Person Page - 650

     Grace Shakerley married Francis Carless.¹
Grace Shakerley married Francis Talbot KG, PC, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury and Waterford, son of George Talbot KG, KB, PC, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury and Waterford and Anne Hastings, before August 1553.¹

     Adelaida de Bezieres married Guillaume IV (?) Comte de Forcalquier, son of Bertrand II (?) Comte de Forcalquier and Josserande Flote.¹
Adelaida de Bezieres was born circa 1130.²
     GAV-23.

     Pietro II di Ruffo 2nd Conte di Catanzaro, Viceroy of Sicily & Calabria married Sibilla di Reggio, daughter of Leone di Reggio Signore di Briatico e Calvello, Gran Maresciallo e Maestro Razionale del Regno di Sicilia,
; his 2nd wife.² Pietro II di Ruffo 2nd Conte di Catanzaro, Viceroy of Sicily & Calabria was born circa 1231.² He married Giovanna/Joana d'Aquino, daughter of Tomasso II d'Aquino 2nd Conte di Acerra and Margherita (?) de Suevia, between 1264 and 1266.^5,1,6,2

Pietro II di Ruffo 2nd Conte di Catanzaro, Viceroy of Sicily & Calabria died in 1302 at Catanzaro, Italy (now); killed.^1,2
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser , Reference: 1959 543.¹

; Pietro II (* 1231 ca. + assassinato, Catanzaro 1302), 2° Conte di Catanzaro (perduta nel 9-1297 ma riottenuta ante 1300), Signore di Lubianco, Misuraca, Simari, Torre della Marina e Rocca Bernarda; Ciambellano del Re di Napoli, Capitano Generale, Cancelliere del Regno di Sicilia (confermato : 1289), Cavallerizzo Maggiore del Re Carlo I d'Angiò, Signore di Briatico e Calvello maritali nomine. I suoi titoli vennero riconfermati dagli Angioini nel 1270; ebbe Misiano e Montaldo da Carlo I d'Angiò, a cui aggiunse Cotrone nel 1283; nel 1290 in un atto affermava di possedere : Catanzaro, Misuraca, Rocca Bernarda, Policastro, Castellammare, Castel Menardo, Badolato, San Giorgio, San Senatore, Gamiore, Pantona, Buda, Cotrone, Catona; nel 1292 ebbe Carbonara.
= 1264/266 Giovanna d'Aquino, figlia di Tommaso II 3° Conte di Acerra (+ 8-1300.)²



; Pietro's father was Giordanno Ruffo, lord of Bruzzano, author of an hippiatric treaty, and his mother was Belladama.
See G. Caridi, La spada, la seta, la croce. I Ruffo di Calabria dal XIII al XIX secolo, Torino 1995, p. 6, genealogical chart p. 28, and S. Pollastri, Les Ruffo di Calabria sous les Angevins. Le contrôle lignager (1268-1435), in Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome, 113, 2001, p. 541, genealogical table p. 574.
The Imperial Master Marshal (not Grand Marshal) of Sicily was not Pietro II's father, but his father's uncle Pietro I, who received this charge in 1243/4.
Nothing of substantial is known about the family before 1239 (although people called Ruffo are known before, and the authors mentionned above have some hypothesis), but glorious genealogies were later invented for the Ruffo: Sigerio and Ruggiero could be fictious characters created in that context.⁷

     Sigerius di Ruffo Imperial Master Marshal of Sicily died after 13 December 1250.¹
     He was Gran Maestro Maresciallo dell'Imperatore Federico II.¹

     Belladama (?) married Giordano di Ruffo Signore di Bruzzano, Castagneto, etc., son of Giovanni di Ruffo Signore di Policastro, etc., in 1229.²

      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser , Reference: 1959 543.¹

     Clarice di Ruffo married Gentile II Orsini Senator of Rome, son of Bertoldo/Bertolo Orsini Senator of Rome and Filippa (?).¹

     Clarice di Ruffo was also known as Claricia di Ruffa.

     Gentile II Orsini Senator of Rome married Clarice di Ruffo, daughter of Pietro II di Ruffo 2nd Conte di Catanzaro, Viceroy of Sicily & Calabria and Giovanna/Joana d'Aquino.⁵
Gentile II Orsini Senator of Rome married Giacoma Pierleoni, daughter of Giovanni Pierleoni Nobile Romano,
; his 2nd? wife.²
Gentile II Orsini Senator of Rome died in 1314.^1,2
     EDV-21 GKJ-21.

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. The Plantagenet Ancestry Baltimore, 1975. , Lt.Col. W. H. Turton, Reference: 224
2. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser , Reference: 1959 543.¹

; Gentile (II) (+ post 1314), Signore di Pitigliano, Vicovaro, Cantalupo, Roccagiovine, Bardella etc. e Nobile Romano, Senatore di Roma nel 1280, 1286/1287, 1300, 1304 e 1306, Podestà di Orvieto 1301, Gran Giustiziere del Regno di Napoli nel 1297, Capitano Giustiziere dell'Abruzzo nel 1296, Rettore del Patrimonio nel 1299. Probabilmente i discendenti erano anche Patrizi Napoletani, ma non abbiamo dati sufficienti, al momento, per indicare anche questo titolo per i maschi.
a) = Clarice Ruffo dei Conti di Catanzaro (v.)
b) = Giacoma, figlia di Giovanni Pierleoni, Nobile Romano
oppure (secondo il Litta) :
a) = Simonetta
b) = Belladonna
c) = Jacopa, figlia di Giovanni Pierleoni, Nobile Romano
d) = Caracosa.² Gentile II Orsini Senator of Rome was also known as Gentile II des Ursins Senator of Rome.^6,1

     Romano/Romanello Orsini 1o Conte di Nola e Soana, Senator of Rome was born circa 1273.¹ He married Anastasia de Montfort Contessa di Nola, Dame de Chailly et de Longjumeau, daughter of Guy (Guido) de Montfort 1st Count de Nola and Marguerite Aldobrandeschi signora di Grosseto, Contessa di Soana & Pittigliano, on 8 June 1293.^1,4,2,3

Romano/Romanello Orsini 1o Conte di Nola e Soana, Senator of Rome died after 1326; Genealogie Delle Dinastie Ialiane says d. post 1326.^1,2,3
     EDV-20 GKJ-20.

; (Dalle seconde nozze 1° esempio) Romano/Romanello (+ post 1326), 1° Conte di Nola e Soana dal 1292 ca., Gran Giustiziere del Regno di Napoli, Vicario Regio di Roma nel 1326; Signore di Pitigliano, Cantalupo, Vicovaro, Roccagiovine, Bardella, Nettuno, Sorano, Manciano, Saturnia e Montemerano; Signore di Atripalda, Forino, Boiano, Monforte, Cicala e Avella, Nobile Romano.
= 8-6-1292 Anastasia de Montfort, figlia ed erede di Guido Conte di Soana e Nola e di Margherita Aldobrandeschi Contessa ereditaria di Soana.²


; Leo van de Pas cites: The Plantagenet Ancestry Baltimore, 1975. , Lt.Col. W. H. Turton, Reference: 224.¹ Romano/Romanello Orsini 1o Conte di Nola e Soana, Senator of Rome was also known as Raymond des Ursins Senator of Rome.¹ He was living in 1326.³

     Lucretia White married Charles Henry Clay Folwell, son of Thomas Iredell Folwell and Lydia Cook Hazelton.

     Stacy Hazelton Folwell was born in 1869.
Stacy Hazelton Folwell died in 1907.
      ; Subject: WorldConnect: Post-em posted
Date: Sat, 27 Oct 2001 17:53:18 -0600
From: gregv@ma.ultranet.com
To: gregv@ma.ultranet.com

Database: gregv
Individual: I16700
Link: http://worldconnect.genealogy.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=gregv&id=I16700
Name: Maida Barton Follini
Email: follini@ns.sympatico.ca
Note: Charles Henry Clay Folwell died Aug 22, 1878 and is buried in the Mullica Hill Friends Meeting graveyard. Charles's wife waas Lucretia White. Their son was Stacy Hazelton Folwell, b. 1869 d. 1907, unmarried.

     Alfonso III "el Liberal" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily was born in 1265 at Valencia, Aragon, Spain (now).² He and Eleanor (?) Princess of England were engaged before 18 June 1291.⁷
Alfonso III "el Liberal" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily died on 18 June 1291.^3,2,7
      ; King ALFONSO III "el Liberal" of Aragon (1285-91) etc, Sicily (1282-91), *Valencia 1265, +Barcelona 18.7.1291; m.Eleanor of England (*1264 +1297) dau.of King Edward I of England.² Alfonso III "el Liberal" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily was also known as Alphonso III (?) King of Aragon.³ He was King of Sicily between 1282 and 1291.² He was King of Aragon: ALFONSO III was obliged to make a sweeping regrant of the Privileges of Union (1287), the so-called Magna Carta of Aragon. between 1285 and 1291.^8,3,1,2

     Saint Isabella (?) of Aragon was born in 1271 at Zaragoza, Provincia de Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain (now).^3,2 She married Diniz I "the Just" (?) King of Portugal, son of Afonso III 'o Bolonhés' King of Portugal and Beatriz/Béatrice/Brites Alfonso (?) of Castile, Heiress of Alcozea, Salmeran & Vadesliras, on 24 June 1282.^3,2,8,9,10

Saint Isabella (?) of Aragon was buried after July 1336 at Coimbra, Portugal.³
Saint Isabella (?) of Aragon died on 4 July 1336 at Estremos, Portugal.^3,2,10
     Saint Isabella (?) of Aragon was also known as Saint Elizabeth (?) of Portugal St. Elizabeth of Portugal

Queen (sometimes known as the PEACEMAKER); born in 1271; died in 1336. She was named after her great-aunt, the great Elizabeth of Hungary, but is known in Portuguese history by the Spanish form of that name, Isabel. The daughter of Pedro III, King of Aragon, and Constantia, grandchild of Emperor Frederick II, she was educated very piously, and led a life of strict regularity and self-denial from her childhood: she said the full Divine Office daily, fasted and did other penances, and gave up amusement. Elizabeth was married very early to Diniz (Denis), King of Portugal, a poet, and known as Ré Lavrador, or the working king , from his hard work in is country s service. His morals, however, were extremely bad, and the court to which his young wife was brought consequently most corrupt. Nevertheless, Elizabeth quietly pursued the regular religious practices of her maidenhood, whilst doing her best to win her husband s affections by gentleness and extraordinary forbearance. She was devoted to the poor and sick, and gave every moment she could spare to helping them, even pressing her court ladies into their service. Naturally, such a life was a reproach to many around her, and caused ill will in some quarters. A popular story is told of how her husband s jealousy was roused by an evil-speaking page; of how he condemned the queen s supposed guilty accomplice to a cruel death; and was finally convinced of her innocence by the strange accidental substitution of her accuser for the intended victim.

Diniz does not appear to have reformed in morals till late in life, when we are told that the saint won him to repentance by her prayers and unfailing sweetness. They had two children, a daughter Constantia and a son Affonso. The latter so greatly resented the favours shown to the king s illegitimate sons that he rebelled, and in 1323 war was declared between him and his father. St. Elizabeth, however, rode in person between the opposing armies, and so reconciled her husband and son. Diniz died in 1325, his son succeeding him as Affonso IV. St. Elizabeth then retired to a convent of Poor Clares which she had founded at Coimbra, where she took the Franciscan Tertiary habit, wishing to devote the rest of her life to the poor and sick in obscurity. But she was called forth to act once more as peacemaker. In 1336 Affonso IV marched his troops against the King of Castile, to whom he had married his daughter Maria, and who had neglected and ill-treated her. In spite of age and weakness, the holy queen dowager insisted on hurrying to Estremoz, where the two king s armies were drawn up. She again stopped the fighting and caused terms of peace to be arranged. But the exertion brought on her final illness; and as soon as her mission was fulfilled she died of a fever, full of heavenly joy, and exhorting her son to the love of holiness and peace. St. Elizabeth was buried at Coimbra, and miracles followed her death. She was canonized by Urban VIII in 1625, and her feast is kept on 8 July.

F.M. CAPES
Transcribed by Paul T. Crowley
In Memoriam, Mrs. Margaret Crowley

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V
Copyright © 1909 by Robert Appleton Company
Online Edition Copyright © 2003 by Kevin Knight
Nihil Obstat, May 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor
Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.¹¹

     Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily was born in 1262 at Valencia, Aragon, Spain (now); Genealogy.EU (Barcelona 2 page) says b. 10 Aug 1267.^3,7 He married Isabella (?) Infanta of Castile, Vicomtesse de Limoges, daughter of Sancho IV "the Brave" (?) King of Castile and Leon and Maria Alfonsa "la Granda" de Molina sna de Molina y Mesa, Regent of Castile, on 1 December 1291 at Soria, Spain (now),
; his 1st wife.^8,7,9,2 Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily married Blanche/Blanca d'Anjou of Siciliy, daughter of Charles II "le Boiteux" (?) d'Anjou, King of Naples and Jerusalem and Maria (?) of Hungary, on 29 October 1295 at Villabertran
; his 2nd wife; Genealogy.EU (Capet 19 page) says m. 1 Nov. 1295.^7,3,10,2,11 Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily married Marie de Lusignan of Cyprus, daughter of Hugues III "le Grand" de Lusignan King of Cyprus and Jerusalem and Isabella d'Ibelin Queen Consort of Cyprus, on 16 November 1315 at Girona, Aragon, Spain (now),
; his 3rd wife; married (by proxy) Santa Sophia, Nicosia 15.6.1315 (in person) Girona 27.11.1315; Leo van de Pas says m. 16 Nov 1315; Rudt-Collenberg sayd m. 16.XI.1315.^3,12,7,2,13 Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily married Elisenda de Moncada, daughter of Pedro I de Moncada sn de Aitona y Soses and Gisela d'Abarca, on 25 December 1322 at Tarragona, Spain (now),
; his 4th wife.^7,2
Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily died on 2 November 1327.^7,3
      ; King JAIME II of Aragon (1291-1327) etc, Sicily (1291-96), *Valencia 10.8.1267, +Barcelona 2.11.1327; 1m: Soria 1.12.1291 (annulled 1295) Vcts Isabel de Limoges (*1283, +24.7.1328), dau.of King Sancho IV of Castile; 2m: Villabertran 29.10.1295 Blanche d´Anjou (*1280 +14.10.1310), dau.of King Charles II of Naples; 3m: Santa Sophia, Nicosia 15.6.1315 (in proxy) Girona 27.11.1315 (in person) Marie de Lusignan (*1273 +Tortosa IX.1322), dau.of King Hugo III of Cyprus; 4m: Tarragona 25.12.1322 Elisenda (+Clarisas de Pedralbes 19.6.1364), dau.of Pedro I de Moncada, sn de Aitona y Soses by Gisela d'Abarca.⁷

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: vol II page 45
2. The Rupenides,Hethumides and Lusignans, Structure of the Armeno-Cilician dynast. Paris, 1963., W.H. Rudt-Collenberg
3. Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe London, 1988. , David Williamson, Reference: page 39.
4. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: vol II page 71.² Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily was also known as James II King of Aragon and Sicily.³ He was King of Sicily between 1285 and 1295.^14,3,7 He was King of Aragon, JAMES II (king of Sicily, 1285-95). He exchanged the investiture of Sardinia and Corsica for that of Sicily (1295), which thereupon passed to his brother Frederick, who established the separate Sicilian dynasty. James began the expulsion of the Genoese and Pisans from Sardinia (1323-24), a process not finally completed until 1421. For a period Aragon held the duchy of Athens (first indirectly through Sicily, 1311-77, then directly, to 1388), thanks to the activity of the Grand Catalan Company between 1291 and 1327.^14,3,1,7 The marriage of Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily and Isabella (?) Infanta of Castile, Vicomtesse de Limoges was annulled in August 1295.^8,9,2

     Federigo II (?) of Aragon, King of Sicily was born in 1272; Genealogy.EU (Barcelona page 2) says b. 1272.^3,4,8 He and Catherine I de Courtenay Mgvne of Namur, Empress of Constantinople were engaged in June 1295.^9,8 Federigo II (?) of Aragon, King of Sicily married Lenore/Eleonore (?) d'Anjou, daughter of Charles II "le Boiteux" (?) d'Anjou, King of Naples and Jerusalem and Maria (?) of Hungary, on 17 May 1302
; Genealogy.EU (Barcelona page 2) says m. 27 May 1303.^3,4,10,11
Federigo II (?) of Aragon, King of Sicily died on 25 July 1337 at Panterno, near Catania.^3,4,8
     Federigo II (?) of Aragon, King of Sicily was also known as Don Fadrique (?) Infante de Aragón.⁸ Federigo II (?) of Aragon, King of Sicily was also known as Frederick II (?) King of Sicily.³

; Per Genealogy.EU (Barcelona 2): “E3.King FEDERIGO II of Sicily (1299-1337), *1272, +Panterno, nr Catania 25.7.1337; m.Messina 27.5.1303 Eleonore d´Anjou (*VIII.1289, +monastery of San Nicola d'Arena 9.8.1341/43), dau.of Charles II King of Sicily; for his descendants see http://genealogy.euweb.cz/barcelona/barcelona3.html”.⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "Infante don FADRIQUE de Aragón (1272-near Pamplona 25 Jun 1337). The Crónica de San Juan de la Peña names "el primero Alfonso et el otro Jayme et el otro Frederico" as the sons of King Pedro and his wife Constanza[462]. The Historia Sicula of Bartolomeo di Neocastro names "Alfonsus, Elisabeth regina Portugalli…Rex Iacobus, Dominus Fridericus, domina Violanta et dominus Petrus" as the children of "Petro regi Aragonum" and his wife[463]. The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner names "Alfonse, Jacques, Frédéric et Pierre" as the four sons of "le seigneur infant Pierre" and "la fille de Mainfroi roi de Sicile…Constance"[464]. His brother appointed him Viceroy in Sicily when the former succeeded to the crown of Aragon 1291. Ignoring the peace signed between his father and Carlo II King of Naples, Infante don Fadrique occupied Sicily. As a condition of his betrothal to Catherine de Courtenay, he promised to renounce his rights to Sicily and give help to reconquer the Latin Empire of Constantinople, but this proposal was opposed by Philippe IV King of France and the betrothal was terminated[465]. Don Fadrique was proclaimed Lord at Palermo 12 Dec 1295, and recognised as FEDERIGO I King of Sicily by the Parliament-General at Catania 15 Jan 1296, crowned at Palermo 25 Mar 1296. He was confirmed King of Trinacria [Sicily] for life by the Treaty of Caltabellotta Aug 1302, under which Carlo II King of Naples confirmed Sicily as the dowry of his daughter Eleonora for the life of her husband, to return to Carlo’s heirs after Federigo’s death. War broke out again with the Angevins of Naples 1313. Federigo had the Sicilian parliament recognise his son Pietro as his successor 12 Jun 1314. He retook the title King of Sicily 9 Aug 1314. Sicily reswore allegiance to Federigo’s son Pietro in 1322.
     "Betrothed ([Jun] 1295) to CATHERINE de Courtenay, daughter of PHILIPPE de Courtenay titular Emperor of Constantinople & his wife Beatrice of Sicily (1274-Paris 11 Oct 1307 or 2 Jan 1308, bur Paris). She later married Charles de France Comte de Valois.
     "m (Messina May 1303) as her second husband, ELEONORE of Sicily, former wife of PHILIPPE de Toucy titular Prince of Antioch, daughter of CHARLES II King of Sicily [Anjou-Capet] & his wife Maria of Hungary (1289-Monastery of San Nicolo di Arena 9 Aug 1341, bur Catania, Franciscan monastery). Her second marriage was arranged by the Treaty of Caltabellotta 31 Aug 1302, under which her father gave her Sicily as dowry during her husband’s life, after which the Kingdom would return to her father King Charles II and his heirs[466]."
Med Lands cites: He was King of Sicily between 1295 and 1337.¹

     Blanche/Blanca d'Anjou of Siciliy was born in 1280.² She married Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily, son of Don Pedro III "el Grande" (?) Infante de Aragón, King of Aragon & Sicily and Constance von Hohenstaufen of Sicily, on 29 October 1295 at Villabertran
; his 2nd wife; Genealogy.EU (Capet 19 page) says m. 1 Nov. 1295.^1,4,2,8,3
Blanche/Blanca d'Anjou of Siciliy died on 14 October 1310.²
Blanche/Blanca d'Anjou of Siciliy was buried after 14 October 1310 at Santa Croce .²

     Alfonso IV "el Benigne" (?) King of Aragon was born in 1302 at Naples, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Campania, Italy (now); Genealogy.EU (Barcelona 2 page) says b. 1299.^2,3,4 He married Teresa d'Entenza Countess of Urgel, daughter of Gombaldo (?) Baron d'Entenza, on 10 November 1314
; his 1st wife.^3,2,4 Alfonso IV "el Benigne" (?) King of Aragon married Doña Eleanor (?) Infanta de Castilla y León, daughter of Fernando IV "el Ajurno" (?) King of Castile and Leon and Constança Dinisez (?) de Portugal, Rainha de Castela, on 5 February 1329 at Tarragona, Spain (now).^3,2,7,8,4

Alfonso IV "el Benigne" (?) King of Aragon died on 24 January 1336 at Barcelona, Provinicia de Barcelona, Cateluna, Spain (now).^3,2,4
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: vol II page 45
2. Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises. 1977., Jacques Saillot, Reference: page 237
3. Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe London, 1988. , David Williamson, Reference: page 39.⁴ He was King of Aragon between 1327 and 1336.^9,2,1,3

     Teresa d'Entenza Countess of Urgel was born in 1300.³ She married Alfonso IV "el Benigne" (?) King of Aragon, son of Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily and Blanche/Blanca d'Anjou of Siciliy, on 10 November 1314
; his 1st wife.^3,2,4
Teresa d'Entenza Countess of Urgel died on 28 October 1327 at Zaragoza, Provincia de Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain (now).^2,3
     She was Countess of Urgel.²

     Jaime I (?) Inft d'Aragon, Count of Urgel was born in 1321.¹ He married Cicele de Comminges, daughter of Bernard VIII de Comminges Vicomte de Turenne, Comte de Comminges and Mathe de L'Isle-Jourdain, in 1336.^3,6,1

Jaime I (?) Inft d'Aragon, Count of Urgel died after August 1347; died of poisoning at Barcelona.^3,1
     He was Count of Urgel - Counts of Urgel extinct in 1433.³ Jaime I (?) Inft d'Aragon, Count of Urgel was also known as James I (?) Count of Urgel.³

     Doña Eleanor (?) Infanta de Castilla y León was born in 1307.^1,2,3 She married James (?) of Aragon, Grand Master of Order of St. John, son of Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily and Blanche/Blanca d'Anjou of Siciliy, on 5 October 1319
; never consummated.^7,2 Doña Eleanor (?) Infanta de Castilla y León married Alfonso IV "el Benigne" (?) King of Aragon, son of Jaime II "the Just" (?) King of Aragon and Sicily and Blanche/Blanca d'Anjou of Siciliy, on 5 February 1329 at Tarragona, Spain (now).^7,1,2,3,8

Doña Eleanor (?) Infanta de Castilla y León died in 1359 at Chateau de Castroheriz; murdered.^1,2,3
      ;
Per Genealogy.EU: Infta Leonor, *1307, +murdered at Chateau de Castroheriz 1359; 1m: 1319 Infant Jaime of Aragon; 2m: Tarazona 1329 King Alfonso IV of Aragon (+1336).²

Reference: Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: II 45
2. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: II 64.³ Doña Eleanor (?) Infanta de Castilla y León was also known as Leonor (?) of Castile.^9,10

     Pedro IV "el Ceremonioso" (?) King of Aragon was born on 5 September 1319 at Balaguer, Aragon, Spain (now).^3,2 He married Maria (?) of Navarre, daughter of Philippe III "le Bon" or "le Sage" (?) King of Navarre, Cte d'Evreux, Angouleme et de Longueville, Cte de Mortain and Jeanne II (Joan) (?) de France, Queen of Navarre, on 25 July 1338 at Alagon, Spain (now),
; his 1st wife; Louda & Maclagan (Table 46) says m. 1342.^6,3,2,7 Pedro IV "el Ceremonioso" (?) King of Aragon married Eleanor (?) of Portugal, daughter of Afonso IV "o Bravo" (?) King of Portugal and Doña Beatriz Sancha (?) Infanta of Castile-León, Queen Consort of Portugal, on 19 November 1347 at Barcelona, Provinicia de Barcelona, Cateluna, Spain (now),
; his 2nd wife.^6,3,8,2,9 Pedro IV "el Ceremonioso" (?) King of Aragon married Leonora/Eleanor (?) of Sicily, daughter of Pietro/Pierre II (?) d'Aragon, King of Sicily and Elizabeth (?) of Carinthia, Regent of Sicily, on 27 August 1349 at Valencia, Aragon, Spain (now),
; his 3rd wife.^2,3,10 Pedro IV "el Ceremonioso" (?) King of Aragon married Sybil de Fortia, daughter of Bernardo de Fortia, in 1379
; his 4th wife; Genealogy.EU (Barcelona 2 page) says m. 11 Oct. 1377.^3,2
Pedro IV "el Ceremonioso" (?) King of Aragon died in 1387; Genealogy.EU (Barcelona 2 page) says d. 6 Jan 1386.^2,3
      ; King PEDRO IV "el Ceremonioso" of Aragon (1336-87) etc, Duke of Athens and Neopatrai [Catalan mercenaries were hired by various Balkan fractions to fight for them; the Catalans tended to keep what they won, however, leading to them holding Athens and giving their king the title Duke of Athens], *Balaguer 5.9.1319, +Barcelona 5/6.1.1386; 1m: Alagon 25.7.1338 Marie of Navarre (*1329/30, +Valencia 29.4.1347, bur Santa Maria de Poblet, Tarragona); 2m: Barcelona 19.11.1347 Leonor of Portugal (*1328 +Exerica 30.10.1348, bur Santa Maria de Poblet, Tarragona); 3m: Valencia 27.8.1349 Leonor of Sicily (*1325 +Lerida 20.4.1375, bur Santa Maria de Poblet, Tarragona); 4m: Barcelona 11.10.1377 Sibila (+Barcelona 24.11.1406) dau.of Bernardo de Fortia.² Pedro IV "el Ceremonioso" (?) King of Aragon was also known as Peter IV (?) King of Aragon.⁶ He was King of Aragon, PETER (PEDRO) IV. He was virtually a prisoner of the revived union of the nobility and had to confirm their privileges. But after a victory over the union (at Epila, 1348), he broke up the coalition and gradually restricted the power of the aristocracy in Aragon and Valencia. The clergy and the towns had far less power than in Castile, while the rural workers and serfs suffered a much harder lot. between 1336 and 1387.^11,3,1,2

     Juan II (?) King of Castile and Leon was born on 16 March 1405 at Toro, Castile, Spain (now); Leo van de Pas says b. 6 Mar 1405.^7,3,1,5 He married Maria (?) of Aragon, daughter of Fernando I 'the Just'/'el de Antequera' (?) King of Aragon and Sicily and Leonor/Eleanor Urraca (?) Cdsa de Albuquerque, on 4 August 1420 at Avila, Spain (now),
; his 1st wife; Leo van de Pas says m. 4 Aug 1418.^1,2,3,5,8 Juan II (?) King of Castile and Leon married Isabella (?) of Portugal, daughter of Joao (?) Inft of Portugal, Duke of Beja and Isabella de Braganza, on 17 August 1447 at Madrigalejo (Madrigal de las Altas Torres)
; his 2nd wife.^9,3,1,5
Juan II (?) King of Castile and Leon died on 20 July 1454 at Valladolid, Castile, Spain (now), at age 49; Leo van de Pas says d. 22 Jul 1454.^1,3,5
      ; Juan II, King of Castile, was not an evil man but he lacked both the inclination and the ability to govern well. He loved to dance and joust, to compose poetry and play the flute, leaving the affairs of his kingdom in the much more capable hands of his favorite, Alvaro de Luna. But this was not an age in which monarchs could afford to delegate responsibilities. The Castilian nobles were constantly jostling for power, wealth, and land. A weak king and a powerful favorite were a combination guaranteed to encourage anarchy. Castilian prestige fell at home and abroad.

Eventually the reign of Juan II came to an ignominious end. When the king's first queen died, Alvaro de Luna chose Isabella of Portugal as Juan's new wife, hoping through the grateful queen to open up another avenue of influence over the king. His error of judgment proved disastrous. Resentful of his ascendancy and his arrogant treatment of her husband, the new queen successfully plotted his downfall. Alvaro de Luna was arrested and, on 2 June 1453, executed after a summary trial in the public square of Valladolid. A year later Juan II himself died, fully conscious of the appalling state in which he had left his country and regretting that he 'had not been born the son of a mechanic, instead of King of Castile'.⁵

; King JUAN II of Castile and Leon (1406-54), *Toro 6.3.1405, +Valladolid 20.7.1454; 1m: Avila 4.8.1420 Maria of Aragon (*1396 +18.2.1445); 2m: Madrigal 17.8..1447 Isabel of Portugal (*ca 1428 +Arévalo 15.8.1496.)¹ Juan II (?) King of Castile and Leon was also known as John II (?) King of Castile.¹⁰

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Ferdinand and Isabella New York, 1968 , Melveena McKendrick, Reference: bio 23,24
2. Cahiers de Saint Louis Magazine. , Jacques Dupont, Jacques Saillot, Reference: page 691.
3. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser , Reference: yr 1968.
4. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: II 48.⁵ He was King of Castile and Leon between 1406 and 1454.^11,3,1,5

     Maria (?) of Aragon was born in 1396.^1,4 She married Juan II (?) King of Castile and Leon, son of Enrique III "el Doliente" (?) King of Castile and Leon and Katherine/Catalina (?) of Lancaster, on 4 August 1420 at Avila, Spain (now),
; his 1st wife; Leo van de Pas says m. 4 Aug 1418.^1,2,3,7,4
Maria (?) of Aragon died on 18 February 1445 at Villacastin, Segovia, Provincia de Segovia, Castilla y León, Spain (now).^3,1,4
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser , Reference: 1968
2. Cahiers de Saint Louis Magazine. , Jacques Dupont, Jacques Saillot, Reference: page 691, 693.
3. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: II 66.⁴

     Enrique IV "el Impotente" (?) King of Castile and Leon was born on 6 January 1425 at Valladolid, Spain; Leo van de Pas says b. 5 Jan 1425.^4,2,3 He married Blanca (Blanche) (?) of Aragon, Princess of Viana, daughter of Juan II (?) of Trastamara, King of Navarre and Aragon and Doña Blanca I (?) de Navarra, Queen of Navarre, on 16 September 1440 at Valladolid, Spain,
; his 1st wife.^4,2,3,7 Enrique IV "el Impotente" (?) King of Castile and Leon and Blanca (Blanche) (?) of Aragon, Princess of Viana were divorced on 27 July 1453; annulled.^4,2,3,7 Enrique IV "el Impotente" (?) King of Castile and Leon married Juana/Joanna (?) Infanta of Portugal, daughter of Duarte I (?) King of Portugal and Leonora/Eleanor (?) Infta of Aragon, on 20 May 1455 at Córdoba, Provincia de Córdoba, Andalucia, Spain,
; his 2nd wife.^{8,9,4,10,2,11,3}
Enrique IV "el Impotente" (?) King of Castile and Leon died on 11 December 1474 at Madrid, Spain, at age 49; Leo van de Pas says d. in Segovia.^2,4,3
      ; King ENRIQUE IV "el Impotente" of Castile and Leon (1454-74), *Valladolid 5/6.1.1425, +Madrid 11.12.1474; 1m: Valladolid 16.9.1440 (annulled 27.7.1453) Blanca of Aragon (*9.6.1424 +2.12.1464); 2m: Cordoba 20.5.1455 Juana of Portugal (*Quinta do Monte Olivete, in Almada 31.3.1439, +Madrid 13.6.1475.)²

; Leo van de Pas cites: Cahiers de Saint Louis Magazine. , Jacques Dupont, Jacques Saillot, Reference: 691.³ Enrique IV "el Impotente" (?) King of Castile and Leon was also known as Henry IV King of Castile.⁴ He was King of Castile between 1454 and 1474.^12,4

     Juana/Joanna (?) Infanta of Portugal married Pedro "el Mozo" de Castilla
; Based on information from Leo van de Pas, Pedro had children by Juana, but she may have been his mistress, not his wife.^6,4 Juana/Joanna (?) Infanta of Portugal was born on 31 March 1439 at Monte Oliveto (near Almada-Tojal), Portugal.^2,3,1,4 She married Enrique IV "el Impotente" (?) King of Castile and Leon, son of Juan II (?) King of Castile and Leon and Maria (?) of Aragon, on 20 May 1455 at Córdoba, Provincia de Córdoba, Andalucia, Spain,
; his 2nd wife.^{1,7,2,3,8,4,9}
Juana/Joanna (?) Infanta of Portugal died on 13 June 1475 at Madrid, Spain, at age 36; buried there.^2,3,1,4
      ; Juana, *Monte Oliveto nr Almada-Tojal 31.3.1439, +Madrid 13.6.1475, bur there; m.Cordoba 20.5.1455 King Enrique IV of Castile (+1474); she was mother of 2 illegitimate children by Pedro "el Mozo" de Castilla.¹

; In 1453, the first marriage of Enrique IV, King of Castile, was annulled on grounds of nonconsummation, which was attributed to witchcraft. Two years later Juana became his second wife. However, Enrique was no more successful in his attempts to consummate this marriage than with his first. A German physician, Münzer, who was called into consultation, left a vivid description of the poor king's ill-proportioned genitalia and of the crude attempt at artificial insemination for which a gold tube was constructed.

However, the King and Queen became infatuated with a handsome young courtier, Don Beltran de la Cueva, who was soon rumoured to be the lover of both. In March 1462 the Queen gave birth to a daughter, Juana, of whom it was universally believed Beltran to be the father so that the child was nick-named 'La Beltraneja'. In May 1462 Enrique IV called a Cortes to recognise Juana as heir to the throne, but several of the cities represented, as well as many of the nobles, refused to do so.

A year after the birth the Queen became pregnant, but the shock she received when her hair caught fire from the heat of the sun while she was seated in a window caused her to miscarry a male infant in the sixth month. After this Enrique IV recognised his half-brother Alfonso as his heir on condition that he would eventually marry La Beltraneja.

The life of King Enrique IV became misery. He had contracted a painful and distressing disease which defied diagnosis and Juana, his wife, had left him. Juana took a lover, Pedro de Castilla, and produced two sons while maintaining her daughter was the King's. On 11 December 1474, Enrique IV died after suffering a massive haemorrhage. Juana, aged thirty-six, died six months later.⁴

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: II 65;III 543
2. Kwartierstatenboek, 1983. , Reference: 47 bio.⁴

     Isabella (?) of Portugal was born circa 1428.^3,1 She married Juan II (?) King of Castile and Leon, son of Enrique III "el Doliente" (?) King of Castile and Leon and Katherine/Catalina (?) of Lancaster, on 17 August 1447 at Madrigalejo (Madrigal de las Altas Torres)
; his 2nd wife.^1,2,4,5
Isabella (?) of Portugal died on 15 August 1496 at Arevalo, Spain (now).^3,1
Isabella (?) of Portugal was buried after 15 August 1496 at Miraflora (near Burgos), Provincia de Burgos, Castilla y León, Spain (now).¹

     Charles/Karl V/I (?) King of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor was born on 24 February 1500 at Ghent, Flanders, Belgium (now).^1,3,4 He married Isabella (?) of Portugal, daughter of Manoel I (?) King of Portugal and Algarves, sn de Guinee and Maria (?) of the Asturias, Infanta of Spain, on 11 March 1526 at Sevills, Provincia de Sevilla, Andalucia, Spain.^{7,1,2,8,9,3,4}

Charles/Karl V/I (?) King of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor died on 21 September 1558 at San Jeronimo de Yuste (near Toledo), Provincia de Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, at age 58; Louda & Maclagan says d. 1558; Enc. of World History (p. 301) says d. 1556.^7,1,3,4
      ; KARL V, Duke of Burgundy (1506-55), Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56), King of Castile (1506-16), King of Spain (1516-56) as Carlos I, King of Germany (1519-56), Archduke of Austria (1519-21), *Gent 24.2.1500, +San Jerónimo de Yuste, nr Toledo 21.9.1558; he abdicated in 1556 and left Spain, the Netherlands and the Americas to his son, and Austria and the Empire to his brother; m.Seville 10.3.1526 Infanta Isabella of Portugal (*24.10.1503 +1.5.1539.)³

; Leo van de Pas cites: Genealogie der Graven van Holland Zaltbommel, 1969. , Dr. A. W. E. Dek.⁴ He was King of Castile between 1506 and 1516.³ He was Duke of Burgundy between 1506 and 1555.³ He was King of Spain between 1516 and 1558.^1,2,4 He was Archduke of Austria between 1519 and 1521.³ He was King of Germany between 1519 and 1556.³ He was Holy Roman Emperor, CHARLES V. He came to Germany for the first time in 1520 to preside at the Diet of Worms (1521). There Luther defended his doctrines, coming under a safe conduct. The ban of the empire having been pronounced against him, he was taken under the protection of Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony. The Edict of Worms prohibited all new doctrines. Luther's translation of the Bible.

1521: Hieronymus, envoy of the king of Hungary, pled for Western support against the advancing Ottoman Turks [>]. Charles preoccupied with imperial matters and the Lutheran revolt.

Aug. 28, 1521: The Ottoman Turkish sultan Suleyman the Magnificent conquered Belgrade, gateway to Hungary and Habsburg lands along the Danube.

1521-26: First war of Charles V against Francis I of France [>]. Invasion of Italy by the French under Bonnivert (1523-24). Imperial forces thereupon invaded southern France. Francis I crossed the Mt. Cenis Pass and recaptured Milan.

1523: Development of the Reformation. Luther returned to Wittenberg and introduced public worship, with the liturgy in German and communion in both kinds in Electoral Saxony and in Hesse. The spread of the Reformation was favored by the emperor's deep involvement in the war with France.

1522: The Knights' War, led by Franz von Sickingen and Ulrich von Hutton (the humanist knight), who hoped to improve the position of the imperial knights by strengthening the authority of the emperor at the expense of the princes. Without Luther's knowledge, they wanted to use the Lutheran movement for their political purposes. Sickingen's attack on the archiepiscopal city of Trier failed; he was besieged in his castle at Landstuhl and mortally wounded. Hutton fled to Switzerland. Luther published the Larger Catechism (1529), brief sermons on articles of faith, and the Shorter Catechism, concise explanations of doctrine in question-and-answer form. The printing press rapidly spread his teaching. Luther's remarkable gift for language a major reason for his fame; hymns such as the stirring “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God” (1530).

1524-25: The PEASANTS' WAR, in Swabia and Franconia. The peasants took the occasion of the disorders attendant on Luther's revolt (inspiration of his passionate attacks on the constituted authorities) to rise against the social and economic inequalities of German feudalism. They incorporated their demands in the revolutionary Twelve Articles. Luther totally condemned this attack on legal authority. The peasants were defeated at Königshofen and perhaps 60,000 executed.

1524: Ferdinand of Austria, younger brother of Charles V, to whom the emperor had entrusted the government of Germany in 1522, formed an alliance with the two dukes of Bavaria and the bishop of southern Germany in the hope of checking the religious changes.

1525: The BATTLE OF PAVIA, the most important engagement of the long Italian wars. The Spanish commanders, Constable de Bourbon (prominent French noble and opponent of Francis) and Marquís de Pescara, completely defeated the French. Francis himself was captured and sent to Madrid. There he concluded the Treaty of Madrid (Jan. 14, 1526)

Aug. 29, 1526: Battle of Mohács (plain on the Danube in southern Hungary). The janissaries and artillery of the Ottoman Turks smashed the Hungarian army, killing King Louis II and many of the nobility. A week later Suleiman reached Buda, and two-thirds of Hungary came into the hands of the Ottoman Turks.

1527-29: Second war between Charles V and Francis I, who had declared that the conditions of the peace of Madrid were extorted by force and hence void. Alliance of Cognac between Francis, the pope, Venice, and Francesco Sforza, against the emperor. The imperial army, unpaid and mutinous, took Rome by storm under the Constable de Bourbon, who fell in the assault; the pope besieged in the Castle of St. Angelo (1527; [>]. The French general Lautrec invaded Naples, but the revolt of Genoa (Doria), whose independence Charles V promised to recognize, and the epidemic of plague, of which Lautrec himself died, compelled the French to raise the siege of the capital and retire to France.

1529: Diet of Speyer. Charles's envoys insisted that the Edict of Worms be enforced, that Lutheran estates allow Catholics to attend the Mass, and that Zwinglianism [>] and Anabaptism be suppressed. Lutherans protested that they could not be compelled to act against conscience; hence, they and all who left the Catholic Church were called Protestants.

Aug. 3, 1529: Treaty of Cambrai (Paix des dames), negotiated by Margaret of Austria, Charles's aunt, and Louise of Savoy, duchess of Angoulême, mother of Francis. Francis paid two million crowns and renounced his claims upon Italy, Flanders, and Artois; Charles promised not to press his claims upon Burgundy for the present and released the French princes.

1530: Diet of Augsburg, with the emperor presiding. Lutheran doctrine, drafted by Luther's associate Philip Melanchthon, was officially formulated in the Confession of Augsburg: justification (salvation) by faith, a free and arbitrary gift of God, not by good works; authority in the Church exists in Scripture alone (sola scriptura), meaning the rejection of ecclesiastical tradition and of the papacy as source of authority; the church equivalent to the community of believers, thus rejecting identification of church with the clergy. These principles became the basic tenets of all Protestant groups. Although Charles had summoned the diet to achieve religious reconciliation and win unified opposition to the Ottoman threat, the assembly confirmed the schism.

Feb 1530: Charles crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Bologna by Pope Clement VII, in the last papal coronation of a German emperor.

Feb. 6, 1531: Schmalkaldic League, agreed upon in 1530, between the majority of Protestant princes and imperial cities.

Charles caused his brother, Ferdinand, to be elected king of Rome and crowned at Aachen. The elector of Saxony protested against this proceeding in the name of the evangelicals.

1532: In consequence of the new danger that threatened from the Ottoman Turks, Ferdinand concluded the religious peace of Nürnberg. The Augsburg edict was revoked, and free exercise of their religion was granted the Protestants until the meeting of a new council to be called within a year.

1534-35: Anabaptists (literally, “to baptize again”) held that only adults could make a free choice about baptism and that the church was a voluntary association of those (few) who experienced an inner light. Thus they favored separation of church and state; religious toleration; pacifism; admission of women to ministry. Münster, the scene of an experimental Anabaptist community, attracted many followers, but the movement was crushed and its leader, John of Leiden, (1509-36) beheaded.

1536-38: Third war of Charles against Francis I of France. The latter, having renewed his claims to Milan after the death of Francesco Sforza II without issue, Charles invaded Provence anew but fruitlessly. Francis made an inroad into Savoy and Piedmont and sought the alliance of Suleiman, who thereupon pressed his advance on Hungary and sent his fleets to ravage the coasts of Italy.

June 18, 1538: The war was ended by the Truce of Nice, which was concluded on the basis of possession and for ten years.

1541: JOHN CALVIN [>] introduced the Reformation into Geneva. Calvinist churches had a strict moral code, and, unlike Lutheran, maintained independence of the Church from the lay authority. In Geneva, in Scotland (John Knox, 1505-72), briefly in England, and even in the New World (at Boston), the Calvinists erected theocratic states. In France and Hungary they became an important minority. In Holland and parts of Germany they were soon the dominant Protestant group.

1542-44: Fourth war between Charles and Francis, occasioned by the investiture of Charles's son, Philip, with Milan. Two secret agents whom Francis had sent to Suleiman having been captured in Milan and put to death served Francis as a pretext. Francis in alliance with Suleiman and the duke of Cleve. The allied Turkish and French fleets bombarded and plundered Nice. Charles, in alliance with Henry VIII of England, defeated the duke of Cleves and advanced as far as Soissons.

1546-47: SCHMALKALDIC WAR. Charles V sought to crush the independence of the states of the empire in Germany and restore the unity of the Church, to which he was urged by the pope, who concluded an alliance with him and promised money and troops. The leaders of the League of SchmalkaldenJohn Frederick, elector of Saxony, and Philip, landgrave of Hesseplaced under the ban. Irresolute conduct of the war by the allies in upper Germany. They could not be induced to make a decisive attack and finally retired, each to his own land. Charles V first reduced the members of the league in southern Germany, then went to Saxony and defeated the elector of Saxony and the German Protestant princes in the Battle of Mühlberg (April 24, 1547). However, Charles could not exploit his victory, because the princes reunited.

1551-52: War with Ottoman Turks over Hungary, leading ultimately to peace (1562) and Habsburg renunciation of Transylvania.

1552-56: War between Charles V and Henry II, who, as the ally of Maurice, had seized Metz, Toul, and Verdun. Charles besieged Metz, which was successfully defended by Francis of Guise. The Truce of Vaucelles left France, provisionally, in possession of the cities that had been occupied.

Sept. 25, 1555: PEACE OF AUGSBURG granted legal (imperial) recognition to the Confession of Augsburg (1530). The basic principle of the diet, cuius regio ejus religio (freely, the prince determines the religion of the territory), meant that the territorial princes and free cities gained freedom of worship, the right to introduce the Lutheran faith (jus reformandi), and equal rights with Catholic states. No agreement reached on the ecclesiastical reservation that Catholic bishops and abbots who became Lutheran should lose their offices and incomes, but this provision had been inserted by imperial decree. No provision made for the reformed (Calvinist) faith.

SOCIAL TRENDS
Protestantism held considerable appeal for women: Luther's belief that routine domestic work had merit in God's sight; Luther and Calvin's stress on the home as special domain of women meant that the home, in contrast to the place of business, became the setting for peace, reconciliation, love; Protestants established schools where girls, as well as boys, became literate in the Bible and the catechism; reformers' emphasis on marriage as the cure for concupiscence meant that priests' concubines could become legal and honorable wives.
The Lutheran clergy derived from the lower to middle burger class and after the 16th century tended to be self-perpetuating; Calvinist clergy were from the educated upper bourgeoisie; Catholic diocesan priests of Reformation Europe descended from middling groups of the towns, from the peasantry in rural areas.

1556: ABDICATION OF CHARLES V at Brussels (effective 1558). The crown of Spain, with the colonies, Naples, Milan, Franche-Comté, and the Netherlands, went to his son Philip; the imperial office and the Habsburg lands to his brother Ferdinand I. Charles lived in the monastery of Yuste as a private individual, not as a monk, and died there in 1558. between 1519 and 1556.^10,11,2,3

     Ferdinand I (?) Emperor of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor was born on 10 March 1503 at Alcale de Henares, near Madrid, Spain.^3,1 He married Anna (?) of Bohemia and Hungary, daughter of Wladislaw II Jagiello (?) King of Bohemia and Hungary and Anne de Foix, on 25 May 1521 at Linz, Austria.^8,3,1,9

Ferdinand I (?) Emperor of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor died on 25 July 1564 at Vienna, Austria, at age 61.^2,3,1
      ; FERDINAND I, Archduke of Austria (1519-64), King of Bohemia (1526-64) -elected 23.10.1526, cr Prague castle 24.2.1527, King of Hungary (1526-64) as Ferdinánd -elected 16.12.1526, cr 3.11.1527, King of Germany (1531-64), Holy Roman Emperor (1556-64), *Alcale de Henares, nr Madrid 10.3.1503, +Vienna 25.7.1564, bur Prague; m.Linz 25.5.1521 Pss Anna Jagiello of Bohemia and Hungary (*23.7.1503 +27.1.1547); by this marriage the Habsburgs inherited Bohemia and Hungary.¹ He was King of Bohemia and Hungary between 1526 and 1564.^5,3 He was King of the Romans between 1531 and 1564.⁵ He was Holy Roman Emperor, FERDINAND I, husband of Anna, sister of Louis II, king of Bohemia and Hungary, after whose death he was elected king of these countries by their estates. Constant warfare over the latter country, which he was obliged to abandon, in great part, to the Ottoman Turks. between 1558 and 1564.^8,3

     Isabella (?) of the Asturias Infanta of Spain was born on 2 October 1470 at Duenas.^2,1,5 She married Affonso/Alphonso (?) Infant of Portugal, son of Joao II "the Severe" (?) King of Portugal and Eleanor (?) of Portugal, on 3 November 1490 at Estremos, Portugal,
; her 1st husband.^2,6,5 Isabella (?) of the Asturias Infanta of Spain married Manoel I (?) King of Portugal and Algarves, sn de Guinee, son of Fernao (?) Inft of Portugal, Duque de Beja, de Salvaterra e de Viseu and Brites/Beatrice (?) of Portugal, in October 1497 at Valencia d'Alcantara
; her 2nd husband, his 1st wife.^2,5,1
Isabella (?) of the Asturias Infanta of Spain died on 15 August 1498 at Zaragoza, Provincia de Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain (now), at age 27.^2,1
Isabella (?) of the Asturias Infanta of Spain was buried after 15 August 1498 at Toledo, Provincia de Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.¹
      ; Infanta Isabel, *Duenas 1470, +Zaragoza 15.8.1498, bur Toledo; 1m: Infant Affonso of Portugal (+1491); 2m: Valencia de Alcantara X.1497 King Manoel I of Portugal (*1.6.1469 +13.12.1521.)¹

     Manoel I (?) King of Portugal and Algarves, sn de Guinee was born on 1 June 1469 at Alocheta.^5,6,3,1 He married Isabella (?) of the Asturias Infanta of Spain, daughter of Fernando II "the Catholic" (?) King of Aragon, Sicily and Naples and Isabella I "la Catolica" (?) Queen of Castile and Leon, in October 1497 at Valencia d'Alcantara
; her 2nd husband, his 1st wife.^5,1,7 Manoel I (?) King of Portugal and Algarves, sn de Guinee married Maria (?) of the Asturias, Infanta of Spain, daughter of Fernando II "the Catholic" (?) King of Aragon, Sicily and Naples and Isabella I "la Catolica" (?) Queen of Castile and Leon, on 30 October 1500 at Alcazar de Sal, Spain; his 2nd wife.^1,5,7 Manoel I (?) King of Portugal and Algarves, sn de Guinee married Eleanor (?) Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Philip I "the Fair" (?) Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, King of Castile and Juana/Joanna "the Mad' (?) Infanta of Aragon, Queen of Spain, on 24 November 1519 at Lisbon, Portugal,
; his 3rd wife; Genealogy.EU (Capet 53 page) says m. 25/11/1518.^{8,5,9,10,1,11}
Manoel I (?) King of Portugal and Algarves, sn de Guinee died on 13 December 1521 at Lisbon, Portugal, at age 52; died of the plague.^5,6,3,2,1
      ; King MANOEL I of Portugal and Algarves (17.10.1495-1521), sn de Guinee, *Alcocheta 1.6.1469, +Lisbon of the plague 13.12.1521, bur Belem; 1m: Valencia d'Alcantara X.1497 Pss Isabella of the Asturias (*1470 +15.8.1498) dau.of Fernando II of Aragon; 2m: Alcazar de Sal 30.10.1500 Pss Maria of the Asturias (*29.6.1482 +7.3.1517); 3m: Lisbon 25.11.1518 Eleonore of Spain (*1498 +18.2.1558.)¹ Manoel I (?) King of Portugal and Algarves, sn de Guinee was also known as Emanuel I (?) King of Portugal.^5,6 Manoel I (?) King of Portugal and Algarves, sn de Guinee was also known as Manoel I (?) King of Portugal.¹²

; Steady importation of black slaves (between 300 and 2,000 annually from 1490 to 1530 entered the port of Lisbon); they supplemented the labor force, especially in agriculture, the manufacture of olive oil, as domestic servants in aristocratic and religious households, as seamen. By 1550 blacks constituted 10 percent of the populations of Lisbon and Evora, 3 percent of total Portuguese population.

On the Madeira, Cape Verde, and Azores islands, the Portuguese, following a pattern of economic organization long used by the Genoese in Sicily and Majorca, used black slave labor in the production of sugar in plantation societies that served in effect as laboratories for later plantation economies in Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. Thus, an “American” form of slavery existed before the “discovery” of America.¹³ He was King of Portugal: MANOEL I (the Great, the Fortunate), brother-in-law of John II. His reign and that of his successor mark the apogee of Portuguese power and empire, following the great discoveries (Vasco da Gama's voyage to India, 1497-98; Pedro Alvares Cabral's discovery of Brazil, 1500; Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe, 1519-22 [>]. The new empire was at first ruled by men of ability and courage (Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of the Indies, 1505; Afonso de Albuquerque, viceroy, 1507-11) and brought in large returns. Lisbon displaced Venice as the entrepôt for Asian goods and became a center of wealth and luxury. Colonial trade was a royal monopoly, and the court became a mecca for concession seekers. between 17 October 1495 and 1521.^14,4,1

; To facilitate a marriage alliance with the Spanish crown, Manuel ordered the EXPULSION OF THE JEWS. He wanted to eliminate Judaism, while retaining the Jews for their wealth and business acumen. On March 19 during the Passover holiday he ordered that all Jewish children age 4 to 14 be separated from their parents and baptized. As Jews naturally would not leave without their children, all tolerated forced baptism. The decree of expulsion did not have to be carried out, because now all Portuguese Jews were conversos, baptized Christians.¹³

; Pedro Alvares Cabral sighted the coast of Brazil and claimed it for the Portuguese crown .¹³