Bishop of Reims, and Principius, Bishop of Soisson.¹

     GAV-46.

; brother of St. Remi, Bishop of Reims, and Principius, Bishop of Soisson.¹ Aemilius I (?) v. nob. of Laon was also known as Emile (?) Count of Laon.²

     Hilarius (?) v.nob. of Langres married Quieta (?)¹
Hilarius (?) v.nob. of Langres was born between 420 and 425.¹
     GAV-46.

     Saint Remigius/Remi (?) Archbishop of Reims was born circa 437 at Cerny or Laon, Departement de l'Aisne, Picardie, France (now).^2,3
Saint Remigius/Remi (?) Archbishop of Reims died on 13 January 533 at Reims, Departement de la Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France (now).^2,3
Saint Remigius/Remi (?) Archbishop of Reims was buried after 13 January 533 at Saint Remi Badsilica, Reims, Departement de la Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown
     DEATH     15 Jan
     Saint. Also known as Remigius. Born around 436 into a noble family he is known for baptizing King Chlodwig I and is today venerated as one of the great french saints. He died in 533. Bio by: Lutetia
     BURIAL     Saint Remi Basilica, Reims, Departement de la Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France
     Created by: Lutetia
     Added: 19 May 2013
     Find A Grave Memorial 110827981.⁴
      ; See Wikipedia article.³

; St. Remigius - Apostle of the Franks, Archbishop of Reims, b. at Cerny or Laon, 437; d. at Reims, 13 January 533. His feast is celebrated 1 October. His father was Emile, Count of Laon. He studied literature at Reims and soon became so noted for learning and sanctity that he was elected Archbishop of Reims in his twenty-second year. Thence-forward his chief aim was the propagation of Christianity in the realm of the Franks. The story of the return of the sacred vessels, which had been stolen from the Church of Soissons testifies to the friendly relations existing between him and Clovis, King of the Franks, whom he converted to Christianity with the assistance of St. Waast (Vedastus, Vaast) and St. Clotilda, wife of Clovis. Even before he embraced Christianity Clovis had showered benefits upon both the Bishop and Cathedral of Reims, and after the battle of Tolbiac, he requested Remigius to baptize him at Reims (24 December, 496) in presence of several bishops of the Franks and Alemanni and great numbers of the Frankish army. Clovis granted Remigius stretches of territory, in which the latter established and endowed many churches. He erected, with the papal consent, bishoprics at Tournai; Cambrai; Terouanne, where he ordained the first bishop in 499; Arras, where he placed St. Waast; Laon, which he gave to his nephew Gunband. The authors of "Gallia Christiana" record numerous and munificent donations made to St. Remigius by members of the Frankish nobility, which he presented to the cathedral at Reims. In 517 he held a synod, at which after a heated discussion he converted a bishop of Arian views. In 523 he wrote congratulating Pope Hormisdas upon his election. St. Medardus, Bishop of Noyon, was consecrated by him in 530. Although St. Remigius's influence over people and prelates was extraordinary, yet upon one occasion, the history of which has come down to us, his course of action was attacked. His condonement of the offences of one Claudius, a priest, brought upon him the rebukes of his episcopal brethren, who deemed Claudius deserving of degradation. The reply of St. Remigius, which is still extant, is able and convincing (cf. Labbe, "Concilia", IV). His relics were kept in the cathedral of Reims, whence Hincmar had them translated to Epernay during the period of the invasion by the Northmen, thence, in 1099, at the instance of Leo IX, to the Abbey of Saint-Remy. His sermons, so much admired by Sidonius Apollinaris (lib. IX, cap. lxx), are not extant. On his other works we have four letters, the one containing his defence in the matter of Claudius, two written to Clovis, and a fourth to the Bishop of Tongres. According to several biographers, the Testament of St. Remigius is apocryphal; Mabillon and Ducange, however, argue for its authenticity. The attribution of other works to St. Remigius, particularly a commentary upon St. Paul's Epistles, is entirely without foundation.
Acta Sanct. I October, 59-187; Hist. litt. France, III (Paris, 1735), 155-163; DE CERIZIERS, Les heureux commencements de la France chretienne sous St. Remi (Reims, 1633); MARLOT, Tombeau de St. Remi (Reims, 1647); DORIGNY, Vie de St Remi (Paris, 1714); AUBERT, Vie de St. Remi (Paris, 1849); MEYER, Notice de deux MSS. de la vie de St. Remi in Notes et extraits de MSS., XXXV (Paris, 1895), 117-30; D'AVENAY, St. Remi de Reims (Lille, 1896); CARLIER, Vie de St Remi (Tours, 1896).

JOSEPH DEDIEU
Transcribed by Thomas M. Barrett
Dedicated to the memory of St. Remigius

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII
Copyright © 1911 by Robert Appleton Company
Online Edition Copyright © 2003 by K. Knight
Nihil Obstat, June 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor
Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.² He was Archbishop of Reims between 459 and 533.² He witnessed the baptism of Clovis I 'the Great' (?) King of the Franks in 496 at Reims, Departement de la Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France (now); baptized by St. Remigius.⁵

; Remigius baptized Clovis I, King of the Franks, leading to the conversion of the entire Frankish people to Christianity.³

      ; Bishop of Châlons.¹

      ; Bishop of Meaux.¹

     Hilaria(?) (?) married Aemilius II (?), son of Aemilius I (?) v. nob. of Laon.¹
Hilaria(?) (?) was born circa 455.¹
     GAV-45.

     Quieta (?) married Hilarius (?) v.nob. of Langres, son of Saint Lupus/Loup (?) Bishop of Troyes and Pimeniola (?).¹

     GAV-46.

     Saint Lupus/Loup (?) Bishop of Troyes married Pimeniola (?), daughter of unknown (?).¹
Saint Lupus/Loup (?) Bishop of Troyes was born circa 383.^1,2
Saint Lupus/Loup (?) Bishop of Troyes died in 478.^1,2
      ; Per Catholic Encyclopedia: "St. Lupus (Loup) (426-478), b. in 383, who accompanied St. Germanus of Auxerre to England, forced the Huns to spare Troyes, was led away as a hostage by Attila and only returned to his diocese after many years of exile..."² GAV-47.

; This is the same person as ”Lupus of Troyes” at Wikipedia and as ”Loup de Troyes” at Wikipédia (FR).^3,4 He was Bishop of Troyes between 426 and 478.^1,2

     Pimeniola (?) married Saint Lupus/Loup (?) Bishop of Troyes, son of Eparchius (?) v.nob. of Toul.¹
Pimeniola (?) was born circa 400.¹
     GAV-47.

; "Sister of Hilarius, Bishop of Arles 430."¹

     GAV-48.

     Eparchius (?) v.nob. of Toul was born circa 370.¹
     GAV-48.

; Uncle of the emperor Eparchius Avitus.¹

     Flavius Eparchius Philagrius (?) married Egnatia Avita (?), daughter of Q. Flavius Egnatius Placidus Severus (?) and Antonia Marcianilla (?).¹
Flavius Eparchius Philagrius (?) was born circa 330.¹
      ; Comes Orientis, Patrician after 382.¹ GAV-49.

     Egnatia Avita (?) married Flavius Eparchius Philagrius (?)¹
Egnatia Avita (?) was born circa 350.¹
     GAV-49.

; Sister of Avita, wife of Turcius Apronianus, and aunt of Flavius Avitus Marinianus and Egnatia Susanna Avita.¹

     Q. Flavius Egnatius Placidus Severus (?) married Antonia Marcianilla (?), daughter of Antonius Marcellinus (?) and Pontia Privata (?).¹
Q. Flavius Egnatius Placidus Severus (?) was born circa 330.¹
      ; (Q. FLAVIUS EGNATIUS) PLACIDUS SEVERUS. Born about 330; vic.urb. 365. He m. Antonia Marcianilla. Born about 335. Daughter of Antonius Marcellinus, by Pontia Privata, daughter of Pontius Paulinus, founder of Burgos. Hence, sister of St. Melania, and cousin of Meropius Pontius Paulinus, bishop of Nola 409/13-431.¹ GAV-50.

; vic. urb.¹

     Antonia Marcianilla (?) married Q. Flavius Egnatius Placidus Severus (?), son of Q. Flavius Maesius Egnatius Lollianus Mavortius (?) and Cornelia Severa (?).¹
Antonia Marcianilla (?) was born circa 335.¹
     GAV-50.

     Antonius Marcellinus (?) married Pontia Privata (?), daughter of Pontius Paulinus (?).¹

     GAV-51.

     Pontia Privata (?) married Antonius Marcellinus (?)¹

     GAV-51.

; Pontia Privata, daughter of Pontius Paulinus, founder of Burgos. Hence, sister of St. Melania, and cousin of Meropius Pontius Paulinus, bishop of Nola 409/13-431.¹

     GAV-52.

; founder of Burgos.¹

     Meropius Pontius Paulinus (?) Bishop of Nola was born in 354 at Bordeaux, Departement de la Gironde, Aquitaine, France (now).²
Meropius Pontius Paulinus (?) Bishop of Nola died on 22 June 431.²
      ; St. Paulinus, Bishop of Nola (Pontius Meropius Anicius Paulinus) - Born at Bordeaux about 354; died 22 June, 431. He sprang from a distinguished family of Aquitania and his education was entrusted to the poet Ausonius. He became governor of the Province of Campania, but he soon realized that he could not find in public life the happiness he sought. From 380 to 390 he lived almost entirely in his native land. He married a Spanish lady, a Christian named Therasia. To her, to Bishop Delphinus of Bordeaux and his successor the Presbyter Amandus, and to St. Martin of Tours, who had cured him of some disease of the eye, he owed his conversion. He and his brother were baptized at the same time by Delphinus. When Paulinus lost his only child eight days after birth, and when he was threatened with the charge of having murdered his brother, he and his wife decided to withdraw from the world, and to enter the monastic life. They went to Spain about 390.

At Christmas, 394, or 395, the inhabitants of Barcelona obliged him to be ordained, which was not canonical as he had not previously received the other orders. Having had a special devotion to St. Felix, who was buried at Nola in Campania, he laid out a fine avenue leading to the church containing Felix's tomb, and beside it he erected a hospital. He decided to settle down there with Therasia; and he distributed the largest part of his possessions among the poor. In 395 he removed to Nola, where he led a rigorous, ascetic, and monastic life, at the same time contributing generously to the Church, the aqueduct at Nola, and the construction of basilicas in Nola, Fondi, etc. The basilica at Nola counted five naves and had on each side four additions or chapels (cubicula), and an apsis arranged in a clover shape. This was connected with the old mortuary chapel of St. Felix by a gallery. The side was richly decorated with marble, silver lamps and lustres, paintings, statuary, and inscriptions. In the apsis was a mosaic which represented the Blessed Trinity, and of which in 1512 some remnants were still found.

About 409 Paulinus was chosen Bishop of Nola. For twenty years he discharged his duties in a most praiseworthy manner. His letters contain numerous biblical quotations and allusions; everything he performed in the Spirit of the Bible and expressed m Biblical language. Gennadius mentions the writings of Paulinus in his continuation of St. Jerome's "De Viris Illustribus " (xlix). The panegyric on the Emperor Theodosius is unfortunately lost, as are also the Opus sacramentorum et hymnorum", the "Epistolae ad Sororem", the "Liber de Paenitentia", the "Liber de Laude Generali Omnium Martyrum", and a poetical treatment of the "De Regibus" of Suetonius which Ausonius mentions. Forty-nine letters to friends have been preserved, as those to Sulpicius Severus, St. Augustine, Delphinus, Bishop Victricius of Rouen, Desiderius, Amandus, Pammachius, etc. Thirty-three poems are also extant. After 395 he composed annually a hymn for the feast of St. Felix, in which he principally glorified the life, works, and miracles of his holy patron. Then going further back he brought in various religious and poetic motives. The epic parts are very vivid, the lyrics full of real, unaffected enthusiasm and an ardent appreciation of nature. Thirteen of these poems and fragments of the fourteenth have preserved.

Conspicuous among his other works are the poetic epistles to Ausonius, the nuptial hymn to Julianus, which extols the dignity and sanctity of Christian marriage, and the poem of comfort to the parents of Celsus on the death of their child. Although Paulinus has great versatility and nicety, still he is not entirely free from the mannerisms and ornate culture of his period. All his writings breathe a charming, ideal personality, freed from all terrestrial attachments, ever striving upward. According to Augustine, he also had an exaggerated idea concerning the veneration of saints and relics. His letter xxxii, written to Sulpicius Severus, has received special attention because in it he describes the basilica of Nola, which he built, and gives copious accounts of the existence, construction, and purpose of Christian monuments. From Paulinus too we have information concerning St. Peter's in Rome. During his lifetime Paulinus was looked upon as saint. His body was first interred in the cathedral of Nola; later, in Benevento; then it was conveyed by Otto III to S. Bartolomeo all'Isola, in Rome, and finally in compliance with the regulation of Pius X of 18 Sept., 1908 (Acta Apostolicae Sedis, I, 245 sq.) was restored to the cathedral of Nola. His feast, 22 June, was raised to the rank of a double.

KLEMENS LÖFFLER
Transcribed by Michael C. Tinkler

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI
Copyright © 1911 by Robert Appleton Company
Online Edition Copyright © 2003 by K. Knight
Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor
Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.² Meropius Pontius Paulinus (?) Bishop of Nola was also known as Pontius Meropius Anicius Paulinus (?)² Meropius Pontius Paulinus (?) Bishop of Nola was also known as Saint Paulinus (?) Bishop of Nola.² He was Bishop of Nola between 409 and 431.^1,2