Person Page - 338

     Sir Reginald de Vautort married Joan Basset, daughter of Thomas Basset Lord of Headington, Oxford.¹

Sir Reginald de Vautort died in 1246.²
      .¹

     Fulk le Strange 1st Lord Strange of Blackmere married Eleanor Gifford, daughter of Sir John Gifford (Giffard) 1st Lord Gifford of Brimsfield and Matilda (Maud) de Clifford.^3,2
Fulk le Strange 1st Lord Strange of Blackmere was born circa 1267.^3,2
Fulk le Strange 1st Lord Strange of Blackmere died before 23 January 1324.^3,1,2
     He was field commander of the forces of Edward I and Edward II in Scotland and France.¹ EDV-20 GKJ-19.

; FULK LESTRANGE, 1st LORD (Baron) STRANGE (of Blackmere) (E), so cr by writ of summons (according to later doctrine) 4 March 1308/9; b c 1267; served in EDWARD I's and EDWARD II's Scottish campaigns 1298-1323; Seneschal Aquitaine 1322; m Eleanor (predeceased her husb), dau of John Giffard, of Brimsfield, Glos, 1st Lord (Baron) Giffard, and d by 23 Jan 1323/4.² He was Crusader circa 1270.⁴ He was 1st LORD (Baron) STRANGE (of Blackmere) (E), so cr by writ of summons (according to later doctrine) 4 March 1308/9 between 4 March 1308 and 1309.² He was Seneschal of Aquitaine in 1322.^3,2

     Eleanor Gifford married Fulk le Strange 1st Lord Strange of Blackmere, son of Robert le Strange of Wrockwarden and Eleanor de Whitchurch.^1,2

Eleanor Gifford died before 1324; Burke's Peerage: "predeceased her husband."^1,3,2
     EDV-20 GKJ-19. Eleanor Gifford was also known as Eleanor Giffard.²

     Robert le Strange of Wrockwarden married Eleanor de Whitchurch, daughter of William de Blancminster and Eve (?) "filia Warini", say 1250.^3,1,2

Robert le Strange of Wrockwarden died between 10 September 1276 and 12 October 1276 at Litcham, co. Norfolk, England.^3,1
     EDV-21 GKJ-20.

; Robert; acquired Chawton after death of his bro Hamon and Wrockwardine in the latter's lifetime; m Eleanor, dau and coheir of William de Blancminster (modern Whitchurch, Salop), and predeceased her 12 Oct 1276.²

.³ He was Crusader circa 1270.³

     Eleanor de Whitchurch married Bogo de Knoville.^4,1
Eleanor de Whitchurch married Robert le Strange of Wrockwarden, son of John III le Strange Lord Strange of Knockyn and Lucy de Tregoz of Ewyas Harold, co. Hereford, say 1250.^4,1,2

Eleanor de Whitchurch died circa 1304.¹
     EDV-21 GKJ-20. Eleanor de Whitchurch was also known as Eleanor de Blancminster.²

     John III le Strange Lord Strange of Knockyn married Lucy de Tregoz of Ewyas Harold, co. Hereford, daughter of Robert I de Tregoz of Ewyas, co. Hereford and Sibyl de Ewyas.^5,4,2
John III le Strange Lord Strange of Knockyn was born say 1190.¹
John III le Strange Lord Strange of Knockyn died before 26 March 1269 at Knockyn, Shropshire, England.^1,4
      ; JOHN LE STRANGE, Ld of Hunstanton, and of Wrockwardine (s by direct grant vitae patris), Supreme Cdr of the Marches; b 1194; m Lucia, dau of Robert de Tregoz, and d 1269, leaving issue.² EDV-22 GKJ-20.

; JOHN (III) LESTRANGE; old enough to attend on KING JOHN in 1213 and to undertake mil service against the French 1214; granted by HENRY III the manor of Wrockwardine, Salop, 25 May 1231; played a part in negotiations between HENRY III and PRINCE LLYWELYN THE GREAT 1232; Constable Montgomery Castle 1235 and Bridgnorth, Chester and Shrewsbury Castles 1233-40, Sheriff: Salop and Staffs 1236-48 and Cheshire 1241-42, Justice Chester 1240 or 1241; supported HENRY III against Simon De Montfort (unlike? his s; see below); m (?)Lucy, dau of Robert Tregoz, and d by 26 March 1269.⁴

.⁵

     Lucy de Tregoz of Ewyas Harold, co. Hereford married John III le Strange Lord Strange of Knockyn, son of John II le Strange of Knockyn, co. Salop and Amicia (?).^3,2,4

Lucy de Tregoz of Ewyas Harold, co. Hereford died after 1294 at Knockyn, Shropshire, England.⁵
     EDV-22 GKJ-20.

.^3,6

     Bogo de Knoville married Eleanor de Whitchurch, daughter of William de Blancminster and Eve (?) "filia Warini".^1,2

Bogo de Knoville died circa 1304.
      .¹

     Sir John Gifford (Giffard) 1st Lord Gifford of Brimsfield was born circa 1232.^2,1 He married Matilda (Maud) de Clifford, daughter of Walter IV de Clifford Lord of Corfham, of Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire and Margaret ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth, in October 1270.^2,3,1

Sir John Gifford (Giffard) 1st Lord Gifford of Brimsfield died on 29 May 1299 at Boyton, Wiltshire, England.^2,1
     He was 1st Lord (Baron) Giffard of the 1295 cr.⁴ EDV-21 GKJ-20.

     Matilda (Maud) de Clifford married William (II) de Longespee, son of Sir William II Longespee Knt., de jure Earl of Salisbury and Idoine de Camville, after 30 April 1244
; Burke's Peerage gives date of marriage as 1254.^5,1,6,7,8,9 Matilda (Maud) de Clifford married Sir John Gifford (Giffard) 1st Lord Gifford of Brimsfield, son of Elias V Giffard Lord of Brimsfield and Alice Maltravers of Litchet Maltravers, co. Dorset, in October 1270.^5,1,10

Matilda (Maud) de Clifford died between 1282 and 1285.⁵
     EDV-21 GKJ-20.

     William (II) de Longespee married Matilda (Maud) de Clifford, daughter of Walter IV de Clifford Lord of Corfham, of Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire and Margaret ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth, after 30 April 1244
; Burke's Peerage gives date of marriage as 1254.^7,8,9,10,2,3
William (II) de Longespee died in 1257.^7,9,3

     Walter IV de Clifford Lord of Corfham, of Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire married Isabel (?)³
Walter IV de Clifford Lord of Corfham, of Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire was born circa 1186 at Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire, England.^3,2 He married Margaret ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth, daughter of Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales and Joan of England (?) Princess of Wales, in October 1232.^4,5,1,6,2

Walter IV de Clifford Lord of Corfham, of Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire died circa 23 December 1263 at Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire, England.^4,7,2
     EDV-22 GKJ-21.

; van de Pas cites: 1. Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London, 1973 , Reference: 323
2. A Genealogical History of the dormant, abeyant, forfeited and extinct peerages of the British Empire, London, 1866, Burke, Sir Bernard, Reference: 122.²

     Margaret ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth was born circa 1202.² She married John de Braiose of Bramber, Sussex, son of William de Braiose and Maude de Clare, circa 1219.^4,2
Margaret ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth married Walter IV de Clifford Lord of Corfham, of Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire, son of Walter de Clifford and Agnes de Cundy, in October 1232.^4,1,5,2,6

Margaret ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth died after 1268.^7,8,2
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. The Complete Peerage, 1936 , Doubleday, H.A. & Lord Howard de Walden, Reference: II 302
2. Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London, 1973 , Reference: 323
3. A Genealogical History of the dormant, abeyant, forfeited and extinct peerages of the British Empire, London, 1866, Burke, Sir Bernard, Reference: 122
4. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to America bef.1700, 7th Edition, 1992, Weis, Frederick Lewis, Reference: 27.² EDV-22 GKJ-21.

     John de Braiose of Bramber, Sussex was born circa 1197.⁴ He married Margaret ferch Llewellyn ab Iorwerth, daughter of Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales and Joan of England (?) Princess of Wales, circa 1219.^5,6

John de Braiose of Bramber, Sussex died on 18 July 1232 at Bramber, co. Sussex, England.^5,4,7
     He was Lord of Glower. EDV-22.

     Stephen le Scrope died before 1344.¹

     Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales married Gwenllian (?) of Brynffenigi.¹
Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales married Eve Fitz Warin, daughter of Sir Fulk IV Fitz Warin and Constance de Toeni.⁵
Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales was born in 1173 at Aberffraw Castle, Dolwyddelan, Nantconwy, Wales.^6,1,2,7,4 He married NN (?) of Chester, daughter of Hugh "of Kevelioc" de Meschines (?) 5th Earl of Chester, Vicomte d'Avranche and Bertrade de Montfort, in 1190
;
His 1st wife.^8,4 Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales married NN (?) of Man, daughter of Ragnald I Godredsson (?) King of Man, between 1195 and 1196
;
His 2nd? wife.
Med Lands says "Betrothed [1190]?, betrothal terminated ([1191/92]), [1195/96], separated [annulled] [1203/05]) as her second husband."^4,9 Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales married Joan of England (?) Princess of Wales, daughter of John I "Lackland" (?) King of England and Clementia (?), on 18 June 1205.^{10,1,2,11,12,13,3,4}

Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales died on 11 April 1240 at Aberconwy, Caernarvonshire, Wales.^6,14,1,2,3,4
Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales was buried after 11 April 1240 at St. Mary and All Saints Churchyard, Conwy, Caernarvonshire, Wales, England; Find A Grave Memorial #2:
     BIRTH     1173
     DEATH     11 Apr 1240 (aged 66–67)
     originally buried Aberconwy Abbey Conwy, Conwy, Wales but moved
     DNA match Carolyn Whitaker to rmiller1681 (Joan Siwan Plantagenet and Llywelyn the Great) thru Angharad Verch Llewelyn 1205–1257
     Birth MAY 1205 • Llwdiarth, Anglesey, Wales
     Death 1257 • Cardiganshire, Wales
     https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/9297030/person/25572424419/facts
     https://www.ancestry.com/dna/tests/3D1917B6-9C68-42C1-AF29-C12A903DFD02/match/E6D86BC5-784A-41B5-9188-5CF0845C493E?filterBy=ALL&sortBy=RELATIONSHIP&page=1
     http://www.thepeerage.com/p10791.htm#i107904
     Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales1,2
     M, #107904, b. 1173, d. 1240
     Last Edited=11 Apr 2020
     Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales was born in 1173.1 He was the son of Iorwerth ap Owain and Margaret ap Madog.3 He married Joan (?), daughter of John I 'Lackland', King of England and Clementina (?), in 1205.2 He died in 1240.4
     Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales also went by the nick-name of Llwelyn Fawr 'the Great'.4 In 1194 he recovered the crown of North Wales from his uncle David.4 He gained the title of Prince Llywelyn of North Wales in 1195.5 He hanged the Anglo-Norman baron, William de la Braose, for having an affair with his wife.
     Children of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales and Tangwystyl Goch
     Gwladus Du ferch Llywelyn+ d. 1251
     Angharad ferch Llywelyn+
     Gruffydd ap Llywelyn+ b. 1200, d. 1 Mar 1244
     Susanna ferch Llywelyn6 b. 1216, d. a 24 Nov 1228
     Children of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales and Joan (?)
     Helen ferch Llywelyn+5 b. c 1207, d. bt 1 Jan 1253 - 24 Oct 1253
     Daffyd ap Llywelyn, Prince of North Wales+ b. 1215, d. 1246
     Children of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales
     Margaret ferch Llywelyn+7 d. a 1272
     Tegwared y Baiswen ap Llywelyn, Lord of Trefdraeth+8 b. 1210
Citations
     https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/joan-lady-of-wales/
     https://biography.wales/article/s-LLYW-API-1173
     Name: Llywelyn Ap Iorwerth
     Pseudonym: Llywelyn the Great, Llywelyn I
     Spouse: Joan
     Partner: Tangwystl ferch Llywarch Goch
     Child: Angharad ferch Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
     Child: Susanna ferch Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
     Child: Gwladus ferch Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
     Child: Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn
     Child: Helen ferch Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
     Child: Margaret ferch Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
     Child: Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
     Child: Dafydd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
     Parent: Margaret ferch Madog ap Maredudd
     Parent: Iorwerth Drwyndwn
     Gender: Male
     Occupation: prince
     Area of activity: Military; Politics, Government and Political Movements; Royalty and Society
     Author: Thomas Jones Pierce
     son of Iorwerth Drwyndwn by Margaret, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd. He may have been born at Dolwyddelan, the royal manor of Nantconwy, over which his father had exercised a brief lordship which ended with his death at about the time of Llywelyn's birth. The infant prince, being a potential menace to the power of his father's half-brothers in Gwynedd, probably grew up in Powys under the protection of his maternal relatives. Following an obscure period of apprenticeship in arms (he entered the turbulent arena of northern politics at a very tender age), he combined with his cousins, the sons of Cynan ap Owain, and in 1194 defeated his uncle, Dafydd I, seizing from him a share in the government of Perfeddwlad, which in 1197, he transformed into sole rulership. With the capture of Mold in 1199 he promised to become a leader of the calibre and vision of Owain Gwynedd; in fact, between 1199 and 1203, he restored the undivided sovereignty of his grandfather over the whole of Gwynedd, including Merioneth and Penllyn.
     The attitude of the English crown remained for a time uncertain, until king John resolved on a policy of friendship which was marked by Llywelyn's marriage in 1205 to Joan, the king's natural daughter. Good relations broke down in 1210, and in 1211, a royal expedition into Wales resulted in Llywelyn's isolation and the loss of Perfeddwlad [the ‘Four Cantreds’]. These territories were re-taken in 1212, and there followed the years of his greatest military triumphs, for he took the fullest advantage of external events which culminated in ‘Magna Carta,’ ruthlessly attacking the Marches and capturing, among other strongholds, the key positions of Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Montgomery. These he retained in custody by the treaty of Worcester (1218).
     Meanwhile he had secured mastery over his fellow-princes. His greatest rival among the native lords of Wales, Gwenwynwyn of southern Powys, was finally exiled in 1216, and his lands remained in Llywelyn's custody to the end. The princes of northern Powys were friendly, and after 1216 no serious problem was caused by the princes of the house of Dinefwr, whose lands Llywelyn had, in that year, re-allocated among them at a solemn assembly ‘all of the Welsh princes and all the wise men of Gwynedd’ held at Aberdovey.
     Henceforth his position was never seriously threatened. The antagonism of the Marshall 's, it is true, led to the loss of Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Montgomery in 1223, but he again acquired strategic outposts with the acquisition of Builth from William de Breos in 1229, and the re-capture of Cardigan, 1231, at a time when he was engaged in meeting the menace caused by the consolidation of vast territorial interests in the march by certain royal officials, notably Hubert de Burgh. This phase was concluded with the ‘Pact of Middle’ (1234) which virtually established peace for the remainder of Llywelyn's life. He hoped to preserve the integrity of his dominions by introducing primogeniture in place of the native custom of partible succession, and a step towards that end had already been taken when, in 1229, Henry III had acknowledged Dafydd, Joan's son, as Llywelyn's sole successor, to the exclusion of an elder brother, Gruffydd. A statesmanlike desire to conciliate his neighbours of the march is seen in the marriages which he arranged for his children: Dafydd was married to Isabella de Breos; Gwladus to Reginald de Breos and as a widow to Ralph Mortimer; Margaret was married to John de Breos and afterwards to Walter Clifford; Gwenllian married William de Lacy, and Helen married John, the nephew of her father's closest ally, Ranulf, earl of Chester.
     A great feudal magnate — for Llywelyn's policy was conceived within the limitations imposed by obligations of homage to the English crown, he envisaged Wales as a feudal principality on the same model as the Scottish monarchy; and though there is no evidence that he ever attempted to impose more than ‘de facto’ suzerainty over the native lords of Wales, there are indications that during his closing years he was steadily shaping a constitutional policy of the kind brought to fruition by his grandson and namesake. There was the subtle assumption after 1230 of a new style — ‘Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon’ — and the more open move taken in 1238 at Strata Florida when, despite protests from the English court, fealty to Dafydd was exacted from subordinate Welsh lords. He died on 11 April 1240 at Aberconwy, where he was buried in the abbey, of which he was the greatest benefactor.
Author Professor Thomas Jones Pierce, (1905 - 1964)
     Sources
     Published date: 1959
     Article Copyright: http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/
     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberconwy_Abbey
     Aberconwy Abbey was a Cistercian foundation at Conwy, later transferred to Maenan near Llanrwst, and in the 13th century was the most important abbey in the north of Wales.
     A Cistercian house was founded at Rhedynog Felen near Caernarfon in 1186 by a group of monks from Strata Florida Abbey. About four or five years later they moved to Conwy, and in 1199 were given large grants of land by Llywelyn the Great who had recently become ruler of Gwynedd. Llywelyn was regarded as the founder of the house, and thanks to his support it came to hold more land than any other Welsh abbey, over 40,000 acres (160 km²). On Llywelyn's death in 1240 he was buried at the abbey, and his son and successor Dafydd ap Llywelyn was also buried here in 1246. In 1248 Llywelyn's other son, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, who had died trying to escape from the Tower of London in 1244, was reburied at Aberconwy after the abbot of Aberconwy, together with the abbot of Strata Florida, had arranged for his body to be repatriated from London.
     The abbot of Aberconwy was an important figure in the negotiations between Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and the English crown later in the century, and in 1262 was entrusted with the task of being Llywelyn's sole representative in negotiations.
     In 1282, Edward I of England surrounded Snowdonia with a massive army. On 11 December Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Tywysog Cymru, was lured into a trap and murdered.
     In 1283 King Edward I of England obliged the monks to move from Conwy to Maenan, further up the Conwy valley (53.1733°N 3.8123°W), so he could construct a castle and walled town at Conwy. The move had been completed by 1284, with Edward financing the building of a new abbey. In the 15th century the abbot, John ap Rhys, became involved in a dispute with Strata Florida Abbey and led some of his monks and some soldiers on a raid on that abbey. The abbey was valued at £162 in 1535 and was suppressed in 1537.
     Little remains of the Maenan Abbey buildings, but the original abbey church in Conwy was adapted to become the parish church of St Mary & All Saints and although much rebuilt over the centuries some parts of the original church remain. The other buildings of the abbey are thought to have been located north and east of the church.
     Family Members
     Parents
          Iorwerth Ap Owain Gwynedd 1145–1174
          Margred ferch Madog 1150–1198
     Spouse
          Joan of Wales 1188–1237
     Siblings
          Llewelyn "Fawr" Ap Iorwerth 1174–1240
     Children
          Gwellian Ferch Llywelyn
          Helen ferch Llywelyn 1207–1253
     BURIAL     St. Mary and All Saints Churchyard, Conwy, Conwy, Wales
     Created by: civilwarbuff
     Added: 25 Apr 2020
     Find a Grave Memorial 209469215


Find A Grave Memorial #2:
     BIRTH     1174, Abergwili, Carmarthenshire, Wales
     DEATH     11 Apr 1240 (aged 65–66), Carmarthenshire, Wales
     Prince of Gwynedd in north Wales and eventually de facto ruler over most of Wales. By a combination of war and diplomacy he dominated Wales for 40 years.
     During Llywelyn's boyhood, Gwynedd was ruled by two of his uncles, who split the kingdom between them, following the death of Llywelyn's grandfather, Owain Gwynedd, in 1170. Llywelyn had a strong claim to be the legitimate ruler and began a campaign to win power at an early age. He was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200 and made a treaty with King John of England that year. Llywelyn's relations with John remained good for the next ten years. He married John's natural daughter Joan in 1205, and when John arrested Gwenwynwyn ab Owain of Powys in 1208, Llywelyn took the opportunity to annex southern Powys. In 1210, relations deteriorated, and John invaded Gwynedd in 1211. Llywelyn was forced to seek terms and to give up all lands east of the River Conwy, but was able to recover them the following year in alliance with the other Welsh princes. He allied himself with the barons who forced John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. By 1216, he was the dominant power in Wales, holding a council at Aberdyfi that year to apportion lands to the other princes.
     Following King John's death, Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor, Henry III, in 1218. During the next fifteen years, Llywelyn was frequently involved in fights with Marcher lords and sometimes with the king, but also made alliances with several major powers in the Marches. The Peace of Middle in 1234 marked the end of Llywelyn's military career, as the agreed truce of two years was extended year by year for the remainder of his reign. He maintained his position in Wales until his death in 1240 and was succeeded by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn.
     Family Members
     Parents
          Iorwerth Ap Owain Gwynedd 1145–1174
          Margred ferch Madog 1150–1198
     Spouses
          Joan of Wales 1188–1237
          Joan of Wales 1188–1237
     Siblings
          Llywelyn ap Iorwerth 1173–1240
     Children
          Elen Ferch Llywelyn unknown–1306
          Gwladys "Ddu" Ferch Llewelyn De Mortimer 1194–1251
          Gruffydd Ap Llewelyn 1196–1244
          Margred Verch Llewelyn 1202–1263
          Dafydd Llywelyn 1215–1246
          Isabella Of Mar Bruce 1277–1296
     BURIAL     Aberconwy Abbey, Conwy, Conwy, Wales
     PLOT     Inside chapel
     Created by: John Whalen
     Added: 22 May 2010
     Find a Grave Memorial 52715022
     SPONSORED BY Christian H. F. Riley.^2,7,4,15,16
     Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Boyer: "After an apparent falling out, he was forgiven by King John on 25 Dec 10 John, but an outbreak of hostilities in 1212 resulted in the execution of hostages. He accompanied his father-in-law, King John of England, on the invasion of Scotland in 1209, and seized Shrewsbury in support of the barons in 1215, thus pressing King John to sign the Magna Charta."¹

; This is the same person as ”Llywelyn the Great” at Wikipedia.¹⁷

; Per Genealogics:
     “Llywelyn Fawr 'the Great, Prince of Wales, was born in 1173, the son of Iorwerth Drwyndwn ab Owain Gwynedd, prince of Gwynedd, and Margred ferch Madog. In 1205 he married Joan of England, the illegitimate daughter of King John. They had a son Dafydd and daughter Elen who would have progeny. By his mistress Tangwystl he also had a son Gruffydd and daughter Gwladys Dhu who would have progeny, and two daughters by other mistresses.
     “With vision and resourcefulness, and by exploiting Welsh tradition and adapting feudal habits, Llywelyn tried to create a powerful and permanent principality. It took a struggle, from 1188 till 1203, before he mastered Gwynedd.
     “By marrying King John's daughter Joan, he hoped to keep the peace with England. However, his own aggression in Powys caused John to retaliate and Llewelyn allied himself with the French. Taking advantage of the civil war in England, he extended his dominion into Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire. In 1216 he made himself lord of Powys, which in 1218 was acknowledged by the English.
     “In 1229, against Welsh tradition, he tried to secure recognition for his son Dafydd as his successor; by this he snubbed his elder bastard son Gruffydd, a headstrong man who was deeply resentful. In 1230 Llywelyn hanged William de Braose, the father-in-law of his son Dafydd, for having had an affaire with his wife Joan.
     “Also in 1230 he took the unique title of Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon, which was claimed to imply superiority over other Welsh rulers. However, he was forced to pay homage to Henry III, John's son and successor as king of England. In 1237 he possibly had a stroke and his son Dafydd probably governed until 1240 when Llewellyn died.
     “He was buried in his favourite monastery, the Cistercian abbey of Aberconwy which he had founded. His wife Joan died in 1237.”.³

; GEN-MEDIEVAL/soc.genealogy.medieval: Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ancestor table, compiled by Stewart Baldwin
     "Introduction
     "The ancestor table given here is an attempt to give the known ancestry of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, prince of North Wales, in all lines, back to the earliest recorded generations which can be accepted with reasonable confidence, using documentation from primary sources. The format is that of the standard Ancestor Table numbering system. Those who are unfamiliar with this system can find a description in the soc.genealogy.medieval FAQ. Sources are given in brackets following each entry, using abbreviations which are explained in the bibliography at the end. Given the ambitious nature of such a project, it is clear that some discussion is required regarding the criterion for inclusion or exclusion of particular individuals in this table.
     "If this table had included all ancestors of Llywelyn which are claimed in some source, then it would have probably turned out at least twice as long as the current table. However, it has been the policy here to try and avoid the "maybe's" and "possibly's" which would come from using the more questionable sources. At the opposite extreme, if we were to include only those individuals who are documented by surviving contemporary documents, the table would be quite short. Documents were copied over and over by hand in the days before printing presses, and the pragmatic course is to accept the current scholarly consensus regarding the original date of composition for such sources, with due allowance for copying errors and deliberate alteration.
     "Let us start with the Irish material. Now, as it happens, all but a handful of Llywelyn's known Irish ancestors were also ancestors of Aífe (commonly called "Eve of Leinster") Mac Murchada (MacMurrough), wife of Richard "Strongbow", earl of Pembroke, and therefore much of the material discussed in "The Ancestry of Eve of Leinster" [EL, cited below], by Professor David H. Kelley is also relevant to the ancestry of Llywelyn. Someone comparing this table with EL will note significant differences between the two, and that those differences invariably involve a more skeptical position on my part compared to that of Professor Kelley. For example, in the first paragraph of EL, Professor Kelley makes the comment (without supporting evidence) that "Pedigrees are written records, based on good contemporary documents, and not on verbal tradition, at any period later than the fifth century." That view may have been a fairly common opinion among scholars in the nineteenth or the early twentieth century, but does not represent the consensus of modern scholars, which is much more skeptical about the early Irish genealogies. See PNIG, IKHK, and IBV, and other sources cited in those works.
     "The exact time that the large collections of Irish genealogies began to be written down is unclear. After that, they would be brought up to date from time to time, and this is what we have in the earliest surviving genealogical collections of the twelfth century, R and LL. When the collections were brought up to date, there would be side branches which did not survive (or whose descendants were no longer politically important enough to record), and the various layers in the transmission of these pedigrees can be detected by looking at the uneven distribution of these obscure side branches. This type of analysis shows that the composition of many of the pedigrees goes back at least to the seventh or eighth centuries. Unfortunately, it also shows that at some time, probably starting in the eighth century, a very artificial scheme was created in which all of the major Irish dynasties were allegedly the direct male line descendants of the same line (the "Milesians"). Numerous artificial relationships were created between various families, with eighth century politics being the most important factor. [See PNIG for a discussion of this.] Nevertheless, comparison of the genealogies with the annals (of which the basic framework is thought to be contemporary from ca. 550, with the understanding that some individual entries are later interpolations, which may or may not be detectable), and with early king lists (for example, in LL.39a ff.), indicate that many of the genealogies are valid back to the sixth century, and some even to the fifth century. However, the modern scholarly literature with which I am familiar (which I think is representative of the whole) would not regard as historical such allegedly fourth century figures as Cathaír Már or Dáire Barrach, as Professor Kelley would suggest (EL, pp. 6, 18).
     "For the Welsh lines given here, the priciples are much the same, except that the volume of material is much less, and generally later. While the well evidenced major lines from Gwynedd and Dyfed can be traced to times rivalling (if not quite equalling) the Irish lines, it is difficult to accept the genealogies of the various lines which emerged in the eleventh century, usually through long strings of names having no identifiable historical identity.
     "This brings up a common problem that appears in trying to assess these traditional genealogies. A genealogy proceeds gradually from an obviously fictional individual to a well evidenced historical line, and we would like to know the exact point at which the genealogy becomes "correct" (whatever that word means in a context in which undetected adulteries are added to the obvious historical problems). Of course, that is often impossible to do with any degree of certainty, and some might argue that I am foolish to try, but I think that the exercise is worth the attempt. I have tried to be consistent, but the shades of gray are often difficult to judge. In this table, "Unknown" does not necessarily mean that there is no source which claims to give the data, but that, in my opinion, the information falls short of reasonable proof. I have explained my reasons in each case, but it must be acknowledged that there may be cases where a handful of earlier generations are correct in the sources. For the Irish individuals, I have generally given the name of the sept or tribe to which they belonged in parentheses. For Irish names, I have tried to adhere to a Middle Irish standard, and Welsh names will generally be given in Modern Welsh. However, since my knowledge of both of those languages is very limited, I suspect that errors will be inevitable, and I would appreciate being informed of any such mistakes (such as missed accents or incorrectly declined genitives in the Irish names).
Generation 1
1. Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, prince of North Wales, d. 1240 [AC.b 1240: "Obiit magnus Achilles secundus, dominus scilicet Lewelinus filius Gervaisi filii Owini Guynet, tunc princeps Walliae..."]. [ByT; MG.1; JC.28-29]
Generation 2
2. Iorwerth Drwyndwn ab Owain Gwynedd [MG.1; JC.28]
3. Margred ferch Madog [JC.29] [Note: It has been suggested, on the basis of a statement in Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum (6:497), in which Llywelyn refers to a certain Walter Corbet as "frater Willielmi Corbet avunculi mei", that Llywelyn's mother was a Corbet. (See, for example, Meisel's Barons of the Welsh Frontier, which, however, does not even mention the Welsh version of Llywelyn's maternity in JC.) However, as the source of JC.29 appears to have been written during Llywelyn's lifetime, and there are others ways in which an uncle-nephew relationship between William Corbet (an obscure individual) and Llywelyn could be explained, there seems to be no good reason to reject the statement of JC.29 regarding the identity of Llywelyn's mother.]
Generation 3
4. Owain Gwynedd, d. 1169, king of Gwynedd, 1137-69. [MG.1; JC.28]
5. Gwladus ferch Llywarch [ABT.2a]
6. Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys Fadog, d. 1160 [AC.b 1161: "Madoc Powysorum princeps obiit."] [MG.3; JC.29]
7. Unknown. [Note: Possibly Susanna ferch Gruffudd ap Cynan (sister of #4), who was wife of Madog ap Maredudd, but Madog is known to have had children by other women also, and Bartrum does not list a mother for Margred in his charts in BWG, indicating that the early sources do not identify Margred's mother. PF, vol. 1, pp. 119-124 states that Margred (Margaret) was daughter of Madog by Susanna, but this source also gives Madog a chronologically impossible second wife Maude who md. 2nd, John Fitz Alan, d. 1268, earl of Arundel, who lived a hundred years later, and PF cannot be considered reliable on this matter.]
Generation 4
8. Gruffydd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd, d. 1137 [AC.b 1137: "Grifinus filius Conani obiit."]. [GaC; MG.1; JC.28]
9. Angharad ferch Owain [ABT.5]
10. Llywarch ap Trahaern, active 1109-1124 [ByT; ABT.2a]
11. Unknown [Note: Bartrum p. 354 gives Dyddgu ferch Iorwerth ap Cadwgan ab Elystan Glodrudd in this position, but his only source is the late visitation LD.ii.24, which names Dyddgu as the mother of another child of Llywarch, but not of Gwladus (#5). In addition, the sources given by Bartrum for Dyddgu's alleged father Iorwerth ap Cadwgan are all late 16th century or later, so Iorwerth's existence is also uncertain. In my opinion, this link should be regarded as dubious.]
12. Maredudd ap Bleddyn, d. 1132 [AC.b 1132: "Maredut filius Bledint dux Powisorum obiit."] [MG.3; JC.27]
13. Hunydd ferch Einudd [ABT.1c,8f]
14-15. Unknown
Generation 5
16. Cynan ab Iago [JC.25; GaC]
17. Radnaillt of Dublin [GaC] [Note: The name of the wife of Cynan ap Iago, her parentage, and her mother's parentage are known only from GaC (and sources dependant on GaC). Although reservations have sometimes been expressed regarding this information, enough of the data from the pedigrees of Radnaillt are verified in Irish sources that I am inclined to regard the information as genuine. For a recent discussion of this, see Seán Duffy, "Ostmen, Irish, and Welsh in the Eleventh Century", Peritia 9 (1995), 378-96.]
18. Owain ab Edwin, d. 1104 [AC.b 1104: "Owinus filius Edwinus obiit."], Welsh chieftan in Tegeingl. [ABT.2b,e,5a]
     " 19. Unknown [ABT.2b gives the name of the mother of Owain's son Goronwy as "Morwyl verch Ydnywain bendew ap Neiniad ap Gwaithuoed ap Gwrydr", but there seems to be no good evidence that Morwyl was also the mother of Angharad.]
     " 20 Trahaern ap Caradog, of Arwystli, d. 1081 [AC], king of Gwynedd [ByT; ABT.2a,13,14]
     " 21. Unknown. [According to BWG, she was Nest, daughter of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (d. 1063), the first (and only) native king of all of Wales. Gruffudd did have a daughter named Nest, wife of Osbern Fitz Richard, but there is no evidence that she was also married to Trahaern ap Caradog, and no early source for a second daughter named Nest. The sources given by Bartrum for this link are all very late, the earliest being Lewys Dwnn's visitation of Wales which started in 1586 (LD.ii.107), and the other two cited sources being early 17th century manuscripts. LD.ii.107 has Nest marrying 1st Trahaern, and 2nd, the mythical Fleance son of Banquo (alleged ancestor of the Stewarts), which gives even more cause for doubt, and I am inclined to regard the supposed marriage of Trahaern ap Caradog to a daughter of Gruffudd ap Llewelyn as a very late invention.]
     " 22-23. Unknown
     " 24. Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, king of Gwynedd and Powys, d. 1075 [AC] [MG.3, JC.27]
     " 25. Haer ferch Cillin [ABT.1d,8b]
     " 26. Einudd of Dyffrin Clwyd [ABT.1c,8f] [Note: See BWG for supposed earlier generations. I am inclined to regard the generations prior to Einudd as dubious, because of the late sources and the lack of identifiably historical individuals among the alleged ancestors.]
     " 27-31. Unknown
Generation 6
32. Iago ab Idwal, d. 1039 [AC, AU, CS], king of Gwynedd, 1023-1039. [AC.c: "Iacob rex Venedo[d?]i at an unknown age occiditur."; AU 1039: "Iaco ri Bretan a suis... [several others listed] ..., omnes occisi sunt."; CS 1037=1039: "Iaco Ri Bretan a suis occisus est."] [JC.25; see also DNB.10.408]
33. Unknown. [Note: ABT.6i gives her as "Afandreg ferch Wair ap Pyll ..." etc., a supposed descendant of the legendary Llywarch Hen through a string of unidentifiable names. I consider this data doubtful.]
34. Amlaíb mac Sitric (Old Norse Óláfr), royal heir of Dublin, d. 1034 [AU] [GaC] [Note: The names from the dynasty of the Norse kings of Dublin and York will be given here in their Irish forms, which is how they appear in most of the contemporary or near contemporary sources which mention them. Corresponding Old Norse forms will be given in parentheses (based on twelfth and thirteenth century Icelandic sources).]
35. Máelcorcre ingen Dúnlaing [GaC] [See note under #17]
36. Edwin of Tegeingl [Note: PP.36 gives several contradictory accounts of Edwin's parentage, all from late manuscripts, so his parentage should be regarded as unknown. The attempt of David H. Kelley (in "Edwin of Tegeingl", The American Genealogist 46 (1970), 75- 80) to identify him with Edwin of Mercia is unconvincing.]
37. Iwerydd ferch Cynfyn [ByT, p. 101]
38-39. Unknown.
40. Caradog. [Note: As father of Trahaern ap Caradog, his first name is certain from his son's patronymic. As far as I have been able to determine, none of Caradog's alleged ancestors (e.g., in ABT.2a,13,14) is a verifiably historical individual.]
41. Unknown. [Note: The Welsh annals (AC and ByT) refer to Trahaern ap Caradog as a cousin of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (#24), which has led to speculation that Trahaern's mother was perhaps a sister of Cynfyn ap Gwerystan (#48). However, although we can be reasonably certain that Trahaern and Bleddyn were cousins, this information is not enough to nail down the precise relationship.]
42-47. Unknown
48. Cynfyn ap Gwerystan [ByT, pp. 55, 87, 101; MG.3; JC.27] (also #74)
49. Angharad ferch Maredudd [BYT, pp. 55, 87; JC.27; ABT.1e,7k]
50. Cillin y Blaidd Rhudd [ABT.1d,8b, of which 8b calls him "ap y Blaidd Rrudd", the "ap" being an apparent mistake.]
51-63. Unknown
Generation 7
64. Idwal ap Meuric, d. ca. 997 [AC], king of Gwynedd. [JC.25; see also DNB 10, 412]
65-67. Unknown.
68. Sitric mac Amlaíb (Old Norse Sigtryggr Silkiskeggi), king of Dublin, deposed 1036, d. 1042 [AU].
69. Slani ingen Briain [GaC] [See note under #17. The fact that Sitric was married to a daughter of Brian is also confirmed by the early twelfth century source Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh ("War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill"), ed. J. H. Todd (Rolls Series 48, London, 1867), pp. 193, 257.]
70. Dúnlaing mac Tuathail (of the Uí Muiredaig branch of Uí Dúnlaing), king of Laigin d. 1014 [AU] [GaC]
71. Unknown.
72. Unknown [See note under #36]
73. Unknown.
74. Cynfyn ap Gwerstan (same as #48)
75. Unknown [Note: ByT, p. 101 explicitly states that Iwerydd ferch Cynfyn (#37) was Cynfyn's daughter by a mother (unnamed) different from Angharad. ABT.2f,7k states that Angharad was Iweydd's mother. Since it is a common mistake to assume that all of a man's children are by his known wife, it is more likely that ByT is correct here. For Angharad and her ancestors, see #49, #98, etc.]
76-95. Unknown
96. Gwerystan [EWGT] [Note: Since his name appears in ByT, p. 101 as a patronymic for Cynfyn, I am inclined to view the name as correct, but the earlier generations of his pedigree show wide variation, and are probably a late invention.]
97. Unknown [Note: Late sources make her Nest, daughter of Cadell ap Brochwel, king of Powys, which is chronologically impossible.]
98. Maredudd ap Owain, d. 999 [AC] [ABT.1e,7j,k]
99-127. Unknown
Generation 8
128. Meuric ab Idwal Voel, d. 986 [AC]. [JC.25; see also DNB 10, 412]
129-135. Unknown.
136. Amlaíb Cuaran (Old Norse Óláfr Kváran), king of Dublin & York, d. 981 [AU] [GaC]
137. Gormlaith ingen Murchada (of Uí Dúnlainge), d. 1030 [AT]. In addition to being the wife of Amlaib Cuaran, she was also married to Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, king of Mide (Meath) and king of Ireland (d. 1022), and to Brian Boruma (#138) [BS 189, 227; R.117c=LL.334c (Rw.14, CGH.13); LL334d (CGH.423)]
138. Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig (of Dál Cais), king of Mumu (Munster) and Ireland, killed 23 Apr 1014 after his forces had been victorious at the Battle of Clontarf [AU] [GaC; R.152b=LL.322f (Rw.1278, CGH.237); R.154a=LL.336d=Lec.225Rb (Rw.1359, CGH.250)]
139. Unknown. [Brian had four known wives, and no known source states which wife was Slani's mother.]
140. Tuathal mac Augaire (of the Uí Muiredaig branch of Uí Dúnlainge, ancestor of the family of Ua Tuathail, i.e., O'Toole), king of Laigin, d. 958 [AU] [R.117c=LL.337d=BB.138a (Rw.11, CGH.12)]
141-195. Unknown or duplicated.
196. Owain ap Hywel Dda, king of South Wales, d. 988 [AC] [HG.1,2, where he appears as "[O]uen map [H]iguel" in the former (which gives his ancestry through his father), and "[O]uein map Elen" in the latter (which gives his ancestry through his mother). The letters in brackets are accidental omissions. Since the early forms of the names in HG are so much different from the modern Welsh forms, they will be given for each of Owain's ancestors as they appear in HG for sake of comparison.]
197. Unknown. [The claim that she was Angharad ferch Llywelyn ap Merfyn ap Rhodri (see #1024) appears only in late manuscripts, and should be regarded as dubious. See EWGT, p. 141.]
198-255. Unknown.
Generation 9
256. Idwal Voel ab Anarawd, d. 943 [AC], king of Gwynedd. [JC.25; see also DNB.10.412]
257. Unknown. [Note: Lewys Dwnn's visitation (LD.ii.100) gives Idwal's wife as Mereddon ferch Cadwr, but this late source cannot be trusted for such an early marriage.]
258-271. Unknown
272. Sitric ua Ímair (Old Norse Sigtryggr), king of Dublin and York, d. 927 [AU].
273. Unknown. [Note: Sitric married a sister of Æthelstan of England in 926, but it is not chronologically feasible for her to be the mother of Amlaib Cuaran.]
274. Murchad mac Finn (of the Uí Fáeláin branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Laigin, d. 972 [AU] [R.117c=LL334c (Rw.13, CGH.13); R.117d=BB.138a (Rw.18, CGH.14); LL337f (CGH.423)]
275. Unknown.
276. Cennétig mac Lorcain (of Dál Cais), king of Thomond, d. 951 [AU] [R.152b=LL.322f (Rw.1277-8, CGH.237); R.154a=LL.336d=Lec.225Rb (Rw.1359, CGH.250)]
277. Be Bind ingen Aurchada (of Uí Briúin Seóla). [BS.188, 227, 314, 338]
278-279. Unknown.
280. Augaire mac Ailella (of the Uí Muiredaig branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Laigin, d. 917, having been killed in the Battle of Cennfuait by Sitric ua Imair (#272) [AU] [R.117c=LL.337d=BB.138a (Rw.11, CGH.12)]
281-391. Unknown or duplicated.
392. Hywel Dda ap Cadell, king of South Wales, d. 950 [AC]. [HG.1: "[H]iguel map Catell"]
393. Elen ferch Llywarch, d. 929 [AC.b: "Helena obiit"] [HG.2: "Elen merc Ioumarc" (a mistake for "Loumarc")]
394-511. Unknown.
Generation 10
512. Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr, d. 916 [AU, AC], king of Gwynedd. [JC.25; see also DNB.10.412]
513-543. Unknown.
544. NN mac Ímair (first name unknown, father of Sitric ua Ímair) [Note: Sitric is called a grandson of Ímar (ua Ímair) in the Irish annals, but no satisfactory evidence has been advanced regarding the name of the intervening generation. The Irish annals (AU and others) show two sons of Ímar, Sichfrith (d. 888), and Sitric (d. 896), both of whom appear to have been kings of Dublin (although the annals do not explicitly give them that title). Another Dublin king in the annals, Barid or Barith (d. 881), is of unstated parentage in most of the annals, but is referred to as another son of Ímar in CS. Of these sons (and possible son), Sitric can almost certainly be ruled out as the possible father of Sitric ua Ímair, because Vikings were very rarely named after their fathers. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that Sitric ua Ímair was the son of another, unknown, son of Ímar.]
545-547. Unknown.
548. Finn mac Máel Mórda (of the Uí Fáeláin branch of Uí Dúnlainge), rígdamna of Laigin, d. 923 [AU] [R.117c=LL334c (Rw.13, CGH.13); R.117d=BB.138a (Rw.18, CGH.14); LL337f (CGH.423)] [Note: There is some disagreement about the exact meaning of the term rígdamna. "Prince" or "royal heir" are two possible translations which have been suggested.]
549-551. Unknown.
552. Lorcan mac Lachtnai (of Dál Cais, a sept formerly known as In Déis Tuaiscirt, the change in name perhaps occurring about this time, as the name of "Dál Cais" is not documented before the tenth century) [R.152b=LL.322f (Rw.1276-7, CGH.237); R.154a=LL.336d=Lec.225Rb (Rw.1359, CGH.250)]
553. Unknown.
554. Aurchad mac Murchada (of Uí Briúin Seóla), d. 945, king of Uí Briúin [AI] (i.e., probably Uí Briúin Seóla), of Iarthar (West) Connacht, [AU] [BS.188,227,314,338; BB.90b]
555. Uncertain. [Royal Irish Academy MS B.IV.2. fo. 52a has a poem which appears to give two generations of female ancestry of Be Bind ingen Aurchada, so more progress on this line is possible in the future. See the discussions on this poem which have taken place in soc.genealogy.medieval for more.]
556-559. Unknown.
560. Ailill mac Dúnlaing, king of Laigin (of the Uí Muiredaig branch of Uí Dúnlainge), d. 871 [AU] [R.117c=LL.337d=BB.138a (Rw.11, CGH.12)]
561-783. Unknown or duplicated.
784. Cadell ap Rhodri, king of South Wales, d. 910 [AC] [HG.1: "Catell map Rotri"]
785. Unknown.
786. Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, d. 904 [AC] [HG.2: " an unknown place oumarc map Himeyt" (see comment under #393)]
787-1023. Unknown.
Generation 11
1024. Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd, d. 878 [AC, AU]. [JC.25] [HG.1: "Rotri map Mermin"] (also #1568)
1025. Unknown. [Note: JC.20-1 (a fourteenth century manuscript) gives Angharad ferch Meurig as the wife of Rhodri Mawr, and is the earliest known source to mention Angharad. Patrick Sims-Williams has argued persuasively (in SW) that Angharad is a late invention, and I find his arguments convincing. (The main problem is that JC, the earliest source for this and other marriages, shows a disturbing tendancy to have suspiciously convenient sisters marrying just the right people, suggesting invention.) The same arguments apply to Rhodri's alleged mother Nest of Powys (below, #2049). Since Angharad probably never existed, the supposed line of descent from the kings of Ceredigion which has been traced through her is probably not valid.]
1026-1087. Unknown.
1088. Ímar (Old Norse Ivarr), king of Dublin (& York?), d. 873 [AU] [He was the historical prototype of the Ivar the Boneless of the Icelandic sagas, which, however, cannot be trusted to give any historical information about him. The only certain information about him is given in the Irish annals during the period 856-873, and his possible role as king of York, though reasonably likely, is disputed by some.]
1089-1095. Unknown.
1096. Máel Mórda mac Muirecáin (of the Uí Fáeláin branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Airthir Liphi, d. 917 (killed in the Battle of Cennfuait by Sitric ua Imair, #272) [AU] [R.117d=BB.138a (Rw.18, CGH.14); LL337f (CGH.423)]
1097-1103. Unknown.
1104. Lachtnae mac Cuircc (of In Déis Tuaiscirt [Dál Cais]) [R.152b=LL.322f (Rw.1275-6, CGH.237); R.154a=LL.336d=Lec.225Rb (Rw.1359, CGH.250)]
1105-1107. Unknown.
1108. Murchad mac Máenaig (of Uí Briúin Seóla), king of Iarthar (West) Connacht, d. 896 [AI] [BB.90b] [Note: Murchad's pedigree is not in R or LL, the two earliest texts, but there is no good reason to doubt the accuracy of the pedigree at least back to Cenn Fáelad mac Colgan, king of Connacht in the seventh century (#70912 below). See also the genealogical tables in IKHK, p. 299, and J. V. Kelleher, "Uí Maine in the Annals and Genealogies to 1225", Celtica 9 (1971), 61-111 (Plate IV at p. 111)]
1109-1119. Unknown.
1120. Dúnlaing mac Muiredaig (of the Uí Muiredaig branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Laigin, d. 869 [CS] [R.117c=LL.337d=BB.138a (Rw.11, CGH.12)]
1121-1567. Unknown or duplicated.
1568. Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd (same as #1024)
1569. Unknown. [See note under #1025]
1572. Hyfaidd ap Bleiddig, king of Dyfed, d. 893 [AC] [HG.2: "Himeyt"]
1573-2047. Unknown.
Generation 12
2048. Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad, king of Gwynedd, d. 844 [AU, AC] [HG.1: "Mermin"]
2049. Unknown. [JC.18 gives her as Nest, daughter of king Cadell of Powys. She, like Angharad (#1025), appears to be a late invention, for reasons which are the same as for Angharad. See SW and the note under #1025. Since Nest probably never existed, the supposed line of descent through her from the kings of Powys is probably not valid.]
2050-2175. Unknown.
2176. Unknown. [Note: Some would place the legendary Ragnarr Loðbrók (a figure of the Icelandic sagas and of the Danish pseudohistorian Saxo) in this position. However, Ragnarr Loðbrók is a figure of legend, not history, and the historically documented genealogy ends with Ivarr (#1088).]
2177-2191. Unknown.
2192. Muirecán mac Diarmata (of the Uí Fáeláin branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Laigin, d. 863 [AU] [R.117d=BB.138a (Rw.18, CGH.14); LL337f (CGH.423)]
2193-2207. Unknown.
2208. Corcc mac Anluain (of In Déis Tuaiscirt [Dál Cais]) [R.152b=LL.322f (Rw.1274-5, CGH.237); R.154a=LL.336d=Lec.225Rb (Rw.1359, CGH.250)]
2209-2215. Unknown.
2216. Máenach mac Flaithnia (of Uí Briúin Seóla) [BB.90b]
2217-2239. Unknown.
2240. Muiredach mac Brain (of the Uí Muiredaig branch of Uí Dúnlainge), half-king ("leth-ri") of Laigin, d. 818 [AU] [R.117c=LL.337d=BB.138a (Rw.11, CGH.13)]
2241. Etromma ingen Indellaig [WUD]
2242-3143. Unknown or duplicated.
3144. Bleiddig (or Bledri) [TYP no. 68, ByT] [Note: His son is listed in the Welsh triads as one of three kings who were sprung from villeins. No patronym is known for him.]
3145. Tangwystyl ferch Owain [HG.2: "Tancoystl merc Ouein"]
3146-4095. Unknown or duplicated.
Generation 13
4096. Gwriad, probably from the Isle of Man, and possibly the person named on an inscription ("CRUX GURIAT") on a cross in the Isle of Man which has been dated to the eighth or ninth century. [Note: The genealogy which purports to make Gwriad a direct male-line descendant of Llywarch Hen is almost certainly a late fabrication. It is more likely that his paternal ancestors were among those who are named in HG.4, but the exact line of descent (if any) is uncertain, and Gwriad's parentage must be regarded as unknown. See SW for a discussion of these issues. See also GH.]
4097. Esyllt ferch Cynan Dindaethwy [HG.1: "Etthil merch Cinnan"] [Note: The best and earliest sources give her as the mother of Merfyn Frych. Later sources erroneously assign her as Merfyn's wife. For a discussion of this error, see SW.]
4098-4383. Unknown.
4384. Diarmait mac Ruadrach (of the Uí Fáeláin branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Airthir Liphi, d. 832 [AU] [R.117d=BB.138a (Rw.18, CGH.14); LL337f (CGH.423)]
4385-4415. Unknown.
4416. Anluan mac Mathgamna (of In Déis Tuaiscirt [Dál Cais]) [R.152b=LL.322f (Rw.1273-4, CGH.237); R.154a=LL.336d=Lec.225Rb (Rw.1359, CGH.250)]
4417-4431. Unknown.
4432. Flaithnia mac Fiangalaig (of Uí Briúin Seóla) [BB.90b]
4433-4479. Unknown.
4480. Bran Ardchenn mac Muiredaig (of the Uí Muiredaig branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Laigin, d. 795 [AU] [R.117c=LL.337d=BB.138a (Rw.11, CGH.13)]
4481. Unknown. [Note: Bran was married to Ethne, who also d. 795 (AU), daughter of Domnall, king of Mide (Meath), but it is unknown if she was Muiredach's mother.]
4482. Indellach mac Meic [F]orb[b]a (of Uí Telláin Roirend) [WUD] [Note: His name is given as "Findellbach" in the BB version of WUD.]
4483. Fidcossa [WUD]
4484-6289. Unknown or duplicated.
6290. Owain ap Maredudd, d. 811 [AC] [HG.2: "Ouein map Margetiud"]
6289-8191. Unknown or duplicated.
Generation 14
8192. Unknown. (see note under #4096)
8193. Unknown.
8194. Cynan Dindaethwy ap Rhodri Molwynog, king of Gwynedd, d. 816 [AC] [HG.1: "Cinnan map Rotri"]
8195-8768. Unknown.
8768. Ruaidri mac Fáeláin (of the Uí Fáeláin branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Laigin, d. 785 [AU] [R.117d=BB.138a (Rw.18, CGH.14); LL337f (CGH.423)]
8769-8831. Unknown.
8832. Mathgamain mac Toirrdelbaig (of In Déis Tuaiscirt [Dál Cais]) [R.152b=LL.322f (Rw.1272-3, CGH.237); R.154a=LL.336d=Lec.225Rb (Rw.1359, CGH.250)]
8833-8863. Unknown.
8864. Fiangalach mac Flainn Rodba (of Uí Briúin Seóla) [BB.90b]
8865-8959. Unknown.
8960. Muiredach mac Murchada (ancestor of the Uí Muiredaig branch of Uí Dúnlainge), king of Laigin, d. 760 [AU] [R.117c=LL.337d=BB.138a (Rw.11, CGH.13); WUD]
8961-8963. Unknown.
8964. Mac [F]orb[b]a, of Uí Telláin Roirend) [WUD] [Note: His name is given variously as Mac Orbba or Mac Forba.]
8965-12579. Unknown or duplicated.
12580. Maredudd ap Tewdws, king of Dyfed, d. 796 [AC] [HG.2: "Margetiut map Teudos"] [Note: His obituary is generally regarded as the earliest contemporary entry in the Annales Cambriae, the earlier entries having been inserted in the annals at a later date, based on sources whose exact nature is a matter of debate.]
12581-16383. Unknown or duplicated.
Generation 15
16384-16387. Unknown
16388. Rhodri Molwynog ab Idwal Iwrch, d. ca. 754 [AC] [HG.1: "Rotri map Iutguaul"]
16389-17535. Unknown.
17536. Fáelán mac Murchada, king of Laigin (ancestor of the Uí Fáeláin branch of Uí Dúnlainge), d. 738 [AU] [R.117c=BB.138a (Rw.13, CGH.13); R.117d=BB.138a (Rw.18, CGH.14); LL337f (CGH.423)]
17537-17663. Unknown.
17664. Toirrdelbach, ancestor of Uí Toirrdelbaig, a branch of the sept of In Déis Tuaiscirt (known as Dál Cais from the tenth century on) R.152b=LL.322e.¹⁸ Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales was also known as Llywelyn Fawr "the Great" Prince of North Wales.³

; This is the same person as ”Llywelyn ab Iorwerth [called Llywelyn Fawr]” at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.¹⁹ GAV-21 EDV-22 GKJ-22. He and Tangwystl ferch Llywarch Goch were associated.^3,4

; Per Med Lands:
     "LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth, son of IORWERTH "Drwyndwyn/flat nose" Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-11 Apr 1240[273], bur Aberconway). He succeeded in 1194 as LLYWELYN "Fawr/the Great" Prince of Gwynedd, Prince of All Wales. The Annales Cambriæ name "Lewelinus filius Gervasii filii Owini Guynet…princeps Walliæ"[274]. The Annales Londonienses record the death "Id Apr" in 1240 of "Lewelinus princeps Norwalliæ"[275]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Llywelyn son of Iorwerth prince of Wales died…and was buried at Aberconway" in 1240[276].
     "[m firstly (end [1190]) --- of Chester, daughter of HUGH de Kevilloc Earl of Chester & his wife Bertrade de Montfort ([1174/75]?-[1191/95]?). Pope Innocent III’s third letter dated 17 Feb 1205 (see below for further details), refers to “idem L” marrying “sororem...comitis Castriæ”, dated to end-[1190] from the context[277]. No other reference has been found to this marriage or her parentage. If it is correct, she presumably died soon after the marriage.]
     "m firstly/secondly (Betrothed [1190]?, betrothal terminated ([1191/92]), [1195/96], separated [annulled] [1203/05]) as her second husband, --- of Man, widow of RHODRI ap Owain, daughter of RAGNALD King of Man & [his wife ---] ([1182/83]-after 17 Feb 1205). Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 24 Nov 1199, requested an enquiry after “R. princeps Norwaliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...prinicipis Insularum” notwithstanding that “patruo eius eadem infra nubiles annos exstitit desponsata”, in particular investigating whether she was still under 7 years old [youngest canonical age for marriage at the time] when “a nepote, vel patruo desponsata”[278]. Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 19 Apr 1203, reported the enquiry after “N. princeps Norwalliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...principis Insularum”, referring to his previous letter, confirming that “L. principe Norwalliæ” had been betrothed to “puella, completis octo annis”, that she was later betrothed to “patruo...suo”, that the enquiry found against the marriage but allowed it to stand to bring peace to the dispute[279]. Pope Innocent III issued a third letter dated 17 Feb 1205, after further facts emerged, annulling the marriage and recording that “ejusdem L. patruus ipsam” was betrothed to the girl when in her ninth year, married her in her tenth, and cohabited with her, including “in Manniam rediens” before returning “in Walliam” by himself leaving his wife behind, for 2 years, 2 months and 15 days since their marriage[280]. Remfry notes that Dwnn’s Visitation incorrectly names “Rhunallt, the daughter of the king of Man” as wife of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (see below) and suggests that this may represent confusion with the first/second wife of Llywelyn[281]. Remfry also suggests that Gruffydd was the son of his father’s first wife, declared illegitimate when his parents’ marriage was annulled, citing a contemporary poet who records Owain “Goch”, oldest son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, as “of the lineage of the kings of Man”[282].
     "m secondly/thirdly (after 16 Apr 1205) JOAN [of England], illegitimate daughter of JOHN King of England & his mistress Clementia Pinel (-30 Mar 1237). King John confirmed "castrum de Ellesmara" to "Lewelino principi Norwallie in maritagium cum Johanna filia nostra" by charter dated 16 Apr 1205[283]. Her husband sent her to make peace with the king her father in 1211 when the latter was attacking North Wales. She was legitimated in 1226: Pope Honorius III gave dispensation to “Joan wife of Leuwelin prince of North Wales, daughter of king John declaring her legitimate, but without prejudice to the king or realm of England”, dated 29 Apr 1226[284]. She and her son David did homage to King Henry III in 1229[285]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "William Bruse was hanged by Llywelyn son of Iorewerth, having been caught in the chamber of the prince with the princess Jannet, daughter of King John and wife of the prince" in 1230[286]. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 1237 of "domina Johanna filia regis Angliæ et uxor Lewilini principis Walliæ" and her burial "apud Haber"[287]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “III Kal Apr” in 1236 of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis et reginæ Clemenciæ”[288]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Dame Joan daughter of king John and the wife of Llywelyn son of Iorwerth" died in Feb 1237 "at the court of Aber and was buried in a new cemetery on the side of the strand which Howel bishop of Llanelwy had consecrated"[289].
     "m thirdly/fourthly (1239) EVA, daughter of FULK FitzWarin [IV] & his [second] wife Constance de Tosny. The Annales Cestrienses record in 1239 that “Lewelinus princeps Wallie” married “filiam Fulconis filii Warini”[290]. The Legend of Fulk Fitz Warin records that "Lowis le prince de Walys" married "sire Fouke…Eve sa file" after the death of his first wife "dame Johane…que fust la file le roi Henre de Engleterre"[291].
     "Mistress (1): [TANGWYSTL, daughter of LLYWARCH “Goch [the Red]” of Rhos & his wife ---. Lloyd’s early 20th century History of Wales names “Tangwystl, daughter of Llywarch the Red of Rhos”, as mother of Llywelyn’s son Gruffydd[292]. Lloyd cites Dwnn’s Heraldic Visitation of Wales which names Llywelyn’s children “Grufydd a Gwladus” as the children of “Tanglwyst verch gôch o’r Rhos, ag i Lowardh Holdwrch”[293]. Remfry, however, suggests that Tangwystl “seems only to have been created in the 17th century”[294], although he also cites a survey of Denbighshire dated [1336] which records that Prince Llywelyn had earlier donated land (“Dyncadvel” in Llannefydd) to “cuidam amice sue nomine Tanguestel Goch” who sold it[295]: the word “amice” [variant of “amicæ”], dative singular of “amica”, could be a euphemism to describe Llywelyn’s mistress. Remfry, suggesting that Llywelyn’s first/second wife (the princess of Man) was Gruffydd’s mother, cites a contemporary poet who records Owain “Goch” (Gruffydd’s oldest son) as “of the lineage of the kings of Man”[296]. The suggestion seems chronologically possible, given the likely birthdate of Llywelyn’s first/second wife, if Gruffydd was born in the late 1190s. Given these apparently conflicting indications, certainty about the identity of Gruffydd’s mother is difficult.]
     "Mistresses (2): - (7): ---. The names of the other mistresses of Prince Llywelyn are not known."
Med Lands cites:
; Per Med Lands:
     "daughter ([1182/83]-after 17 Feb 1205). Her parentage, betrothals and two marriages are confirmed by the following documents. Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 24 Nov 1199, requested an enquiry after “R. princeps Norwaliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...prinicipis Insularum” notwithstanding that “patruo eius eadem infra nubiles annos exstitit desponsata”, in particular investigating whether she was still under 7 years old [youngest canonical age for marriage at the time] when “a nepote, vel patruo desponsata”[1300]. Pope Innocent III, by letter dated 19 Apr 1203, reported the enquiry after “N. princeps Norwalliæ” requested permission to marry “filiam...principis Insularum”, referring to his previous letter, confirming that “L. principe Norwalliæ” had been betrothed to “puella, completis octo annis”, that she was later betrothed to “patruo...suo”, that the enquiry found against the marriage but allowed it to stand to bring peace to the dispute[1301]. Pope Innocent III issued a third letter dated 17 Feb 1205, after further facts emerged, annulling the marriage and recording that “ejusdem L. patruus ipsam” was betrothed to the girl when in her ninth year, married her in her tenth, and cohabited with her, including “in Manniam rediens” before returning “in Walliam” by himself leaving his wife behind, for 2 years, 2 months and 15 days since their marriage[1302]. Her marriage date suggests that she was much older than her sister who married Thomas of Galloway. Maybe they were born from different marriages. Remfry notes that Dwnn’s Visitation incorrectly names “Rhunallt, the daughter of the king of Man” as wife of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (see the document WALES) and suggests that this may represent confusion with the first/second wife of Llywelyn[1303].
     "m firstly ([1191/92]) RHODRI ap Owain Lord of Anglesey, son of OWAIN King of Gwynedd & his second wife Christina of Deheubarth (-[1194/95]).
     "m secondly (Betrothed [1190]?, betrothal terminated [1191/92]), [1195/96], separated [annulled] [1203/05]) as his [first/second] wife, LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales, son of IORWERTH "Drwyndwyn/flat nose" Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-11 Apr 1240, bur Aberconway)."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "King John had one illegitimate daughter by Mistress (2) [Clementia]:
     "JOAN (-30 Mar 1237). King John confirmed "castrum de Ellesmara" to "Lewelino principi Norwallie in maritagium cum Johanna filia nostra" by charter dated 16 Apr 1205[646]. Her husband sent her to make peace with the king her father in 1211 when the latter was attacking North Wales. She was legitimated in 1226: Pope Honorius III gave dispensation to “Joan wife of Leuwelin prince of North Wales, daughter of king John declaring her legitimate, but without prejudice to the king or realm of England”, dated 29 Apr 1226[647]. She and her son David did homage to King Henry III in 1229[648]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "William Bruse was hanged by Llywelyn son of Iorewerth, having been caught in the chamber of the prince with the princess Jannet, daughter of King John and wife of the prince" in 1230[649]. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 1237 of "domina Johanna filia regis Angliæ et uxor Lewilini principis Walliæ" and her burial "apud Haber"[650]. The Annals of Tewkesbury record the death “III Kal Apr” in 1236 of “domina Johanna Walliæ, uxor Lewelini, filia regis Johannis et reginæ Clemenciæ”[651]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Dame Joan daughter of king John and the wife of Llywelyn son of Iorwerth" died in Feb 1237 "at the court of Aber and was buried in a new cemetery on the side of the strand which Howel bishop of Llanelwy had consecrated"[652].
     "m (1205) as his second/third wife, LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales, son of IORWERTH Drwyndwyn ("flat nose") Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-11 Apr 1240, bur Aberconway)."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Anjou 3): “B7. [illegitimate by Clemence N] Joan, *ca 1188, +4.3.1237; m.18.6.1205 Llewellyn ap Iorwerth, Pr of North Wales (*1173 +11.4.1240)”.²¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "[daughter ([1174/75]?-[1191/95]?). Pope Innocent III’s third letter dated 17 Feb 1205 (see the document WALES for further details), refers to “idem L” marrying “sororem...comitis Castriæ”, dated to end-[1190] from the context[155]. No other reference has been found to this marriage or her parentage. If it is correct, she presumably died soon after the marriage. If that is correct, it is unlikely that this daughter was the same person as one of Earl Hugh’s other daughters whose later marriages are recorded as shown below.
     "m (end [1190]) as his first wife, LLYWELYN ap Iorwerth Fawr ("the Great") Prince of North Wales, son of IORWERTH Drwyndwyn ("flat nose") Prince of Gwynedd & his wife Marared of Powys ([1173]-11 Apr 1240, bur Aberconway).] "
Med Lands cites: Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales was Prince of Gwynedd
See attached map of Wales ca 1217 (from Wikipedia: By No machine-readable author provided. Rhion assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=886530) between 1195 and 1240 at Wales, England (now).^17,22 He was Prince of Wales, [Ashley, pp. 359-360] LLYWELYN FAWR (THE GREAT) Al' IORWETH Gwynedd (east Gwynedd from 1195) 1200-40; incorporating Powys from 1208; overlord of Deheubarth from 1216; regarded as prince of Wales from 1210. Born: Dolwyddelan, Nantconwy, c 1173. Died: 11 April 1240, aged about 66. Buried: Aberconwy Abbey. Married:1205, Joan, illeg. dau. King John of England; 5 children. Llywelyn had at least one illegitimate child. If there is one Welsh prince everyone knows (or think they know) it is Llywelyn the Great, although some of his exploits often get confused in the public consciousness with those of his grandson, known as LLYWELYN THE LAST. Llywelyn rightly deserved the epithet the Great, the most of all the Welsh rulers, almost solely for his leadership and statesmanlike abilities. Certainly he had no finesse or cultural qualities, but he was the mo
an that Wales needed to pull it out of the Dark Ages and make it a united country. He was an ideal successor to GRUFFYDD AP CYNAN and OWAIN GWYNEDD.
His rise to power was meteoric. His father, Iorweth Drwyndwn, had died soon after Llywelyn's birth and he was raised with his mother's relatives in Powys. By his late teens he had joined forces with his cousins, Gruffydd and Maredudd ab Cynan in their opposition to their uncles RHODRI AB OWAIN and DAFYDD AB OWAIN. Llywelyn soon got the upper hand over his cousins, so that when Dafydd was deposed from East Gwynedd in 1195 Llywelyn claimed the territory as his own. Although technically he initially shared it with his uncle, Dafydd was soon squeezed out of the land, imprisoned in 1197, and then banished altogether in 1198. In 1200, his cousin Gruffydd, who had ostensibly become the ruler in West Gwynedd, died, and Llywelyn promptly annexed that territory. In 1201 and 1202 he deprived Maredudd of his lands in Llyn and Meirionydd respectively, so that by 1202 he had reunited all of Gwynedd.
Llywelyn learned from his predecessors that it was important to stay on cordial terms with the king of England. Soon after JOHN came to power, he and Llywelyn entered into a detailed agreement. This enforced John's overlordship of Wales, and stated the terms by which Llywelyn and his own lords must render fealty; but it also recognized the authority of Welsh law and stated on what basis cases might be tried. This agreement, the oldest to survive between an English and a Welsh monarch, while definitely constituting an imposition of English overlordship, nevertheless recognized the relevance and need of Welsh law and government and thus gave Llywelyn a power in his own land that was unequalled by any previous English-Welsh relationship. Llywelyn sought to cement this accord further by marrying Joan, an illegitimate daughter of John's, in 1205. He also accompanied John on his punitive expedition against the Scots in 1209.
In the meantime Llywelyn took what opportunities presented themselves to expand his authority in Wales. His closest rival was GWENWYNWYN, the prince of Powys, who also had expansionist desires, but he overstepped the mark in 1208, literally, by several ill-disposed attacks on the marcher lands. King John reacted swiftly and deprived Gwenwynwyn of all of his lands. Llywelyn promptly annexed southern Powys and used this as a means to march into and lay claim to southern Ceredigion. He then claimed overlordship of the other lesser lordships in southern Wales and, by 1210, was declaring himself as prince of all Wales.
This insubordination angered John who sent two expeditions into Wales in 1211. The first suffered from poor organization but the second was highly successful, penetrating far into the stronghold of Gwynedd. East Gwynedd was placed again under Norman control, and John cleverly engineered the isolation of Llywelyn by ensuring the support of the other princes. Exacting tributes were demanded and severe retribution taken on the hostages John took, including Llywelyn's illegitimate eldest son. For a few months Llywelyn was vulnerable. There was even a rival movement which sought to bring his cousin, Owain ap Dafydd, to the throne, but at the moment of crisis Llywelyn found unanimous support amongst his countrymen. In 1212 Llywelyn regrouped his forces and prepared to face the might of John's army, which he had convened with a view to total conquest of Wales.
It could have been the biggest invasion force since the Norman conquest of England but, at the last moment, John changed his plans. Domestic problems amongst his barons, which culminated in John's signing of the Magna Carta, meant that he turned his attention from Wales. This was not a retreat, but the Welsh regarded it as a victory. Llywelyn had not been afraid to face the might of the English, and the English had backed down. Thereafter Llywelyn felt able to recommence his onslaught against the Norman-controlled territories, regaining East Gwynedd and lands in the Marches, as well as commanding fealty from the remaining Welsh princes in Powys and Deheubarth. By 1216 Llywelyn was prince of all Wales in fact as well as title, as confirmed by the Treaty of Worcester in
1218.
Border skirmishes continued for several more years, mostly with the new regent of England, William Marshal, one of the marcher lords and the new earl of Pembroke, until his death in 1219. From 1216 to 1234 lands and castles frequently changed hands, but it was as much a period of testing as of outright hostility. The two parties came to understand each other and, with the Pact of Middle in 1234, an agreement was reached by both sides which assured a modicum of peace.
Llywelyn was determined that all he had achieved would not be broken asunder after his death so, as early as 1208 he ensured that his newly born legitimate son, DAFYDD, was recognized as his heir. He also determined to revoke the Welsh law of partible succession, which had been the ruin of previous attempts to unite Wales. Under that rule a landowner had to divide his inheritance amongst his sons. Llywelyn sought to introduce the rule of primogeniture so that his eldest legitimate son inherited. Although this caused a family rift between Llywelyn's eldest illegitimate son, Gruffydd, and his nominated successor, DAFYDD, Llywelyn succeeded in gaining total acceptance. Dafydd was recognized as heir not only by HENRY III in 1220, but by the Pope in 1222, and in 1226 Llywelyn required that all the senior Welsh lords swore fealty to Dafydd as the next prince of Wales. Never had Wales been so united as under Llywelyn the Great. Had someone of his stature existed in previous generations, especially prior to the Norman conquest of England, it is entirely possible that the Welsh could have regained their native Britain. Unfortunately, Llywelyn achieved it at a time when England had increasingly powerful monarchs, and although he left a much improved legacy to his son and grandson, they had to face England's strongest monarch yet EDWARD I. between 1210 and 1240.² As of between 1216 and 1240, Llewellyn "the Great" ab Iorwerth Prince of North Wales lived at Wales, England (now); Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn
See attached map of Wales ca 1217 (from Wikipedia: By No machine-readable author provided. Rhion assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=886530.)^17,22

     Elizabeth le Strange married Sir Robert Corbet of Morton Corbet before March 1323.^2,3,4

     EDV-21 GKJ-18.

     Sir Robert Corbet of Morton Corbet was born in 1304.^3,2 He married Elizabeth le Strange, daughter of Fulk le Strange 1st Lord Strange of Blackmere and Eleanor Gifford, before March 1323.^3,4,2

Sir Robert Corbet of Morton Corbet died on 3 December 1375.^3,2
     EDV-21 GKJ-18.

     Robert I de Tregoz of Ewyas, co. Hereford was born circa 1168 at Salisbury, Wiltshire, England.¹ He married Sibyl de Ewyas, daughter of Robert II de Ewyas Lord of Ewyas Harold and Pernel (Petronilla) (?), between 1184 and 1198.¹

Robert I de Tregoz of Ewyas, co. Hereford died before 29 April 1215.¹
     GAV-22 EDV-23 GKJ-22.

     Sibyl de Ewyas married Robert I de Tregoz of Ewyas, co. Hereford between 1184 and 1198.²
Sibyl de Ewyas married Roger de Clifford of Tenbury, co. Worcester, son of Walter de Clifford and Agnes de Cundy, before 13 February 1217.^3,4,2,1,5

Sibyl de Ewyas died on 1 July 1236 at Ewyas, Herefordshire, England.^3,4,2,1
     GAV-21 EDV-22 GKJ-22.

     Robert II de Tregoz of Ewyas Harold was born circa 1200.³ He married Juliane/Julia de Cantelou, daughter of William (II) de Cantelou of Calne, co. Wilts and Melisende/Millicent de Gournay Countess of Evreux, before 1 August 1245.^4,1,2,5,3,6

Robert II de Tregoz of Ewyas Harold died on 4 August 1265 at Battle of Evesham, Evesham, Worcestershire, England.^4,6
Robert II de Tregoz of Ewyas Harold died before 6 August 1268;
Ravilious [2001] says d. bef 1 Aug 1245; Genealogics says d. bef 24 Sep 1268.^1,2,3
     GAV-21 EDV-22 GKJ-21.

;
Per Genealogics:
     "Robert de Tregoz, son of Robert de Tregoz and Sibyl de Ewyas, before 1 August 1245 married Juliane de Canteloup, daughter of William de Canteloup and Melisende de Gournay.
     "Closely associated with King Henry III, he received £20 each year from 1226 till 1241 'to keep him in the royal service'. He had a protection to go to Brittany, April 1230, and was in Gascony, 1242-1243, and again in 1253-1254. In 1241 he was appointed a Commissioner to view royal castles in Wiltshire and, in 1257, was ordered to aid the Earl of Hereford to protect the Marches. He was also summoned for service in Wales, 1258, 1260, 1263 and 1264.
     "In October 1261 he was among the trusted tenants whom the king, faced with the opposition of Simon de Montfort, called to London. He confirmed the foundation of a house of regular canons at Albury, in Send, Surrey, and was patron of the priory on the Isle of Steepholm, in the Bristol Channel. He died shortly before 24 September 1268."³

Reference: Genealogics cites: The Complete Peerage, 1936 , Doubleday, H.A. & Lord Howard de Walden. XII/2 18.³

     Juliane/Julia de Cantelou married Robert II de Tregoz of Ewyas Harold, son of Robert I de Tregoz of Ewyas, co. Hereford and Sibyl de Ewyas, before 1 August 1245.^8,9,1,4,10,2

Juliane/Julia de Cantelou died after 6 August 1285.^11,9,1
     GAV-21 EDV-22 GKJ-21.

; 1.1a.1 Juliana de Cantelou[4]
----------------------------------------
Death: aft 6 Aug 1285

William de Cantelou d. 1250, leaving sons and
'...Julian, the Wife of Sir Robert de Tregoz.' Dugdale, Baronage,
p. 732 [cites Ex. coll. R. Gl. S.][3]

Spouse: Robert de Tregoz
Death: bef 24 Sep 1268[4]
Father: Robert de Tregoz (-<1215)
Mother: Sibyl de Ewyas (-<1236)
Marr: bef 1 Aug 1245[4]

Children: John (-1300)

SOURCES

3. William Dugdale, Norroy King of Arms, "The Baronage of England,"
Tho. Newcomb [reprint Georg Verlag, New York], London, 1675
[reprint New York, 1977].
4. G. E. Cokayne, "The Complete Peerage,"
The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain
and the United Kingdom.¹

Reference: Genealogics cites: 1. The Complete Peerage, 1936 , Doubleday, H.A. & Lord Howard de Walden. XI/2 19.⁴

; "...sister of Thomas, Bishop of Hereford, d. 1282, canonized 1320 as St. Thomas of Hereford."⁸ Juliane/Julia de Cantelou was also known as Juliane de Canteloup.⁴ She was living on 6 August 1285;
Per Genealogics: "Mentioned."⁴

     Bonenee (?) married William de Belmeis, son of Alain I La Zouche and Alix de Beaumez.^1,2

Bonenee (?) died after 1199.^1,2
     Bonenee (?) was also known as Bonendee (?)²

     Roger de Clifford of Tenbury, co. Worcester was born at Clifford's Castle, Herefordshire, England.¹ He married Sibyl de Ewyas, daughter of Robert II de Ewyas Lord of Ewyas Harold and Pernel (Petronilla) (?), before 13 February 1217.^4,1,5,6,2

Roger de Clifford of Tenbury, co. Worcester died between 1231 and 1232.^4,1
Roger de Clifford of Tenbury, co. Worcester was buried circa 1232 at Dore Abbey, Herefordshire, England.¹
     GAV-21 EDV-22 GKJ-22.

     Robert II de Ewyas Lord of Ewyas Harold married Pernel (Petronilla) (?)²

Robert II de Ewyas Lord of Ewyas Harold died in 1198.^2,1
     GAV-22 EDV-23.

     Pernel (Petronilla) (?) married Robert II de Ewyas Lord of Ewyas Harold, son of Robert I de Ewyas Lord of Ewyas Harold.¹

Pernel (Petronilla) (?) died after 1204.²
     GAV-22 EDV-23.

     Robert I de Ewyas Lord of Ewyas Harold died after 1147.
     GAV-23 EDV-24.

     Alan de Saint Maur (Seymour) died; dvp.¹