Person Page - 457

     Philippe I (?) Duc d'Orléans, d'Anjou, de Valois, de Chartres, de Nemours et de Montpensier, Pr de Joinville was born on 21 September 1640 at St. Germain-en-Laye, France.^1,5,2,3 He married Princess Henrietta Maria Anne (?), daughter of Charles I (?) King of England and Scotland and Henrietta Maria de Bourbon, on 31 March 1661 at Palais Royal, Paris, City of Paris, Île-de-France, France,
; his 1st wife.^6,2,3 Philippe I (?) Duc d'Orléans, d'Anjou, de Valois, de Chartres, de Nemours et de Montpensier, Pr de Joinville married Elisabeth Charlotte di Liselotte (?) von der Pfalz, Css Palatine von Simmern, daughter of Prince Karl I Ludwig (?) Kfst von der Pfalz and Charlotte (?) von Hesse-Kassel, on 16 November 1671 at Chalons-sur-Marne, France,
; his 2nd wife.^1,5,2,3,7
Philippe I (?) Duc d'Orléans, d'Anjou, de Valois, de Chartres, de Nemours et de Montpensier, Pr de Joinville died on 9 June 1701 at Chateau de St. Cloud, France, at age 60.^1,5,2,3
Philippe I (?) Duc d'Orléans, d'Anjou, de Valois, de Chartres, de Nemours et de Montpensier, Pr de Joinville was buried after 9 June 1701 at St. Denis, Paris, City of Paris, Île-de-France, France.³
     He was Duc d'Orléans, d'Anjou, de Valois, de Chartres, de Nemours et de Montpensier, Pr de Joinville.^5,2,3

     Louis XIII "le Juste" (?) King of France and Navarre was born on 27 September 1601 at Fontainebleau, France.^7,2,4 He married Anna Maria von Habsburg Infta of Spain, daughter of Philip III (?) King of Portugal and Spain and Margareta (?) Archduchess of Austria, on 24 November 1615 at Burgos, Provincia de Burgos, Castilla y León, Spain.^6,7,2,3,4,8

Louis XIII "le Juste" (?) King of France and Navarre died on 14 May 1643 at St. Germain-en-Laye, France, at age 41.^7,2,4
Louis XIII "le Juste" (?) King of France and Navarre was buried after 14 May 1643 at St. Denis, Paris, City of Paris, Île-de-France, France.⁴
     He was King of Navarre.³ He was King of France.³

; King LOUIS XIII "le Juste" of France and Navarre (1610-43), *Fontainebleau 27.9.1601, +St.Germain-en-Laye 14.5.1643, bur St.Denis; m.Burgos 24.11.1615 Anne von Habsburg, Infanta of Spain (*22.9.1601 +20.1.1666) dau.of King Felipe III of Spain.⁴ He was King of France, LOUIS XIII, his son, nine years old. Regency of his mother, Marie de' Medici (1573-1642). Sully removed from office; the Italian Concini placed in control of affairs. Louis XIII, declared of age in 1614, was in fact all his life under the guidance of others. Summons of the estates-general, 1614, being the last before the Revolution of 1789. Arrest and murder of Concini; the queen-mother banished to Blois (1617). The king under the influence of his favorite, the duke of Luynes. By the mediation of Armand-Jean du Plessis (1585-1642), cardinal-duke of Richelieu, a treaty was concluded between Luynes and the queen-mother (1619). New civil war. Contest of the crown with the nobility and the Huguenots. After the death of Luynes (1621), Marie de' Medici and her favorite, Richelieu, obtained control of affairs.

1624-42: Administration of Richelieu, whose influence over the king was henceforward unbroken. Numerous conspiracies against him instigated by Gaston of Orléans, the king's brother.

1625: Revolt of the Huguenots under the dukes of Rohan and Soubise.

1627-28: Siege of La Rochelle under the personal supervision of Richelieu. Despite the dispatch of three fleets from England to the aid of the Huguenots, the city surrendered on Oct. 28, 1628, after a heroic resistance of 14 months. Defeat of the duke of Rohan and complete subjugation of the Huguenots, who thereafter were no longer an armed political party but only a tolerated sect.

War in Italy with Spain; subjugation of Savoy, Richelieu at the head of the army.

1631: Treaty of Cherasco. France renounced all conquests in Italy, but by a secret treaty with Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy, Pignerol was surrendered to France. between 1610 and 1643.⁹

     Princess Elizabeth Charlotte (?) d'Orleans was born on 13 September 1676.^1,2,3 She married Leopold Joseph Charles (?) Duc de Lorraine, son of Charles V Leopold (?) Duke of Lorraine and Eleonora Maria Josefa (?) Archduchess of Austria, in October 1698 at Fontainebleau, France (now).^1,2,3

Princess Elizabeth Charlotte (?) d'Orleans died on 23 December 1744 at age 68.^1,2,3

     Leopold Joseph Charles (?) Duc de Lorraine was born on 11 September 1679 at Innsbruck, Austria.^1,2,3 He married Princess Elizabeth Charlotte (?) d'Orleans, daughter of Philippe I (?) Duc d'Orléans, d'Anjou, de Valois, de Chartres, de Nemours et de Montpensier, Pr de Joinville and Elisabeth Charlotte di Liselotte (?) von der Pfalz, Css Palatine von Simmern, in October 1698 at Fontainebleau, France (now).^1,2,3

Leopold Joseph Charles (?) Duc de Lorraine died on 27 March 1729 at Château de Ménil, France (now), at age 49.^1,2,3
     He was Duke of Lorraine between 1697 and 1729.³

     Predslawa (?) married Svyatoslav I Igorjevitch (?) Grand Duke of Kiev, son of Igor/Ingvar "the Old" (?) Grand Duke of Novgorod and Kiev and Saint Olga (?) Regent of Kiev, before 960
; his 1st wife.^1,3,4,5
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "SVIATOSLAV, son of IGOR [Ingvar] of Kiev & his wife Olga --- ([935/40]-killed in battle [Mar/May] 972). The De administrando imperio names "Sphendosthlabus Ingor Russiæ principis filius"[49]. The Primary Chronicle names Sviatoslav as son of Olga[50]. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a young adult when the De administrando imperio was compiled, before the death of Emperor Konstantinos VII in 959. According to the Primary Chronicle he "was but a child" in 946[51]. At an early age, Sviatoslav´s father appears to have established him in the northern town of Gorodishche, which indicates a claim to overlordship of the northern Scandinavian settlements. The place is called "Nemogardas" in the De administrando imperio[52], which could be a corruption of Novgorod. He succeeded his father as SVIATOSLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev, under the regency of his mother. Kiev was besieged by the Pechenegs in 962[53]. Ruling alone by the mid-960s, Prince Sviatoslav launched a major attack against the Khazars in 965, using the Pechenegs as allies[54]. He conquered the entire middle Volga area and took control of the commercial centres of Sarkel and Ityl[55]. Sviatoslav invaded the territory of the Bulgars along the Danube in 967, having been invited to do so by Emperor Nikephoros Phokas, and established a base at Pereiaslavets on the Danube delta[56]. It is not clear whether Pereiaslavets was the same place as Preslava, the Bulgarian capital, as Franklin & Shepard appear to assume[57], or a different place which appears to be the basis on which Fine writes[58]. Zonaras records that "Borises…Bulgarorum rex" reconquered Preslav but was defeated by "Sphendosthlavus Russorum dux"[59]. Faced with the perceived threat of invasion by Sviatoslav, Emperor Ioannes Tzimisces marched into Bulgaria, captured the capital, and negotiated Sviatoslav's withdrawal. During Sviatoslav's absence in Bulgaria, the Pechenegs raided as far as Kiev. Fine points out that according to the Primary Chronicle the Bulgarians summoned the Pechenegs to attack Kiev, without help from Byzantium[60]. The Primary Chronicle records that, on Sviatoslav´s return journey to Kiev while crossing the Dnieper river in Spring 972, he was attacked and killed by the Pecheneg leader Kuria who reputedly made his skull into a ceremonial cup covered with gold[61]. This represents a curious echo of the report in Paulus Diaconus according to which the skull of Alboin King of the Lombards in Pannonia was allegedly made into a drinking cup after he was defeated and killed by Cunimund King of the Gepids in 567[62].
     "m (before [960]) --- [of Hungary], daughter of [TORMAS Prince of Hungary & his wife ---]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was known as PREDSLAVA in Russia. Europäische Stammtafeln[63] suggests that Predslava was the possible daughter of Tormas but the basis for this speculation is not known. Her marriage date is estimated from the estimated date of birth of her son.
     "Mistress (1): ESFIR, daughter of ---. She is named as Sviatoslav´s mistress in Europäische Stammtafeln[64]. The primary source which confirms her parentage and relationship with Sviatoslav has not yet been identified.
     "Mistress (2): MALUSHA [Malfred], daughter of MALK of Lyubech & his wife --- (-1002). The Primary Chronicle names Malusha, stewardess of Olga and sister of Dobrinya (naming their father Malk of Lyubech), as mother of Sviatoslav's son Vladimir[65]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Rurikid 1): "Svyatoslav I, konung of Novgorod and Kiev (945/6-972), *ca 942, +killed by Pechenegs 972; 1m: Predslava (a Bohemian woman); 2m: Malusha (Malfred) (*ca 944 +1002), a household servant of his mother."⁴

; Per Med Lands: "daughter. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was known as PREDSLAVA in Russia. Europäische Stammtafeln[231] suggests that Predslava was the possible daughter of Tormas but the basis for this speculation is not known. Her marriage date is estimated from the estimated date of birth of her son. m (before [960]) SVIATOSLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev, son of IGOR [Ingvar] of Kiev & his wife Olga ([941]-killed in battle 972)."
Med Lands cites: [231] ES II 128 and 153.²

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: II 128.⁶

; a Bohemian woman.⁴

     Count Arnold I (?) married Mathilde (?) Comtesse de Chiny.^1,2

Count Arnold I (?) died in 982 at Calabria, Italy (now); killed in battle.¹
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: VII 42.¹

     Ferdinand III (?) Holy Roman Emperor was born on 13 July 1608 at Graz, Austria.^6,4,5 He married Maria Anna Margareta (?) Infanta of Spain, daughter of Philip III (?) King of Portugal and Spain and Margareta (?) Archduchess of Austria, on 20 February 1631
; his 1st wife.^2,6,4,7,5 Ferdinand III (?) Holy Roman Emperor married Marie Leopoldina (?) of Tyrol, daughter of Leopold V (?) Archduke of Austria, Count of Tyrol and Claudia de Medici, in 1648 at Linz, Austria,
; his 2nd wife.^4,5 Ferdinand III (?) Holy Roman Emperor married Eleanora Gonzaga, daughter of Carlo II Gonzaga Duc de Nevers et Rethel, Duc de Mayenne et d'Aiguillon, Marquis de Villars, Comte du Maine, Comte de Tende et de Sommerive and Maria Gonzaga, on 30 April 1651 at Wiener Neustadt, Austria,
; his 3rd wife.^4,8,5
Ferdinand III (?) Holy Roman Emperor died on 2 April 1657 at Graz, Austria, at age 48.^2,6,4,5
      ; FERDINAND III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637-57), King of Bohemia (1637-46)+(1654-57) -cr 27.11.1627, King of Hungary (1637-46)+(1654-57) -elected 26.11.1625, cr 27.11.1625, *Graz 13.7.1608, +Vienna 2.4.1657, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna; 1m: Vienna 20.2.1631 *[49077] Infanta Maria Anna of Spain (*18.8.1606 +13.5.1646); 2m: Linz 1648 Archduchess Marie Leopoldine of Austria (*1632 +7.7.1649); 3m: Wiener Neustadt 30.4.1651 [53972] Eleonora Gonzaga (*18.11.1630 +6.12.1686, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna.)⁵ He was Holy Roman Emperor between 1637 and 1657.^2,4

     Isabeau de Vivonne married Charles de Châtillon de Blois Baron d'Avaugour, son of Jean I de Châtillon de Blois Comte de Penthièvre et de Goëllo, vicomte de Limoges, seigneur d’Avaugour, Avesnes et Laigle and Margot (Marguerite) dite «L’Intrépide» de Clisson dame de Chantoceaux, Montfaucon et Palluau.¹

      ; Leo van de pas cites: 1. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: vol VII page 18.
2. Cahiers de Saint Louis Magazine. , Jacques Dupont, Jacques Saillot, Reference: page 11/357.¹

     Francis I (Stephen) (?) Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany was born on 8 December 1708 at Lunéville/Nancy, France.^1,2,3,4 He married Maria Theresa (?) Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Bohemia & Hungary, daughter of Karl VI (?) Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia and Hungary and Elizabeth Christine (?) Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, on 12 February 1736 at Vienna, Austria.^1,2,5,3,4,6

Francis I (Stephen) (?) Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany died on 18 August 1765 at Innsbruck, Austria, at age 56.^1,2,3,4
      ; Duke FRANÇOIS III STEPHEN of Lorraine (1729-35), cr Emperor FRANZ I STEFAN (1745-65), *Nancy 8.12.1708, +Innsbruck 18.8.1765; m.12.2.1736 Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (*13.5.1717 +29.11.1780); (NOTE); For their descendants see Genealogy.EU HApsburg 5 page.⁴

; Emperor Franz I Stephan, Duke of Lorraine, *Lunéville 8.12.1708, +Innsbruck 18.8.1765, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna; m. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary (*13.5.1717 +29.11.1780); they had issue.³

; Because of his marriage to the daughter of the last Habsburg emperor, he became the Austrian candidate for the emperor's throne; he had already renounced the duchies of Lorraine and Bar in 1736 as part of an international treaty aimed at keeping the balance of power; in return, he succeeded in 1737 as Grand Duke of Tuscany; after the Austrian and Hungarian troops fended off the French and Bavarians [the Prussians were satisfied with taking Silesia], Francis was crowned as Emperor Franz I Stefan in 1745.⁴ He was Duke of Lorraine between 27 March 1729 and 1735.^1,4 He was Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1737.¹ He was Holy Roman Emperor between 1745 and 1765.^1,4

     Maria Theresa (?) Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Bohemia & Hungary was born on 13 May 1717 at Vienna, Austria.^1,4,5 She married Francis I (Stephen) (?) Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, son of Leopold Joseph Charles (?) Duc de Lorraine and Princess Elizabeth Charlotte (?) d'Orleans, on 12 February 1736 at Vienna, Austria.^1,2,3,4,8,5

Maria Theresa (?) Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Bohemia & Hungary died on 29 November 1780 at Vienna, Austria, at age 63.^1,4,5
      ; MARIA THERESIA, Queen of Bohemia (1740-80) as Marie Terezie, Queen of Hungary (1740-80) as Mária Terézia -cr 25.6.1741, *Vienna 13.5.1717, +Vienna 29.11.1780, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna; m.Vienna 12.2.1736 Duke Francis Stephen of Lorraine [Emperor Franz I]; for their descendants see http://genealogy.euweb.cz/habsburg/habsburg5.html.³

; "The Empress Maria Theresia is one of those charismatic figures in history, pushed through circumstances onto the world's stage. She had a happy childhood but it was not expected that she would succeed to the throne. However, when after several years no male heir was born, her father, Emperor Karl VI, drew up an agreement, the Pragmatic Sanction, which was to ensure the succession for Maria Theresia and her husband. Her father had lost Naples, Sicily, Serbia and Wallachia and, to gain signatures to this Pragmatic Sanction, he bartered away further territories and rights but it was all in vain.

Not educated in statecraft, and married to a weak but much beloved husband, Franz Stephan of Lorraine, she succeeded her father in 1740 and became Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as well as Archduchess of Austria. Her advisors were old, prejudiced and entrenched in their jealously guarded positions. The treasury was bankrupt, the army ill-equipped; while France, Spain, Bavaria and Saxony were simply waiting to see who would attack her first.

Eight weeks after her succession she was attacked by Prussia's Frederick II who coveted Silesia. Frederick II had asked her to give Silesia to him but Maria Theresia refused and found herself an army, but this was decisively defeated by the Prussians. A month later France, Spain, Bavaria and Saxony agreed to the partition of the Habsburg territories.

A French army then came to assist the Elector of Bavaria, who was on his way to seize Vienna. While the Saxons wanted Moravia, Spain assembled an army in Italy. Without an army to resist, Maria Theresia followed her government to Hungary where she passionately pleaded with the Hungarian nobility. Her youth, beauty and distress so moved the Magyars they pledged their aid.

Vienna was saved through the indecision of the Bavarians and instead, together with the French, they captured Prague. However, Frederick II of Prussia then moved into Moravia and Austria seemed doomed. Then Maria Theresia showed her courage, and from Italy came her last troops. Soon the Franco-Bavarian army was forced to retreat and after a victory at Chotusitz, Frederick II made peace and soon what had been lost to Saxony was retrieved.

While going through these upheavals, between 1737 and 1756 she gave birth to sixteen children. She was healthy and strong and would appear at the opera a few hours before the birth of a child, then be driving through the streets a few hours afterwards. She loved dancing, skating and horse riding, supervised the education of her children and planned internal reforms for her countries.

In 1744 Frederick II again attacked and was victorious; it was this victory which brought her allies, the Russians and the Saxons. In September 1745 in Frankfurt her husband was crowned Emperor, to be followed, in December 1745, by the Treaty of Dresden which restored peace with the hated Prussians. However, for the following three years Austria was at war with Spain in Italy and with France in The Austrian Netherlands.

After 1748 Maria Theresia was given time to implement internal reforms. Justice and taxation were centralized, nobles' privileges abolished and indirect taxation introduced. The reorganized army would later enable Austria to survive the Seven Years' War.

Her new foreign minister, von Kaunitz, urged her to overhaul the age-old policy of hostility towards France and she sent him to Paris. In the long run, this resulted in the marriage of her daughter, Marie Antoinette, to marry the French crown prince. For a while he was ineffectual until, in 1756, Frederick II for a third time deserted the French. This enabled him to sign a 'defensive' treaty between France and Austria, and soon they were joined by Russia as an enemy of Prussia. Maria Theresia, still wanting to regain Silesia, prepared for a war, which would become the Seven Years' War.

At home her son and heir, Joseph, was a problem for her as he was impatient, a free-thinker, sincere, but lacking in knowledge of human nature. They worked together, devoted yet always at odds with each other. In 1765 she lost her husband which left her heartbroken. At this time, Catherine the Great of Russia first made Poland virtually a Russian province, defeated the Turks and made claims on the Balkans. Frederick II of Prussia and Maria Theresia felt threatened at this and it was her son, Joseph, who turned the tide by sending Austrian troops to occupy a small area of Poland which had formerly been German. Catherine the Great then changed her mind about the Balkans and, in 1772, Poland was divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria. This division removed the fear for war but Maria Theresia, who had been pushed into this by her son, never forgave herself.

In 1777 her son wanted to buy Lower Bavaria from its Elector, who was only too keen to sell it; but, as Maria Theresia expected, Frederick II of Prussia disapproved and started yet another war. For the first time in her life, Maria Theresia personally wrote to Frederick II asking for discussions. This shortened the war and, at the peace conference, Joseph was forced to let Lower Bavaria go.

She was only sixty-three when she caught a chill on a long drive in a rain-storm. She remained calm when she knew death was approaching, blessed her children and, on 29 November 1780 at nine o'clock in the evening, died."⁵

; Leo van de Pas cites: Genealogie der Graven van Holland Zaltbommel, 1969. , Dr. A. W. E. Dek, Reference: Page 137.⁵ She was Queen of Bohemia and Hungary between 1740 and 1780.²

     Charles Alexander Emanuel (?) Duke of Lorraine, Stattholder of the Austrian Netherlands was born on 12 December 1712 at Lunéville, France.^1,3,2 He married Maria Anna (?) Archdss of Austria, daughter of Karl VI (?) Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia and Hungary and Elizabeth Christine (?) Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, on 7 January 1744 at Vienna, Austria.^1,3,2

Charles Alexander Emanuel (?) Duke of Lorraine, Stattholder of the Austrian Netherlands died on 4 July 1780 at Tervueren, Louvain, Province du Brabant flamand, Belgium (now), at age 67.^1,3,2
      ; Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.¹

     Maria Josefa Antonia Walburga (?) Princes of Bavaria was born on 30 March 1739 at Munich (München), Stadtkreis München, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany (now).^1,2,3 She married Josef II (?) Holy Roman Emperor, son of Francis I (Stephen) (?) Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Theresa (?) Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Bohemia & Hungary, on 23 January 1765 at Schönbrunn, Austria,
; his 2nd wife.^1,6,2,3,7
Maria Josefa Antonia Walburga (?) Princes of Bavaria died on 28 May 1767 at Vienna, Austria, at age 28.^1,2,3
      ; Josepha Maria Antonia Walburga, *Munich 30.3.1739, +Vienna 28.5.1767, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna; m.Vienna 23.1.1765 Emperor Josef II (*13.3.1741 +20.2.1790.)²

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. L'Allemagne dynastique , Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: IV 278
2. The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington.³

     Ludwig Rudolf (?) Duke of Blankenburg, of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was born on 22 July 1671 at Wolfenbüttel, Germany (now).^4,5 He married Christine Louise (?) Princesszu Oettingen-Oettingen, daughter of Albert Ernest I (?) Prince of Ottingen and Christine Frederike (?) Duchess von Württemberg, on 22 April 1690 at Aurich, Germany (now).^9,4,5,10

Ludwig Rudolf (?) Duke of Blankenburg, of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel died on 1 March 1735 at Braunschweig, Stadtkreis Braunschweig, Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany (now), at age 63.^6,4,5
      ; Duke Ludwig Rudolf of Braunschweig-Blankenberg, in Wolfenbüttel (1731-35), *Wolfenbüttel 22.7.1671, +Braunschweig 1.3.1735; m.Aurich 22.4.1690 Gfn Christine Luise von Oettingen (*21.3.1671 +12.9.1747.)⁴

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. L'Allemagne dynastique , Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: III 65
2. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: I 72
3. Ancestors Juliana, Q. of The Netherlands Jaarboek Centraal Bureau Genealogie Den Haag, Reference: 294
4. Les 256 quartiers genealogiques de Jacques Henri VI, chef de la maison de France, 1980., Charles Vollet, Reference: 326.⁵ He was Duke of Blankenburg.^1,4,5 He was Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel between 1731 and 1735.^1,2,3,6,4,5

     Leopold II (Peter Leopold Joseph) (?) Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Emperor was born on 5 May 1747 at Schönbrunn, Austria.^4,3 He married Marie Louise (Luisa, Ludovica) (?) Infanta of Spain, daughter of Carlos III Sebastiao (?) King of Spain and Marie Amelia (?) Princess of Saxony, on 5 August 1765 at Innsbruck, Austria.^5,2,6,4,3

Leopold II (Peter Leopold Joseph) (?) Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Emperor died on 1 March 1792 at Vienna, Austria, at age 44.^4,3
     He was Peter LEOPOLD II Joseph, Emperor (20.2.1790-1792), Grand Duke of Tuscany (1765-90), King of Bohemia (1790-92), King of Hungary (1790-92) as Lipót II -cr 15.11.1790, *Schönbrunn 5.5.1747, +Vienna 1.3.1792, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna; m.Innsbruck 5.8.1765 Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (*24.11.1745 +15.5.1792, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna.)³

; Leo van de pas cites: The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington.⁴ Leopold II (Peter Leopold Joseph) (?) Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Emperor was also known as Leopold II (?) Emperor of Germany.⁵ He was Grand Duke of Tuscany between 1765 and 1792.² He was King of Bohemia and Hungary between 1790 and 1792.³ He was Holy Roman Emperor between 1790 and 1792.^1,2

     Marie Louise (Luisa, Ludovica) (?) Infanta of Spain was born on 24 November 1745 at Portici, Spain.^1,7,2,3 She married Leopold II (Peter Leopold Joseph) (?) Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Emperor, son of Francis I (Stephen) (?) Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Theresa (?) Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Bohemia & Hungary, on 5 August 1765 at Innsbruck, Austria.^7,2,3,8,9

Marie Louise (Luisa, Ludovica) (?) Infanta of Spain was buried on 15 May 1792 at Vienna, Austria.³
Marie Louise (Luisa, Ludovica) (?) Infanta of Spain died on 15 May 1792 at Vienna, Austria, at age 46.^1,7,2,3
     Marie Louise (Luisa, Ludovica) (?) Infanta of Spain was also known as Maria Louisa (?)⁷

     Carlos III Sebastiao (?) King of Spain was born on 20 January 1716 at Madrid, Spain.^5,2,3 He married Marie Amelia (?) Princess of Saxony, daughter of Frederick Augustus II (III) (?) Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Mary Josefa (?) Archduchess of Austria, on 19 June 1738 at Gaeta.^6,5,2,7,8,3

Carlos III Sebastiao (?) King of Spain died on 14 December 1788 at Madrid, Spain, at age 72.^5,2,3
Carlos III Sebastiao (?) King of Spain was buried after 14 December 1788 at Escorial, Spain.²
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington.³

; per Leo van de Pas: " He was his father's fifth son and the first of his father's second marriage. In 1735 he became King of Naples and Sicily and, in 1738, married Princess Maria Amelia of Saxony, by whom he fathered twelve children. In August 1759 his elder half-brother, King Ferdinand VI, died and Carlos III became King of Spain, leaving Naples and Sicily to his third son, Ferdinand.

Carlos III has been described as 'the perfect type of a benevolent despot'. He had done much to improve the welfare of his Italian subjects and, when he returned to Spain, intended to do the same. There he separated church and state and, in 1767, expelled the Jesuits. His siding with France involved Spain in the Seven Years' War and this, in 1763, forced him to secede Florida to Britain.

Lean and ascetic in appearance, Carlos III possessed the prominent Bourbon nose. Unlike his father and brother before him, he never allowed his wife to take control of him. Yet when his wife died one year after their return to Spain, he remained a widower.

A great patron of the arts, he built the Prado gallery. His main passion was hunting and it was said that he wore his hunting clothes underneath his court dress so that he could hurry away as soon as court ceremonies were over.

His eldest son, Filippo, was an imbecile and was consequently excluded from the succession in both Naples and Spain. Kept in close confinement in Naples, Filippo died eleven years before his father, who died in Madrid on 14 December 1788."³ He was Duke of Parma between 1731 and 1735.^4,2,3 He was King of Naples and Sicily between 1734 and 1759.^4,2,3 He was King of Spain between 1759 and 1788.^4,2,3

     Marie Amelia (?) Princess of Saxony was born on 24 November 1724 at Dresden, Saxony, Germany (now).^2,3,4 She married Carlos III Sebastiao (?) King of Spain, son of Felipe V (?) Duc d'Anjou, King of Spain, King of Naples and Sicily and Princess Elizabeth/Elisabetta Farnese, on 19 June 1738 at Gaeta.^1,2,9,3,4,10

Marie Amelia (?) Princess of Saxony died on 27 September 1760 at Buen Retiro, Madrid, Spain, at age 35.^2,3,4
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington, Reference: page 3012.⁴

     Frederick Augustus II (III) (?) Elector of Saxony, King of Poland was born on 17 October 1696 at Dresden, Saxony, Germany (now).^2,4,5,6 He married Mary Josefa (?) Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Josef I (?) King of Bohemia, Holy Roman Emperor and Wilhelmina Amalia (?) Duchess of Brunswick-Luneburg, on 20 August 1719 at Vienna, Austria.^2,4,9,5,6,10

Frederick Augustus II (III) (?) Elector of Saxony, King of Poland died on 5 October 1763 at Dresden, Saxony, Germany (now), at age 66.^2,4,5,6
      ; per Leo van de Pas: " In 1712, while in Rome, he converted to Catholicism. His father groomed him for the Polish throne, but only Russian military support in 1733 allowed him to make good his claim against his rival, Stanislaus Leszczynski.

After Frederick the Great's attack on Silesia in 1740, he hoped to share in a partition of the Habsburg Empire on the basis of the claim of his wife, Archduchess Maria Josefa of Austria. She was a daughter of Emperor Joseph I and cousin of the besieged Empress Maria Theresa. However, after Frederick the Great's ill-treatment of Saxony in 1745, he chose the side of Austria and Russia, partly in the hope of securing their support for the succession of one of his own sons in Poland.

As he was also Elector of Saxony, he visited Poland as little as possible, eventhough, during the Prussian occupation of Saxony from 1756 to 1763, he was forced to make Warsaw his residence. Instead of real political reform, with his chief minister, Heinrich Brühl, he was content to manoeuvre between the Polish political factions."⁶

; FRIEDRICH AUGUST II, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony (1733-63), *Dresden 17.10.1696, +Dresden 5.10.1763; m.Vienna 20.8.1719 Archduchess Maria Josefa of Austria (*8.12.1699 +17.11.1757.)⁵

; Leo van de Pas cites: The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington.⁶ He was King of Poland between 1733 and 1763.^2,4,5,6 He was Elector of Saxony between 1733 and 1763.^2,4,5,6

     Franz II Joseph Karl (?) Emperor of Austria was born on 12 February 1768 at Florence, Tuscany, Italy (now).^1,2,3,4 He married Elizabeth Wilhelmine Luise (?) Dss von Württemberg, daughter of Friedrich II Eugen (?) Duke von Württemberg and Friederike Sophie Dorothea (?) Markgräfin von Brandenburg-Schwedt, on 6 January 1788 at Vienna, Austria,
; his 1st wife.^2,3,5,6,4 Franz II Joseph Karl (?) Emperor of Austria married Maria Theresa (?) of Naples, daughter of Ferdinand/Fernando IV (I) (?) King of Naples, King of Two Sicilies and Marie Caroline Luise Josephe Johanna Antonie (?) Archduchess of Austria, on 19 September 1790 at Vienna, Austria,
; his 2nd wife.^1,2,3,4 Franz II Joseph Karl (?) Emperor of Austria married Maria Ludovica (?) Archduchess of Austria-Este, daughter of Ferdinand (?) Archduke of Austria, Duke of Modena, Reggio, Mirandola and Breisgau and Maria Béatrice d'Este Duchess of Modena, Dss of Massa and Pss of Carrara, on 6 January 1808 at Vienna, Austria,
; his 3rd wife.^2,3,4 Franz II Joseph Karl (?) Emperor of Austria married Charlotte Auguste (?) Princess of Bavaria, daughter of Maximilian I Joseph (?) King of Bavaria and Auguste Wilhelmine (?) Ldgvne von Hesse-Darmstadt, on 10 November 1816 at Vienna, Austria,
; his fourth wife, her 2nd husband.^2,3,7,4,8
Franz II Joseph Karl (?) Emperor of Austria died on 2 March 1835 at Vienna, Austria, at age 67.^1,2,3,4
     He was Grand Duke of Krakow.¹ He was King of Illyria.¹

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Europäische Stammtafeln Band I Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven 1975, W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: Tafel 19
2. The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington, Reference: vol I page 59.⁴ He was Emperor FRANZ II Joseph Karl, in 1806 abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor and became Emperor FRANZ I of Austria (1806-35), King of Bohemia (1792-1835), King of Hungary (1792-1835) as Ferenc -cr 6.6.1792, *Florence 12.2.1768, +Vienna 2.3.1835, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna; 1m: Vienna 6.1.1788 Dss Elisabeth of Württemberg (*21.4.1767 +18.2.1790, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna); 2m: Vienna 19.9.1790 *[13700] Pss Maria Theresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (*6.6.1772 +13.4.1807, bur Kapuzinergruft, Vienna); 3m: Vienna 6.1.1808 Archdss Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (*14.12.1787 +7.4.1816); 4m: Vienna 10.11.1816 Pss Karoline Auguste of Bavaria (*8.2.1792 +9.2.1873.)³ He was Archduke of Austria on 12 February 1768.¹ He was King of Hungary and of Bohemia between 12 February 1768 and 1835.^1,3 He was Emperor of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor between 1792 and 1806.^1,2,4 He was Emperor of Austria between 1804 and 1835.^1,2,3,4

     Maria Theresa (?) of Naples was born on 6 June 1772.^1,2,3 She married Franz II Joseph Karl (?) Emperor of Austria, son of Leopold II (Peter Leopold Joseph) (?) Grand Duke of Tuscany, Holy Roman Emperor and Marie Louise (Luisa, Ludovica) (?) Infanta of Spain, on 19 September 1790 at Vienna, Austria,
; his 2nd wife.^1,2,3,4
Maria Theresa (?) of Naples died on 13 April 1807 at age 34.^1,2,3
     Maria Theresa (?) of Naples was also known as Maria Theresa (?) Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.³

     Ferdinand/Fernando IV (I) (?) King of Naples, King of Two Sicilies was born on 18 January 1751 at Naples, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Campania, Italy (now).^2,4 He married Marie Caroline Luise Josephe Johanna Antonie (?) Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Francis I (Stephen) (?) Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Theresa (?) Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Bohemia & Hungary, on 12 May 1768 at Caserta, Italy (now),
; his 1st wife.^1,2,4,7 Ferdinand/Fernando IV (I) (?) King of Naples, King of Two Sicilies married Donna Lucia Migliaccio Duchessa di Floridia on 27 November 1814 at Palermo, Città Metropolitana di Palermo, Sicilia, Italy (now),
; his 2nd wife; married morganatically.^3,4
Ferdinand/Fernando IV (I) (?) King of Naples, King of Two Sicilies died on 4 January 1825 at Naples, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Campania, Italy (now), at age 73.^2,4
     He was King of Naples between 1759 and 1825.³ He was King of the Two Sicilies between 1816 and 1825.^1,3

     Marie Caroline Luise Josephe Johanna Antonie (?) Archduchess of Austria was born on 13 August 1752 at Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria.^2,3 She married Ferdinand/Fernando IV (I) (?) King of Naples, King of Two Sicilies, son of Carlos III Sebastiao (?) King of Spain and Marie Amelia (?) Princess of Saxony, on 12 May 1768 at Caserta, Italy (now),
; his 1st wife.^1,2,4,3
Marie Caroline Luise Josephe Johanna Antonie (?) Archduchess of Austria died on 8 September 1814 at Schloß Hetzendorf at age 62.^2,3

     Sophia (?) Princess von der Pfalz, Pfgfn von Simmern, Herzogin von Bayern, Pfalzgräfin am Rhein was born on 13 October 1630 at The Hague, Netherlands (now).^7,5,4 She married Ernst Augustus I (?) Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, son of Georg (?) Duke von Braunschweig-Lüneburg zu Kalenberg and Anne Eleanor (?) Landgräfin von Hessen-Darmstadt, on 30 September 1658 at Heidelberg, Germany (now).^1,5,2,8,4

Sophia (?) Princess von der Pfalz, Pfgfn von Simmern, Herzogin von Bayern, Pfalzgräfin am Rhein died on 8 June 1714 at Schloß Herrenhausen, Herrenhausen, Hanover, Germany (now), at age 83.^7,5,4
      ; Sofie, *The Hague 14.10.1630, +Schloß Herrenhausen 8.6.1714, bur Herrenhausen; the succession to the British throne was fixed on her and her descendants, bypassing a lot of closer claimants who happened to be Catholic; she was the mother of King George I; m.Heidelberg 30.9.1658 Elector Ernst August of Hanover (*30.11.1629 +2.2.1698.)⁴

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington, Reference: page 7.
2. L'Allemagne dynastique , Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: vol IV page 198.³

     Ernst Augustus I (?) Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg was born on 30 November 1629 at Herzberg, Stadtkreis Braunschweig, Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany (now).^9,4,5 He married Sophia (?) Princess von der Pfalz, Pfgfn von Simmern, Herzogin von Bayern, Pfalzgräfin am Rhein, daughter of Friedrich V (?) von der Pfalz, Duke of Bavaria, Elector Palatine of Rhineland, King of Bohemia and Elizabeth (?) Princess of England, on 30 September 1658 at Heidelberg, Germany (now).^1,2,4,5,10

Ernst Augustus I (?) Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg died on 2 February 1698 at Herrenhausen, Germany (now), at age 68.^1,3,4,5
      ; Duke Ernst August of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in Hannover (1679-92), cr Elector of Hannover (1692-98), *Herzberg 30.11.1629, +Herrenhausen 2.2.1698; m.Heidelberg 17.10.1658 Pfgfn Sofie von Simmern (*14.10.1630, +8.6.1714); the British Act of Settlement provided that, in order to secure the Protestant succession, Sofie and her heirs would inherit the British throne upon the issueless deaths of King William III and Queen Anne (Sofie was daughter of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, daughter of King James I & VI; Anne survived Sofie by 2 months, or Sofie would have been Queen of Great Britain; Sofie's rights bypassed a few dozen Catholics with stronger claims, including her own niece/sister-in-law, the Duchess Benedikte Henriette.⁴

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales Edinburgh, 1977., Gerald Paget, Reference: ancestor J 41.
2. Ancestors Juliana, Q. of The Netherlands Jaarboek Centraal Bureau Genealogie Den Haag, Reference: ancestor 578.
3. Europäische Stammtafeln Band I Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven 1975, W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: Tafel 74.
4. L'Allemagne dynastique , Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: vol III page 43.⁵ He was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg between 1679 and 1692.^2,4,5 He was Kurfürst von Hannover between 1692 and 1698.^2,4,5

     George I (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover was born on 28 May 1660 at Leineschloss, Osnabrück.^8,5,3,4 He married Sophia Dorothea (?) Princess of Brunswick-Zell, daughter of Georg II Wilhelm (?) Duke zu Kalenberg, Zelle and Dannenberg and Eléonore Desmier d'Olbreus, Frau von Harburg, Gfn von Wilhelmsburg, Dss of Braunschweig u.Lüneburg, on 21 November 1682 at Celle, Germany (now).^1,5,9,3,4
George I (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover and Sophia Dorothea (?) Princess of Brunswick-Zell were divorced on 28 December 1694.^9,3,4
George I (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover died on 11 June 1727 at near Osnabrück at age 67.^1,5,3,4
      ; Georg Ludwig, Elector of Hannover (1698-1727) and Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, succeeded his cousin Queen Anne as GEORGE I, King of Great Britain and Ireland (1.8.1714-1727), *Leineschloss, Osnabrück 28.5.1660, +nr Osnabrück 11.6.1727; m.Celle 21.11.1682 (separated 1694) Dss Sophia Dorothea of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (*5.9.1666 +2.11.1726.)³ He was Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.³

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Burke's Guide to the Royal Family London, 1973
2. The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington
3. Les 256 quartiers genealogiques de Jacques Henri VI, chef de la maison de France, 1980., Charles Vollet, Reference: 480.⁴

; per Leo van de Pas: " Born 'beautiful as an angel' according to his mother, he was sturdy, strong and healthy and this he would remain all his life. When he was born, King Charles II of England was only just restored to the English throne and George's chances of becoming King seemed remote.

At that time the House of Brunswick did not adhere to the law of primogeniture, resulting in regular divisions of property which prevented anyone becoming a powerful German ruler. After several re-arrangements of properties and titles, his father became Elector of Han(n)over) in 1692.

George grew up in a happy family atmosphere even though his father spent a great deal of his time with mistresses, something George would repeat much later. His mother took care of George's education; but early in life George displayed talents more suitable for a military career. In 1680 he went to England for the first time and here it was suggested that he should marry his English cousin, Anne (later Queen Anne); however, as dislike was mutual, nothing came of it.

On his return, his father decided for him and he became engaged to and married his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea, daughter and only heir of his very rich uncle, the Duke of Brunswick-Celle. At first the marriage was happy, providing him with both son and daughter. But then, following in his father's footsteps, George started to take mistresses, often having more than one at a time.

George's marriage was dissolved after twelve years, yet it was the claimed infidelity of his wife that was the cause. For some time Sophia Dorothea had been in love with Count Philipp Christoph von Konigsmarck, to the extent of planning elopement. However, after having entered Sophia Dorothea's residence on the night they intended to leave, the Count disappeared. A tribunal then dissolved the marriage on the ground of Sophia Dorothea's refusal to cohabit with her husband.

In 1698 when his father died, he became Elector of Hanover. Three years later his mother was proclaimed heir to the English throne. Had she lived only a few more months, she would have succeeded; but Queen Anne outlived her by two months, which made the Elector of Hanover King of Great Britain and Ireland. Accompanied by two mistresses, nicknamed 'the Elephant' and 'the Maypole', the fifty-four-year-old monarch set out for his kingdom. His coronation service took place in October 1714, and in 1715 the Jacobite uprising took place in Scotland. Until he fell out with his son, they would attend cabinet meetings together. He visited Germany regularly and on his last trip he died at Osnabruck of a cerebral haemorrhage.

George was regarded as dull and humourless. His limited knowledge of English enhanced the importance of his ministers. Also the way he had treated his wife, the prisoner of Ahlden, may have been the cause of the mistrust between George and his son."⁴ He was Elector of Hanover between 1698 and 1727.^5,3 He was King of Great Britain and Ireland between 1 August 1714 and 1727.^5,3,4

     Sophia Dorothea (?) Princess of Brunswick-Zell was born on 10 September 1666 at Celle, Germany (now).^10,6,4,3 She married George I (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover, son of Ernst Augustus I (?) Elector of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia (?) Princess von der Pfalz, Pfgfn von Simmern, Herzogin von Bayern, Pfalzgräfin am Rhein, on 21 November 1682 at Celle, Germany (now).^1,6,4,3,11
Sophia Dorothea (?) Princess of Brunswick-Zell and George I (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover were divorced on 28 December 1694.^4,3,11
Sophia Dorothea (?) Princess of Brunswick-Zell died on 13 November 1726 at Castle Ahlden at age 60.^1,6,4,3
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. L'Allemagne dynastique , Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: vol III page 66.
2. The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington
3. The Book of Kings London, 1973 Volume I,II,III, Arnold McNaughton.⁴

; per Leo van de Pas: " A very rich heiress, she was married at 15 years of age to her 22-year-old first cousin, George of Hannover, the future King of Great Britain. He married Sophia Dorothea in order to secure for himself her fortunes after declining the hand of the future Queen Anne of England.

Though two children were born, George I embarked on numerous affairs. After a few years of this, Sophia Dorothea---lively, neglected and young---fell for the charms of Count von Konigsmarck. In the beginning of their affaire, Count von Konigsmarck also entertained Countess von Platen, one of the mistresses of Sophia Dorothea's husband.

Konigsmarck's affair with Sophia Dorothea lasted some three years when they decided to elope. However, on the night of 2 July 1694, the Count disappeared. No one appeared to know what had happened to him until, in 1943, the castle of Herrenhausen was bombed and, in the ruins, the skeleton of a murdered man was found immured in the castle walls.

During the confusion that followed his disappearance, his sister, Aurora von Konigsmarck, approached King Augustus II of Poland and asked for his assistance in the search for her brother. This approach resulted in the birth (1696) of Maurice de Saxe, who became a famous French Marshall. Sophia Dorothea, admitting to having planned to elope with the Count but not to adultery, was divorced and locked up in the castle of Ahlden for the remaining 32 years of her life."⁴

; Sofie Dorothea von Harburg 1674, Gfn von Wilhelmsburg (1674-80), cr Pss von Braunschweig-Lüneburg 1680, cr Pss von Ahlden 1694, where she was imprisoned after her divorce, *Celle 5/10.9.1666 +Ahlden 2/13.11.1726; m.21.11.1682 (div 1694) Pr Georg Ludwig of Hanover [later, King George I of Great Britain] (*28.5.1660 +11.6.1727.)³

     George II (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover was born on 30 October 1683 at Herrenhausen Palace, Hannover, Germany (now).^7,3,4 He married Wilhelmine Charlotte Karoline (?) Markgräfin von Branderburg-Ansbach, daughter of Johann Friedrich (?) Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Princess Eleanore Erdmuthe Luise (?) of Saxe-Eisenach, on 22 August 1705 at Schloß Herrenhausen, Hannover, Germany (now).^{1,8,9,10,3,4,11}

George II (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover died on 25 October 1760 at Kensington Palace, London, City of London, Greater London, England, at age 76.^1,3,4
George II (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover was buried after 25 October 1760 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, City of Westminster, Greater London, England.³
      ; GEORGE II Augustus, King of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-60), Elector of Hannover (1727-60), Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, *Herrenhausen Palace, Hannover 30.10.1683, +Kensington Palace 25.10.1760, bur Westminster Abbey; m.Hannover 22.8.1705 Mgvne Wilhelmine Karoline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (*1.3.1683 +20.11.1737.)³ He was Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.³

; Leo van de Pas cites: The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington.⁴

; per Leo van de Pas: "Born in Germany, he would retain a heavy accent all his life even though, in 1701 when his grandmother had been declared heir to the British throne, he had been given English tutors. Having lost his mother at a young age, it was their grandmother who brought him up together with his sister Sophia Dorothea.

In 1705 he became a British subject and married. In 1706 he received English titles, the main one being Duke of Cambridge. When his father became king in 1714, he first became Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay; later the same year he was created Prince of Wales. Until 1717, the relationship between father and son had been good, but the trivial disagreement about god-parents for a shortlived son sparked a quarrel that would last the rest of his father's life.

In 1727 he became king and in 1729 peace was made with Spain. In 1743, George II, partaking in the battle of Dettingen, was the last British monarch to be involved personally in war. 1745 saw another Jacobite uprising which was repressed by George II's son, the Duke of Cumberland who, from then onwards was known as 'Butcher Cumberland'. War ended on the continent in 1748, but war with France again broke out in 1755. In 1759 the British defeated the French then conquered Canada, Guadeloupe and Senegal, thus forming the beginning of the British Empire.

His marriage had been happy and successful although he, too, had his share of mistresses. He also repeated the arguments between father and son with his own son, Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, who died nine years before him, thus making his grandson, George (III), the next king when he himself died suddenly in 1760."⁴ He was King of Great Britain and Ireland between 1727 and 1760.³ He was Elector of Hanover between 1727 and 1760.³

     Wilhelmine Charlotte Karoline (?) Markgräfin von Branderburg-Ansbach was born on 1 March 1683 at Ansbach, Brandenburg, Germany (now).^6,2,3,4 She married George II (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover, son of George I (?) King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover and Sophia Dorothea (?) Princess of Brunswick-Zell, on 22 August 1705 at Schloß Herrenhausen, Hannover, Germany (now).^{1,5,6,2,3,7,4}

Wilhelmine Charlotte Karoline (?) Markgräfin von Branderburg-Ansbach died on 20 November 1737 at St. Jame's Palace, London, City of London, Greater London, England, at age 54.^6,2,4
Wilhelmine Charlotte Karoline (?) Markgräfin von Branderburg-Ansbach was buried after 20 November 1737 at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, City of Westminster, Greater London, England.^2,3
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. L'Allemagne dynastique , Huberty, Giraud, Magdelaine, Reference: vol V page 70.
2. The Royal House of Stuart London, 1969,1971,1976. , A. C. Addington.⁴

; per Leo van de Pas: "Her father died when she was only three. Her mother, a second wife, left Ansbach and six years later remarried the Elector of Saxony, Johann Georg IV. However, this second marriage remained childless and, four years later, her mother died on 9 September 1696. Only thirteen years old, she became the ward of the King and Queen of Prussia which meant living in Berlin. Here she was befriended by the Queen's family, the Electors of Hannover.

First, when she was a small child, Friedrich II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, had been considered for a husband; however, far grander prospects appeared when the future Emperor Charles VI made approaches. Although Karoline permitted religious discussions, she could not bring herself to become Roman Catholic and so this match, too, came to nothing. In 1704 she returned home, to Ansbach, where only the year before her brother, after the deaths of two half-brothers, had become the ruling Markgraf von Brandenburg-Ansbach.

Electress Sophia of Hannover then started negotiations on behalf of her grandson, the future George II, King of Great Britain. Karoline and George were married in 1705 in Herrenhausen, the marriage proving a happy one and producing nine children.

Anticipating their departure for England, she learned English and in due course became fluent. This enabled her to play a considerable role in England's politics, supporting Robert Walpole. She would act as regent whenever her husband left England to visit Germany as he was still the Elector of Hannover.

The bad relations existing between father and son would be repeated several generations within the Hannoverian dynasty. George II may be forgiven for distrusting his father, taking into account the treatment George II's mother had received from her husband. However, Karoline, politically astute and a loving wife, detested their son-and-heir, the Prince of Wales, a feeling shared by her husband. Frederick Lewis was regarded as 'the greatest ass, and the greatest liar' that ever lived. The only thing achieved by this acrimony was that it gave the monarch a focal point to his political opposition in the Prince of Wales. George II had previously been one focal point, Frederick Lewis another, and George IV would fortunately be the last to be in political opposition to his father.

By the time George II became king, he had already had an affaire with Henrietta Howard for 10 years. However, as this was only physical, it did not interfere with the harmonious relationship between George and Karoline. Yet Karoline, who sincerely loved her husband, must have been hurt when, while he was in Hannover in 1735, he started to send progress reports of his seduction of Amalia Sophia von Wendt, Countess von Wallmoden, which resulted in the birth of a son in 1736.

Returning to England, George II then paid court to Anne Howard, a governess of one of his daughters. She was described as 'the most simple woman that ever lived', but here again it was only physical.

In 1724, by the birth of her last child, Karoline had sustained an umbilical rupture causing physical complaints that were not attended to medically until, in 1737, surgical intervention became necessary. The operation, still performed without anaesthetic, consisted merely of prodding and examining the Queen's body. At one point the Queen asked them to stop as she could not help laughing at the sight of one of the surgeon's smouldering wig from when he bent too close to a burning candle. The operation was a failure and when it became obvious she was dying, she asked her husband to remarry; but the weeping George II could only say, 'Never! Never! I shall only have mistresses'. Her last words were: 'Pray louder that I may hear'. Half a year after Karoline's death, Amalia Sophia von Wendt came to England to become the acknowledged mistress and, in 1740, was elevated to Countess of Yarmouth.

However, to show that Karoline was the only one who counted in his feelings, George II made the unusual request that their coffins be placed side by side with side-planks removed so that the two coffins were made into one to enable their bones to mingle."⁴

     Johann Friedrich (?) Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach was born on 18 October 1654 at Ansbach, Brandenburg, Germany (now).² He married Johanna Elisabeth (?) Margravine von Baden-Durlach on 5 February 1673 at Durlach, Germany (now),
; his 1st wife.² Johann Friedrich (?) Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach married Princess Eleanore Erdmuthe Luise (?) of Saxe-Eisenach, daughter of John George I (?) Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, on 4 November 1681 at Eisenach, Germany (now),
; his 2nd wife.^1,3,2
Johann Friedrich (?) Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach died on 22 March 1686 at Ansbach, Brandenburg, Germany (now), at age 31.²
      ; Mgve Johann Friedrich of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1667-86), *Ansbach 18.10.1654, +Ansbach 22.3.1686, bur there; 1m: Durlach 5.2.1673 Johanna Elisabeth, Mgvne von Baden-Durlach (*Karlsburg 16.11.1651, +Ansbach 8.10.1680); 2m: Eisenach 4.11.1681 Pss Eleonore Erdmuthe Luise of Saxe-Eisenach (*Friedewald 13.4.1662, +Schloss Pretsch 9.9.1696.)² He was Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach between 1667 and 1686.^4,2

     Princess Eleanore Erdmuthe Luise (?) of Saxe-Eisenach was born on 13 April 1662 at Friedewald, Germany (now).^2,3 She married Johann Friedrich (?) Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, son of Albrecht (?) Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Sofie Margarete (?) Gfn von Öttingen, on 4 November 1681 at Eisenach, Germany (now),
; his 2nd wife.^1,2,3 Princess Eleanore Erdmuthe Luise (?) of Saxe-Eisenach married Johann Georg IV (?) Elector of Saxony, son of Johann Georg III (?) Elector of Saxony and Anna Sophie (?) Princess of Denmark and Norway, on 17 April 1692 at Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (now),
; her 2nd husband.^4,5,6
Princess Eleanore Erdmuthe Luise (?) of Saxe-Eisenach died on 9 September 1696 at Schloß Pretzsch, Germany (now), at age 34.^2,3