Person Page - 2075

     Theodorich I 'the Great' (?) King of the Ostrogoths was born circa 454.^1,2 He married unknown (?) in 480.^5,1
Theodorich I 'the Great' (?) King of the Ostrogoths married Audofled (?), daughter of Childéric I (?) King of the Salian Franks and Basina (?) de Thuringes, Reine des Francs saliens, in 493
; his 2nd wife.^1,6,7,2
Theodorich I 'the Great' (?) King of the Ostrogoths died on 26 August 526; Genealogics says d. 26 Aug 526; Wikipedia says d. 30 Aug 526.^1,7,2
     Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Theodoric the Great (454 – 30 August 526), also spelled Theoderic or called Theodoric the Amal (/?i??d?r?k/; Latin: Fl?vius Theodoricus, Greek: ??????????, Theuderikhos), was king of the Ostrogoths (471–526), and ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493–526,[3] regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a patrician of the Roman Empire. As ruler of the combined Gothic realms, Theodoric controlled an empire stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Adriatic Sea. He kept good relations between Ostrogoths and Romans, maintained a Roman legal administration and oversaw a flourishing scholarly culture as well as overseeing a significant building program across Italy.[4]
Youth and early exploits
     "Theodoric was born in AD 454 in Pannonia on the banks of the Neusiedler See near Carnuntum, the son of king Theodemir, a Germanic Amali nobleman, and his concubine Ereleuva. This was just a year after the Ostrogoths had thrown off nearly a century of domination by the Huns. His Gothic name, which is reconstructed by linguists as *Þiudareiks, translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people".[5]
     "In 461, when Theodoric was but seven or eight years of age, he was taken as a hostage in Constantinople to secure the Ostrogoths' compliance with a treaty Theodemir had concluded with the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Thracian (ruled 457–474). The treaty secured a payment to Constantinople of some 300 pounds worth of gold each year.[6] Theodoric was well educated by Constantinople's best teachers.[7] His status made him valuable, since the Amal family from which he came (as told by Theodoric),[8] allegedly ruled half of all Goths since the third-century AD. Historian Peter Heather argues that Theodoric's claims were likely self-aggrandizing propaganda and that the Amal dynasty was more limited than modern commentators presume.[9] Until 469, Theodoric remained in Constantinople where he spent formative years "catching up on all the Romanitas" it had taken generations of Visigothic Balthi to acquire.[10] Theodoric was treated with favor by the Emperor Leo I.[11] He learned to read, write, and perform arithmetic while in captivity in the Eastern Empire.[3]
     "When Leo heard that his imperial army was returning from having been turned back by the Goths near Pannonia, he sent Theodoric home with gifts and no promises of any commitments.[12][b] On his return in 469/470, Theodoric assumed leadership over the Gothic regions previously ruled by his uncle, Valamir, while his father became king. Not long afterwards near Singidunum-Belgrade in upper Moesia, the Tisza Sarmatian king Babai had extended his authority at Constantinople's expense. Legitimizing his position as a warrior, Theodoric crossed the Danube with six-thousand warriors, defeated the Sarmatians and killed Babai; this moment likely crystallized his position and marked the beginning of his kingship, despite not actually having yet assumed the throne.[14] Perhaps to assert his authority as an Amali prince, Theodoric kept the conquered area of Singidunum for himself.[15]
     "Throughout the 470s, sometimes in the name of the empire itself, Theodoric launched campaigns against potential Gothic rivals and other enemies of the Eastern Empire, which made him an important military and political figure. One of his chief rivals was the Thervingi chieftain Theodoric Strabo (also known as "the Squinter"), who had led a major revolt against Emperor Zeno. Finding common ground with the Byzantine emperor, Theodoric was rewarded by Zeno and made commander of East Roman forces, while his people became foederati or federates of the Roman army.[16]
     "Zeno attempted to play one Germanic chieftain against another and take advantage of an opportunity sometime in 476/477 when—after hearing demands from Theodoric for new lands since his people were facing a famine—he offered Theodoric Strabo the command once belonging to Theodoric. Enraged by this betrayal, Theodoric sought his wrath against the communities in the Rhodope Mountains, where his forces commandeered livestock and slaughtered peasants, sacked and burned Stobi in Macedonia and requisitioned supplies from the archbishop at Heraclea.[17] Gothic plundering finally elicited a settlement from Zeno, but Theodoric initially refused any compromise. Theodoric sent one of his confidants, Sidimund, forward to Epidaurum for negotiations with Zeno.[18] While the Byzantine envoy and Theodoric were negotiating, Zeno sent troops against some of Theodoric's wagons, which were under the protection of his able general Theodimund. Unaware of this treachery, Theodoric's Goths lost around 2,000 wagons and 5,000 of his people were taken captive.[19]
     "He settled his people in Epirus in 479 with the help of his relative Sidimund. In 482, he raided Greece and sacked Larissa. Bad luck, rebellions, and poor decisions left Zeno in an unfortunate position,[c] which subsequently led him to seek another agreement with Theodoric. In 483, Zeno made Theodoric magister militum praesentalis[21] and consul designate in 484, whereby he commanded the Danubian provinces of Dacia Ripensis and Moesia Inferior as well as the adjacent regions.[22]
Reign
     "Seeking further gains, Theodoric frequently ravaged the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, eventually threatening Constantinople itself. By 486, there was little disputing the open hostilities between Theodoric and Zeno. The emperor sought the assistance of the Bulgarians, who were likewise defeated by Theodoric.[23] In 487, Theodoric began his aggressive campaign against Constantinople, blockading the city, occupying strategically important suburbs, and cutting off its water supply; although it seems Theodoric never intended to occupy the city but instead, to use the assault as a means of gaining power and prestige from the Eastern Empire.[24]
     "The Ostrogoths needed a place to live, and Zeno was having serious problems with Odoacer, the Germanic foederatus and King of Italy, who although ostensibly viceroy for Zeno, was menacing Byzantine territory and not respecting the rights of Roman citizens in Italy. In 488, Emperor Zeno ordered Theodoric to overthrow Odoacer. For this task, he received support from Rugian king Frideric, the son of Theodoric's cousin Giso. Theodoric moved with his people towards Italy in the autumn of 488.[25] On the way he was opposed by the Gepids, whom he defeated at Sirmium in August 489.[25] Arriving in Italy, Theodoric won the battles of Isonzo and Verona in 489.[26]
     "Once again, Theodoric was pressed by Zeno in 490 to attack Odoacer.[27] Theodoric's army was defeated by Odoacer's forces at Faenza in 490, but regained the upper hand after securing victory in the Battle of the Adda River on 11 August 490.[28] In 493, Theodoric took Ravenna. On 2 February 493, Theodoric and Odoacer signed a treaty that assured both parties would rule over Italy.[28] Then on 5 March 493, Theodoric entered the city of Ravenna.[29] A banquet was organised on 15 March 493 in order to celebrate this treaty.[28] At this feast, Theodoric, after making a toast, killed Odoacer. Theodoric drew his sword and struck him on the collarbone.[28] Along with Odoacer, Theodoric had the betrayed king's most loyal followers slaughtered as well, an event which left him as the master of Italy.[30]
     "With Odoacer dead and his forces dispersed, Theodoric now faced the problem of settlement for his people.[31] Concerned about thinning out the Amal line too much, Theodoric believed he could not afford to spread some 40,000 of his tribesmen across the entire Italian peninsula.[32] Such considerations led him to the conclusion that it was best to settle the Ostrogoths in concentrations at three areas: around Pavia, Ravenna, and Picenum.[32] Theodoric's kingdom was among the most "Roman" of the barbarian states and he successfully ruled most of Italy for thirty-three years following his treachery against Odoacer.[33]
     "Theodoric extended his hegemony over the Burgundian, Visigothics royals, and Vandal Kingdoms through marriage alliances. He had married the sister of the mighty Frankish king, Clovis—likely in recognition of Frankish power.[34] He sent a substantial dowry accompanied by a guard of 5,000 troops with his sister Amalafrida when she married the king of the Vandals and Alans, Thrasamund.[35] In 504–505, Theodoric extended his realms in the Balkans by defeating the Gepids, acquiring the province of Pannonia.[30] Theodoric became regent for the infant Visigothic king, his grandson Amalaric, following the defeat of Alaric II by the Franks under Clovis in 507. The Franks were able to wrest control of Aquitaine from the Visigoths, but otherwise Theodoric was able to defeat their incursions.[36][37]
     "In 511, the Visigothic Kingdom was brought under Theodoric's direct control, forming a Gothic superstate that extended from the Atlantic to the Danube. While territories that were lost to the Franks remained that way, Theodoric concluded a peace arrangement with the heirs of the Frankish Kingdom once Clovis was dead.[38] Additional evidence of the Gothic king's extensive royal reach include the acts of ecclesiastical councils that were held in Tarragona and Gerona; while both occurred in 516 and 517, they date back to the "regnal years of Theoderic, which seem to commence in the year 511".[39]
     "Like Odoacer, Theodoric was ostensibly only a viceroy for the emperor in Constantinople, but he nonetheless adopted the trappings of imperial style, increasingly emphasizing his "neo-imperial status".[40] According to historian Peter Brown, Theodoric was in the habit of commenting that "An able Goth wants to be like a Roman; only a poor Roman would want to be like a Goth."[41] Much like the representatives of the Eastern Empire, Theodoric chose to be clad in robes dyed purple, emulating the imperial colors and perhaps even to reinforce the imperial dispatch of Emperor Anastasius, which outlined Theodoric's position as an imperial colleague.[42] Chroniclers like Cassiodorus added a layer of legitimacy for Theodoric and the Amal tribe from which he came by casting them as cooperative participants in the greater history of the Mediterranean going all the way back to the era of Alexander the Great.[43] In reality—at least in part due to his formidable military—he was able to avoid imperial supervision, and dealings between the emperor and Theodoric were as equals. Unlike Odoacer, however, Theodoric respected the agreement he had made and allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system.[44] The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the synagogues of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense.[45]
     "Theodoric experienced difficulties before his death. He had married off his daughter Amalasuntha to the Visigoth Eutharic, but Eutharic died in August 522 or 523, so no lasting dynastic connection of Ostrogoths and Visigoths was established, which highlighted the tensions between the Eastern Empire and the West.[46] The new emperor, Justin I—who replaced Anastasius, a man with whom Theodoric had good relations—was under the influence of his nephew Justinian; somehow imperial views hardened against the West and talk of Rome's fall emerged during this period, leading to questions about the legitimacy of barbarian rule.[46] Theodoric's good relations with the Roman Senate deteriorated due to a presumed senatorial conspiracy in 522, and, in 523, Theodoric had the philosopher and court official Boethius and Boethius' father-in-law Symmachus arrested on charges of treason related to the alleged plot.[47] For his role, Theodoric had Boethius executed in 524.[48] an unknown date [e]
     "Despite the complex relationship between Theodoric and his son-in-law, the Catholic Burgundian king Sigismund, the two enjoyed a mutual peace for fifteen years.[51] Then in 522, Sigismund killed his own son—Theodoric's grandson—Sigeric; an act which infuriated Theodoric and he retaliated by invading the Burgundian kingdom, accompanied by the Franks. Between the two peoples, Sigismund's Burgundian forces faced two fronts and were defeated.[51] Meanwhile, Sigismund's Arian brother Godomar established himself as king over the remaining Burgundian territory and ruled for a decade.[52]
     "When Theodoric's sister Amalafrida sought to possibly change the direction of Vandal succession following the death of her spouse, the former Vandal king Thrasamund, the new Catholic Vandal king Hilderic had her, along with the accompanying Gothic retinue, killed.[51] Theodoric was incensed and planned an expedition to restore his power over the Vandal kingdom when he died of dysentery in the summer of 526.[53][f] The Gothic king was succeeded by his grandson Athalaric, with Theodoric's daughter Amalasuntha serving as regent since Athalaric was but ten years of age when Theodoric died. Her role was to carry out the dead ruler's political testament,[g] to seek accommodation with the senate, and maintain peace with the emperor.[54] Suddenly the once united Goths were split and Theodoric's grandson Amalaric ruled the newly independent Visigothic kingdom for the next five years.[54]
Family and progeny
     "Theodoric was married once.
     "He had a concubine in Moesia, name unknown, with whom he had two daughters:
     "By his marriage to Audofleda in 493 he had one daughter:
     "After his death in Ravenna in 526, Theodoric was succeeded by his grandson Athalaric. Athalaric was at first represented by his mother Amalasuntha, who served as regent from 526 until 534. The kingdom of the Ostrogoths, however, began to wane and was conquered by Justinian I in 553 after the Battle of Mons Lactarius.
Building program
     "Theodoric promoted the rebuilding of Roman cities and the preservation of ancient monuments in Italy.[57] The fame of his building works reached far-away Syria.[58] Theodoric's building program saw more extensive new construction and restoration than that of any of the Western Roman Emperors after Honorius (395–423).[59]
Ravenna
     "Theodoric devoted most of his architectural attention to his capital, Ravenna.[60] He restored Ravenna's water supply by repairing an aqueduct originally built by Trajan.[60] According to the chronicles of Cassiodorus, a number of cities were renewed by Theodoric's building enterprises, some of which even surpassed the ancient wonders.[61] Historian Jonathan J. Arnold quips:
     "He constructed a "Great Basilica of Hercules" next to a colossal statue of the hero himself.[60] To promote Arianism, the king commissioned a small Arian cathedral, the Hagia Anastasis, which contains the Arian Baptistery. [63] Three more churches built by Theodoric in Ravenna and its suburbs, S. Andrea dei Goti, S. Giorgio and S. Eusebio, were destroyed in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries.[64] Theodoric built the Palace of Theodoric for himself in Ravenna, modeled on the Great Palace of Constantinople.[65] It was an expansion of an earlier Roman structure.[66] The palace church of Christ the Redeemer survives and is known today as the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo.[67] It was Theodoric's personal church of worship and was modeled specifically according to his tastes.[68] An equestrian statue of Theodoric was erected in the square in front of the palace.[69] Statues like these were symbols of the ancient world, and Theodoric's equestrian likeness was meant to convey his status as the undisputed ruler of the western empire.[70]
     "Theodoric the Great was interred in Ravenna, but his bones were scattered and his mausoleum was converted to a church after Belisarius conquered the city in 540.[71] His mausoleum is one of the finest monuments in Ravenna. Unlike all the other contemporary buildings in Ravenna, which were made of brick, the Mausoleum of Theodoric was built completely from fine quality stone ashlars.[72]
Rome
     "The Palace of Domitian on the Palatine Hill was reconstructed, using the receipts from a specially levied tax; while the city walls of Rome were rebuilt, a feat celebrated by the Senate of Rome with a gilded statue of Theodoric.[58] The Senate's Curia, the Theatre of Pompey, the city aqueducts, sewers and a granary were refurbished and repaired and statues were set up in the Flavian Amphitheatre.[58]
Religion
     "In 522 the philosopher Boethius became his magister officiorum (head of all the government and court services). Boethius was a Roman aristocrat and Christian humanist, who was also a philosopher, poet, theologian, mathematician, astronomer, translator, and commentator on Aristotle and other Greek luminaries.[73] It is hard to overestimate the intellectual importance that this once servant and victim of Theodoric's suspicion had on Christian thought and the Middle Ages in general, as his treatises and commentaries became textbooks for medieval students and the great Greek philosophers were unknown except for his Latin translations.[74][h] In light of the tense conditions that quickly accompanied the execution of Boethius, the Arian and Catholic distinction may have been exacerbated by this act, which also contributed to discussions of barbarian imperial legitimacy.[75]
     "Theodoric was of the Arian (nontrinitarian) faith and in his final years, he was no longer the disengaged Arian patron of religious toleration that he had seemed earlier in his reign. "Indeed, his death cut short what could well have developed into a major persecution of Catholic churches in retaliation for measures taken by Justinian in Constantinople against Arians there."[76] Despite the Byzantine caesaropapism, which conflated emperor and church authority in the same person—whereby Theodoric's Arian beliefs were tolerated under two separate emperors—the fact remained that to most across the Eastern Empire, Theodoric was a heretic.[77] At the end of his reign quarrels arose with his Roman subjects and the Byzantine emperor Justin I over the matter of Arianism. Relations between the two kingdoms deteriorated, although Theodoric's military abilities dissuaded the Byzantines from waging war against him. After his death, that reluctance faded quickly.[78]
Legacy
     "Seeking to restore the glory of ancient Rome, Theodoric ruled Italy during one of its most peaceful and prosperous periods and was accordingly hailed as a new Trajan and Valentinian I for his building efforts and his religious toleration.[79] His far-sighted goals included taking what was best from Roman culture and combining it with Gothic energy and physical power as a way into the future.[80] Relatively amicable relations between Goths and Romans also make Theodoric's kingdom notable.[81] Memories of his reign made him a hero of medieval German legends, as Dietrich von Bern, where the two figures have represented the same person.[82]
Medieval reception
     "Theodoric is an important figure in medieval German literature as the character, Dietrich von Bern, known also in Icelandic literature as Þiðrekr. In German legends, Dietrich becomes an exile from his native kingdom of Lombardy, fighting with the help of Etzel against his usurping uncle, Ermenrich. Only the Old High German Hildebrandslied still contains Odoacer as Dietrich's antagonist. The Old Norse version, based on German sources, moves the location of Dietrich (Thidrek)'s life to Westphalia and northern Germany. The legends paint a generally positive picture of Dietrich, with only some influence from the negative traditions of the church visible.[83][84]
References
Notes
a. Whether this is a coin at all or a medallion to be only worn around the neck is debated by historians, due to its weight, detail and thickness.[1] The Late Latin inscription of REX THEODERICVS PIVS PRINCIS also confounds, with "princis" possibly meaning, "princ[eps] i[nvictus] s[emper]" (roughly, 'ever-unconquered leader').[2] Note Germanic moustache and hairstyle, and possible elongated skull.
b. Historian Herwig Wolfram suggests this gesture by Leo may have been taken to elevate the Pannonian Goths against his former general, the rebellious Aspar, who had joined up with Theodoric Strabo.[13]
c. One of the events comprising Zeno's bad luck was the untimely death of Theodoric Strabo in 481; he was thrown from a horse and impaled on a tent lance. Otherwise, contends Wolfram, Theodoric might not ever have become "the Great".[20]
d. Historian Johannes Fried points out that no proof ever emerged that Boethius had committed a crime, but he was brought to his end by the mistrust of Theodoric, who Fried argues was guilty of misjudgment and likely "regretted" his actions.[49]
e. Two years later (526) Symmachus was also put to death.[50]
f. The exact date is given as 30 August 526.[54]
g. For a short period, Amalasuntha managed affairs for the Ostrogoths admirably, defeating Gepids and Heruli—who attempted to take Pannonia—in 530; she strengthened the relationship with the Burgundians by ceding lands north of Durance, appealed to Constantinople for political asylum when internal factions threatened her, and convinced her cousin Theodahad to make her co-ruler of the Gothic kingdoms before she was betrayed.[55]
h. Cassiodorus succeeded Boethius as Theodoric's magister in 523. The pliant historian and courtier could be counted on to provide refined touches to official correspondence. "To the monarch you [Cassiodorus] were a friendly judge and an honored intimate. For when he became free from his official cares, he looked to your conversation for the precepts of the sages, that he might make himself a worthy equal to the great men of old. Ever curious, he desired to hear about the courses of the stars, the tides of the sea, and legendary fountains, that his earnest study of natural science might make him seem to be a veritable philosopher in the purple" (Cassiodorus' letterbook, Variae 9.24.8).
Citations: See Wikipedia article for detailed citations [1] - [84]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great
Bibliography
**Arnold, Jonathan J. (2014). Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Administration. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05440-0.
**Boethius (2000). The Consolation of Philosophy. Translated by P. G. Walsh. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283883-0.
**Brown, Peter (1989). The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150–750. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Co. ISBN 978-0-39395-803-4.
**Brown, Thomas S. (2007). "The Role of Arianism in Ostrogothic Italy: The Evidence from Ravenna". In J. B. Barnish; Sam J. Barnish; Federico Marazzi (eds.) The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Woodridge; Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-074-0.
**Burns, Thomas (1991). A History of the Ostrogoths. Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-25320-600-8.
**Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-47075-461-0.
**Dailey, E. T. (2015). Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Gregory of Tours and Women of the Merovingian Elite. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00429-089-1.
**Elton, Hugh (2018). The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10845-631-9.
**Fletcher, Richard (1997). The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-2763-7.
**Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-263-9.
**Fried, Johannes (2015). The Middle Ages. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-67405-562-9.
**Geary, Patrick J. (1999). "Barbarians and Ethnicity". In G.W. Bowersock; Peter Brown; Oleg Grabar (eds.) Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-67451-173-6.
**Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52143-543-7.
**Haymes, Edward R; Samples, Susan T. (1996). Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles. New York: Garland. ISBN 0815300336.
**Heather, Peter (2013). The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes & Imperial Pretenders. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-936851-8.
**Heinzle, Joachim (1999). Einführung in die mittelhochdeutsche Dietrichepik. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015094-8.
**Heydemann, Gerda (2016). "The Ostrogothic Kingdom: Ideologies and Transitions". In Jonathan J. Arnold; M. Shane Bjornlie; Kristina Sessa (eds.) A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9004-31376-7.
**James, Edward (2014). Europe's Barbarians, AD 200–600. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-58277-296-0.
**Johnson, Mark J. (1988). "Toward a History of Theoderic's Building Program". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 42: 73–96. doi:10.2307/1291590. JSTOR 1291590.
**Koenigsberger, H.G (1987). Medieval Europe, 400–1500. Essex: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49403-6.
**Langer, William L. (1968). "Italy, 489–554". An Encyclopedia of World History. George G. Harrap and Co.
**Lienert, Elisabeth, ed. (2008). Dietrich-Testimonien des 6. bis 16. Jahrhunderts. Texte und Studien zur mittelhochdeutschen Heldenepik (in German). Vol. 4. Berlin: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3484645042.
**Mango, Cyril (2002). "Introduction". In Cyril Mango (ed.) The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19814-098-6.
**O'Donnell, James (1995). "Cassiodorus". Georgetown University online text. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
**Owen, Francis (1990). The Germanic People: Their Origin, Expansion & Culture. New York: Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-579-6.
**Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M; La Boda, Sharon (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2.
**Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2009). A Short History of the Middle Ages. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-44260-104-8.
**Silber, Manfred (1970). The Gallic Royalty of the Merovingians in Its Relationship to the Orbis Terrarum Romanum During the 5th and the 6th Centuries A.D. Zürich: Peter Lang.
**Steffens, Franz (1903). Lateinische Paläographie: Hundert Tafeln in Lichtdruck, mit gegenüberstehender Transscription, nebst Erläuterungen und einer systematischen Darstellung der Entwicklung der lateinischen Schrift. Freiburg: Universitäts-Buchhandlung. Retrieved 19 April 2019 – via Google Books.
**Vasiliev, A. A. (1950). Justin the First. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 310492065.
**Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05259-5.
**Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08511-6.
Further reading
**Andreas Goltz, Barbar - König - Tyrann. Das Bild Theoderichs des Großen in der Überlieferung des 5. bis 9. Jahrhunderts (Berlin: de Gruyter 2008) (Millenium-Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr., 12).
**Peter Heather, The Goths (Oxford, Blackwell, 1996).
**John Moorhead, Theoderic in Italy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
**Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Theodoric" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.) Cambridge University Press.
**Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dietrich of Bern" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.) Cambridge University Press.
**Wikisource-logo.svg Kampers, Franz (1912). "Theodoric the Great" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.) Catholic Encyclopedia. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
**Theodoric the Great at MiddleAges.net
**Theodoric the Goth, 1897, by Thomas Hodgkin, from Project Gutenberg
**Medieval Lands Project on Theodoric the Great, King of Italy
**Theodoric the Goth public domain audiobook at LibriVox.² He was Rule of independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. See attached maps of Ostrogothic Kingdom ca 526
Map 1: from Wikipedia - By Droysen/Andrée; G. Kossina rev. - Allgemeiner Historischer Handatlas, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16288821.
Map 2: from Wikipedia - By Vortimer at English Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16442945. between 429 and 526.^8,9 He was King of the Ostrogoths between 471 and 526.² He was Consul of the Roman Empire with Decius Marius Venantius Basilius in 484.² He was King of Italy between 493 and 526.² He was Regent of the Visigoths between 511 and 526.²

     Unknown (?) married Theodorich I 'the Great' (?) King of the Ostrogoths, son of Theodemir I (?) King of the Ostrogoths and Eréliéva (?), in 480.^1,2

      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises. 1977., Jacques Saillot, Reference: 23.¹

     Ostrogotha (?) was born circa 487.¹ She married Sigismund II (?) King of the Burgundians, son of Gondebaut/Gondebad I (?) King of the Burgundians at Vienne and Gontheuque (?) of the Ostrogoths, circa 503.^2,1

Ostrogotha (?) died between 520 and 521.¹
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises. 1977., Jacques Saillot, Reference: 23.¹

     Eréliéva (?) married Theodemir I (?) King of the Ostrogoths, son of Winithar (?) King of the Ostrogoths.^2,1

      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises. 1977., Jacques Saillot, Reference: 23.¹

     Theodemir I (?) King of the Ostrogoths married Eréliéva (?)^1,3

Theodemir I (?) King of the Ostrogoths died in 472.¹
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises. 1977., Jacques Saillot, Reference: 23.¹

     Argote (?) of the Ostrogoths married Alberic (?) de Cologne.^2,1
Argote (?) of the Ostrogoths was born circa 465.¹
Argote (?) of the Ostrogoths died in 530.¹
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises. 1977., Jacques Saillot, Reference: 23.¹

     Winithar (?) King of the Ostrogoths was born before 390.¹
Winithar (?) King of the Ostrogoths died before 438.¹
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Les seize quartiers des Reines et Imperatrices Francaises. 1977., Jacques Saillot, Reference: 23.¹

     Christina (?) was born before 1150.² She married Boleslaw I "Wysoki" (?) Duke of Schlesien and Breslau, son of Wladyslaw II 'Wygnaniec' (?) King of Poland and Agnes von Babenberg Queen Consort of Poland,
;
His 2nd wife.^3,4,5,2
Christina (?) died between 1204 and 1208; Leo van de Pas says d. "abt 23 Feb 1204/1208."²
Christina (?) died after 1208 at Kloster Pforte, Bad Kösen, Burgenlandkreis, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown
     DEATH     21 Feb 1204
     Second wife of Boleslaw the Tall. Her origin is uncertain.
     Family Members
     Spouse
          Boleslaw of Silesia 1127–1201
     BURIAL     Kloster Pforte, Bad Kösen, Burgenlandkreis, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
     Created by: Lutetia
     Added: 16 Aug 2009
     Find a Grave Memorial 40725315.⁶
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: III 9.²

; This is the same person as ”Krystyna (?ona Boles?awa I Wysokiego)” at Wikipedia (Pl.)⁷
; Per Genealogy.EU (Piast 4): “A1. Boleslaw I "Wysoki" Duke of Silesia and Breslau 1163, *1127, +Lesnica 7.12.1201, bur Cistercians, Lubiaz; 1m: Krakow 1142 Swinislawa/Wiaceslava (+1155/63) dau.of Pr Wsewelod of Kiev; 2m: Christina N (+1204/08) /OR Adele von Sulzbach”.⁸
; Per Med Lands:
     "BOLESLAW of Silesia, son of W?ADYS?AW II "Wygnaniec/the Exile" Prince of Krakow and Silesia & his wife Agnes of Austria ([1127]-8 Dec 1201, bur Kloster Pforte an der Saale or Leubus). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the three sons of W?adys?aw II "Boleslam, Mesicone, Conrado Loripade"[83]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Bolislaum patrem ducis Vrescelavie Henrici" as son of "dux Vergescelaus de Polonia" & his wife Agnes[84]. The Annales Cracovienses Compilati name "Boleslaus filius Wladyzlay cum fratre suo Meskone" when recording that he took control of Silesia in 1163[85]. He was invested as BOLESLAW "der Lange" Duke of Silesia in 1163 after the intervention of Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" who obliged their uncle Duke Boles?aw IV to recognise his and his brother's rights. Boleslaw took Breslau, Liegnitz and Oppeln and, on behalf of his youngest minor brother Konrad who was becoming a monk at Fulda, Glogau, Sagan and Krossen[86]. Petry suggests that the formal division of territories between Boleslaw and his younger brother only took place after the death of their paternai uncle Boleslaw IV Duke of Poland in 1173[87]. The Epytaphia ducum Slezie record the death "1201 VII Id Dec" of "Bolezlaus dux Altus dictus, fundator Lubensis"[88]. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum specifies that he was buried "in Porta supra Salam"[89]. The Chronica principum Polonie states that Boleslaw was buried "in Lubens"[90].
     "m firstly (1142) SVENISLAVA Vsevolodovna of Kiev, daughter of VSEVOLOD II Olegovich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Maria Mstislavna of Kiev (-[1155/63]). The Chronica principum Polonie names "quadam Ruthena…Wentezlava" as the first wife of "Boleslaus"[91]. Baumgarten names the first wife of Duke Boleslaw and gives her origin but only cites one secondary source in support[92].
     "m secondly CHRISTINA, daughter of --- (-21 Feb [1204/08], bur Kloster Pforte an der Saale). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names "Adilheidis…soror imperatricis, uxoris imperatoris Conradi II" as stepmother of "Ieroslaus filius Boleslai, fundatoris Lubensis cœenobii", specifying that the latter "cum patruo suo Mesicone" expelled his father[93]. The Chronica principum Polonie also names "Adilheidam, sororem imperatricis, coniugis…Conradi secundi imperatoris" as the second wife of "Boleslaus"[94]. It is assumed that "Conradi secundi imperatoris" refers to Konrad III King of Germany, who was never crowned emperor but if he had been would have been Emperor Konrad II. King Konrad's first marriage is estimated to [1115], so his first wife can be excluded as any of her sisters would have been too old to have been the wife of Boleslaw. King Konrad's second wife was Gertrud von Sulzbach, daughter of Berengar [I] Graf von Sulzbach. However, Graf Berengar's death is estimated to [1125], which also makes it unlikely that he could have been the father of the second wife of Boleslaw. No record has been found of Graf Berengar's second wife (who was the mother of Gertrud) having married again after her husband died, so it is unlikely that there were any uterine siblings of Gertrud. No suitable explanation has been found for this alleged origin of Boleslaw's second wife and these passages should be treated with caution. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum specifies that "Adelheydis" died after her husband and was buried with him "in Porta supra Salam"[95]. The name of the second wife of Boleslaw is confirmed by the Epytaphia ducum Slezie which record the death "IX Kal Mar" of "Christina uxor eiusdem funddatoris [=Bolezlaus dux Altus dictus] secunda"[96]."
Med Lands cites:

     Boleslaw I "Wysoki" (?) Duke of Schlesien and Breslau was born after 1129; Genealogics says b. aft 1129; Piast 4 page says b. 1127; Med Lands says b. 1127.^1,2,4 He married Svenislava Vsevolodovna (?) of Kief, daughter of Vsevolod II Olegovich (?) Grand Duke of Kiev and Marija Mstislawna (?) of Kiev, in 1142 at Kraków, Miasto Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland (now),
;
His 1st wife.^2,4,6,7,8 Boleslaw I "Wysoki" (?) Duke of Schlesien and Breslau married Christina (?)
;
His 2nd wife.^2,7,4,9
Boleslaw I "Wysoki" (?) Duke of Schlesien and Breslau died between 7 December 1201 and 8 December 1201 at Lesnica, Poland (now).^1,2,4
Boleslaw I "Wysoki" (?) Duke of Schlesien and Breslau was buried after 8 December 1201 at Kloster Pforte, Bad Kösen, Burgenlandkreis, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     1127
     DEATH     8 Dec 1201 (aged 73–74)
     Family Members
     Parents
          Agnes von Babenberg 1113–1160
     Spouse
          Christina of Silesia unknown–1204
     Siblings
          Richilde of Poland 1134–1185
          Mieszko The Staggerer 1138–1211
     BURIAL     Kloster Pforte, Bad Kösen, Burgenlandkreis, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
     Created by: Lutetia
     Added: 16 Aug 2009
     Find a Grave Memorial 40725245.¹⁰
      ; Per Genealogics:
     "Boleslaw I, Herzog von Schlesien, was born after 1129, the son of Duke Wladislaw II of Poland and Silesia and Agnes of Austria. In 1146 Boleslaw was forced to flee from Poland with his father and brothers, as a result of the succession conflict following the death of Boleslaw III 'the Bold', king of Poland. They found asylum with the Hohenstaufen. He accompanied Konrad III, duke of Franken on crusade in 1147 and Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa on his Italian campaigns between 1158 and 1163. Under pressure from the emperor, in 1163 Boleslaw and his brother Mieszko were given back the dukedom of Silesia; Boleslaw kept Lower Silesia together with the city of Oppeln (Oppole), which triggered years of warfare between him and his brother Mieszko.
     "Boleslaw was again driven out of Silesia in 1172, but returned in 1173 with the help of the emperor. From 1194 he supported his brother Mieszko as head of the older line of the family, the position that he had unsuccessfully sought for himself, and he had to give up Oppeln to his elder son Jaroslaw and Ratibor to Mieszko. Boleslaw created his own currency in Silesia, he founded the Cistercian monastery Leubus (the first of this order in Silesia), and from 1195 to 1197 he campaigned with Emperor Heinrich VI in Italy. He was much in conflict with his sons, strongly promoted the settlement of Germans in Silesia, protected the rule of his family and gave it a dominating role in Upper Silesia.
     "Boleslaw married twice. His first wife was Swinislawa of Kiev, who gave birth to Jaroslaw. All that is known about his second wife was that she was called Christine; she was the mother of Henryk I 'the Bearded', who continued the line. Boleslaw died on 7 December 1201."⁷

; This is the same person as:
”Boles?aw I the Tall” at Wikipedia and as
”Boles?aw I Wysoki” at Wikipedia (Pl.), and as
”Boleslaw I. (Schlesien)” at Wikipedia (De.)^11,12,13

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Piast 4): “A1. Boleslaw I "Wysoki" Duke of Silesia and Breslau 1163, *1127, +Lesnica 7.12.1201, bur Cistercians, Lubiaz; 1m: Krakow 1142 Swinislawa/Wiaceslava (+1155/63) dau.of Pr Wsewelod of Kiev; 2m: Christina N (+1204/08) /OR Adele von Sulzbach”.¹⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "BOLESLAW of Silesia, son of W?ADYS?AW II "Wygnaniec/the Exile" Prince of Krakow and Silesia & his wife Agnes of Austria ([1127]-8 Dec 1201, bur Kloster Pforte an der Saale or Leubus). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names (in order) the three sons of W?adys?aw II "Boleslam, Mesicone, Conrado Loripade"[83]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Bolislaum patrem ducis Vrescelavie Henrici" as son of "dux Vergescelaus de Polonia" & his wife Agnes[84]. The Annales Cracovienses Compilati name "Boleslaus filius Wladyzlay cum fratre suo Meskone" when recording that he took control of Silesia in 1163[85]. He was invested as BOLESLAW "der Lange" Duke of Silesia in 1163 after the intervention of Emperor Friedrich I "Barbarossa" who obliged their uncle Duke Boles?aw IV to recognise his and his brother's rights. Boleslaw took Breslau, Liegnitz and Oppeln and, on behalf of his youngest minor brother Konrad who was becoming a monk at Fulda, Glogau, Sagan and Krossen[86]. Petry suggests that the formal division of territories between Boleslaw and his younger brother only took place after the death of their paternai uncle Boleslaw IV Duke of Poland in 1173[87]. The Epytaphia ducum Slezie record the death "1201 VII Id Dec" of "Bolezlaus dux Altus dictus, fundator Lubensis"[88]. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum specifies that he was buried "in Porta supra Salam"[89]. The Chronica principum Polonie states that Boleslaw was buried "in Lubens"[90].
     "m firstly (1142) SVENISLAVA Vsevolodovna of Kiev, daughter of VSEVOLOD II Olegovich Grand Prince of Kiev & his wife Maria Mstislavna of Kiev (-[1155/63]). The Chronica principum Polonie names "quadam Ruthena…Wentezlava" as the first wife of "Boleslaus"[91]. Baumgarten names the first wife of Duke Boleslaw and gives her origin but only cites one secondary source in support[92].
     "m secondly CHRISTINA, daughter of --- (-21 Feb [1204/08], bur Kloster Pforte an der Saale). The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum names "Adilheidis…soror imperatricis, uxoris imperatoris Conradi II" as stepmother of "Ieroslaus filius Boleslai, fundatoris Lubensis cœenobii", specifying that the latter "cum patruo suo Mesicone" expelled his father[93]. The Chronica principum Polonie also names "Adilheidam, sororem imperatricis, coniugis…Conradi secundi imperatoris" as the second wife of "Boleslaus"[94]. It is assumed that "Conradi secundi imperatoris" refers to Konrad III King of Germany, who was never crowned emperor but if he had been would have been Emperor Konrad II. King Konrad's first marriage is estimated to [1115], so his first wife can be excluded as any of her sisters would have been too old to have been the wife of Boleslaw. King Konrad's second wife was Gertrud von Sulzbach, daughter of Berengar [I] Graf von Sulzbach. However, Graf Berengar's death is estimated to [1125], which also makes it unlikely that he could have been the father of the second wife of Boleslaw. No record has been found of Graf Berengar's second wife (who was the mother of Gertrud) having married again after her husband died, so it is unlikely that there were any uterine siblings of Gertrud. No suitable explanation has been found for this alleged origin of Boleslaw's second wife and these passages should be treated with caution. The Chronicon Polono-Silesiacum specifies that "Adelheydis" died after her husband and was buried with him "in Porta supra Salam"[95]. The name of the second wife of Boleslaw is confirmed by the Epytaphia ducum Slezie which record the death "IX Kal Mar" of "Christina uxor eiusdem funddatoris [=Bolezlaus dux Altus dictus] secunda"[96]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "SVENISLAVA Vsevolodovna (-[1155/63]). Baumgarten names the first wife of Duke Boleslaw and gives her origin but only cites one secondary source in support[291].
     "m (1142) as his first wife, BOLESLAW I Duke of Silesia, son of W?ADYS?AW II "Wygnaniec/the Exile" Prince of Krakow and Silesia & his wife Agnes of Austria (1127-8 Dec 1201). He was invested in 1163 as BOLESLAW I Duke of Breslau."
Med Lands cites: He was Duke of Wroclaw between 1163 and 1201.¹¹ He was Duke of Schlesien (Silesia) between 1163 and 1201.¹ He was Duke of G?ogów between 1190 and 1201.¹¹ He was Duke of Opole in 1201.¹¹

      ; Per Wikipédia (Fr.): "En 673, la charte de fondation d'un monastère à Bruyères-le-Châtel mentionne parmi les témoins un dignitaire du nom de Childebrand. Ce prénom, assez rare, montre une parenté avec le comte homonyme, qui pourrait être son petit-fils. Dans la mesure où Alpaïde est mère du comte Childebrand, ce dignitaire pourrait être le père d'Alpaïde5,6."
Wikipédia (Fr.) cites:
[5] Settipani 1989, p. 33-4.
[6] Settipani 2014, p. 101-2.^1,2,3 GAV-35.

; "dignitaire."¹ Childebrand (?) was living in 673.¹

     NN (?) von Braunschweig married Tiemo/Thiemo/Dietmar II von Formbach Graf im Schweinachgau, son of Thiemo I (?) Graf im Schweinachgau, Graf in Reichenhall, Graf im Salzburggau.^3,4

      ; NB: Genealogics says that she was the dau. of Liudolf of Brunswick. Med Lands says that she was Liudolf's sister.^5,6 GAV-27.

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: XVI 37.⁵

     Heinrich II (?) Graf von Formbach married Adelheid von Sulzbach, daughter of Gebhard I von Sulzbach Graf von Sulzbach.²

      ; Per Med Lands:
     "HEINRICH [II] (-[1070]). According to the 14th century Genealogia comitum Neuburgensium sive Formbacensium, "Tiemo iunior genuit Ekkebertum, Heinricum"[254]. The Codex Traditionum of Formbach monastery records a dispute with Suben monastery, and names "due…sorores Touta et Himildrud…nobilissimis" and "filios Meginhardi comitis Odalricum et Hermannum ac filios Tiemonis Ekkebertum et Heinricum et domnam Itam"[255]. Vogt von St Nikola 1070.
     "m as her first husband, ADELHEID, daughter of --- (-[1090]). “Adelheid comitissa” donated “mansum ad Winzingin et Crufilingin...” to Göttweig, for the soul of “viri sui Heinrici”, and after their mother’s death “filii eius Gebehart et Dietrich” donated “vineam ad Mirchingin”, dated to [1090] and [1096][256]. Wegener suggests that she was Adelheid von Sulzbach, daughter of Gebhard [I] Graf von Sulzbach, to explain why the name Gebhard was given to her older son[257]. This suggestion must be considered highly speculative."
Med Land cites: GAV-26.

; Leo van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: XVI 37.¹ Heinrich II (?) Graf von Formbach was living in 1070.¹

     Anna di Zori married Constantino de Lacon-Serra Giudice di Arborea, son of Gonario de Lacon-Serra Giudice di Arborea and Elena/Eliana de Lacon-Zori Heiress di Arborea.¹

      ; Per Shamà: “G2. Costantino I de Lacon (-Serra), Giudice d’Arborea. = Anna de Zori”.¹ GAV-26.

     Thiemo I (?) Graf im Schweinachgau, Graf in Reichenhall, Graf im Salzburggau died circa 7 March 1050.^1,2
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: XVI 37.¹ GAV-28 EDV-27. Thiemo I (?) Graf im Schweinachgau, Graf in Reichenhall, Graf im Salzburggau was also known as Thimo II Count of Formbach.⁵

     Meginhard IV (?) Graf, Vogt von Niederaltach married Mathilde (?) von Reinhausen, daughter of Elle (?) Graf von Reinhausen.³

Meginhard IV (?) Graf, Vogt von Niederaltach died in 1066; killed in battle.¹
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: XVI 37.¹

     Mathilde (?) von Reinhausen married Meginhard IV (?) Graf, Vogt von Niederaltach, son of Thiemo I (?) Graf im Schweinachgau, Graf in Reichenhall, Graf im Salzburggau.¹

Mathilde (?) von Reinhausen died before 1122.¹
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: XVI 37.¹

     Elisabeth (?) von Kleef married Stephan III "der Kneißl" (?) Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, son of Stefan II "mit der Hafte" (?) Herzog von Bayern and Isabella/Elizabeth (?) of Sicily, on 16 January 1401 at Cologne (Köln), Stadtkreis Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (now),
; his 2nd wife.^1,5,6
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: vol I page 189.¹

     Agnese Visconti was born circa 1362.^3,2 She married Francesco I Gonzaga Signore di Mantua in 1380
; his 1st wife.^3,4,2
Agnese Visconti died in 1391.^1,2
      ; Agnese, *ca 1362, +beheaded 1391; m.1380 Francesco I Gonzaga Signore di Mantova (*1366 +8.3.1407.)³

; Agnese (* 1362 ca. + giustiziata per ordine del marito 1391)
= 1380 Francesco I Gonzaga Capitano Generale di Mantova.²


; Leo van de pas cites: 1. Nachkommen Gorms des Alten 1978. , S. Otto Brenner, Reference: 1983
2. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: II 131.¹

     Francesco I Gonzaga Signore di Mantua was born in 1366.^1,2 He married Agnese Visconti, daughter of Bernabo I Visconti Duke of Milan, Bergamo, Cremona, Lodi, Bologna and Parma and Beatrice detta Regina della Scala, in 1380
; his 1st wife.^1,2,3 Francesco I Gonzaga Signore di Mantua married Margherita Malatesta, daughter of Galeotto Malatesta Signore di Rimini and Elisabetta da Varana dei Signori di Camerino, in 1393
; his 2nd wife.²
Francesco I Gonzaga Signore di Mantua died on 8 March 1407.^1,2
      ; Francesco I, Signore di Mantova, Capitano del Popolo (1382-1407), vicario imperiale, *1366, +8.3.1407; 1m: 1380 Agnese Visconti (*ca 1362 +1391); 2m: 1393 Margherita Malatesta (+28.2.1399), dau.of Galeotto Signore di Rimini by Elisabetta da Varano dei Signori di Camerino.²

     Galeotto Malatesta Signore di Rimini married Elisabetta da Varana dei Signori di Camerino.¹

     Elisabetta da Varana dei Signori di Camerino married Galeotto Malatesta Signore di Rimini.¹

     Gianmastino Visconti Signore di Bergamo, Valcamonica e Ghiaradadda was born in 1370.^2,4 He married Cleofa della Scala, daughter of Antonio I della Scala Signore di Verona e Vicenza, in February 1385.^5,2,3,6,4

Gianmastino Visconti Signore di Bergamo, Valcamonica e Ghiaradadda died in 1405.^2,4
      ; Gianmastino, Signore di Bergamo e Ghiaradadda, *1370, +1405; m.1385 Cleofe della Scala, dau.of Antonio I Signore di Verona by Samaritana da Polenta dei Signori di Ravenna (+1403.)²

; Gianmastino (* 1370 + Bergamo 19-6-1405), Signore di Bergamo, Valcamonica e Ghiaradadda nel 1405.
= (Nozze incerte) 2-1385 Cleofe, figlia di Antonio I della Scala Signore di Verona (+ 1403) (v.)
= Elisabetta (+ post 19-6-1405).
L1. (Dalle seconde nozze) Lucia
= Galvano da Bongiacomo di Trissino
L2. (Naturale) Beatrice
= Prosdocimo de' Conti
L3. (Naturale) Bernabò, investito di Marignano nel 1413 con i cugini.
M1. Donnina
= Franciscolo Castiglioni, Patrizio Milanese (v.)
L4. (Naturale, da una tedesca) Maddalena
= Giovanni Porro, Patrizio Milanese
L5. (Naturale) Giorgio (+ post 19-6-1405).³


; Leo van de Pas cites: Nachkommen Gorms des Alten 1978. , S. Otto Brenner, Reference: 2756.¹

     Cleofa della Scala married Gianmastino Visconti Signore di Bergamo, Valcamonica e Ghiaradadda, son of Bernabo I Visconti Duke of Milan, Bergamo, Cremona, Lodi, Bologna and Parma and Beatrice detta Regina della Scala, in February 1385.^1,5,6,2,3

Cleofa della Scala died in 1403.²
      ; [illegitimate] Cleofe; m.1385 Gian Mastino Visconti Lord of Bergamo (*1370 +1405.)³

; Leo van de Pas cites: Nachkommen Gorms des Alten 1978. , S. Otto Brenner, Reference: 2756.¹

     Antonio I della Scala Signore di Verona e Vicenza was born in 1362.^1,4,5 He married Samaritana da Polenta dei Signori di Ravenna, daughter of Guido III Lucio Novello da Polenta Signore di Ravenna e di Leta d'Este and Elisa d'Este, in 1378.^7,1,4,5

Antonio I della Scala Signore di Verona e Vicenza died on 3 September 1388 at Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (now); murdered; Leo van de Pas says d. 3 Nov 1388; Genealogie delle Dinastie Italiane (della Scala page) says d. 3 Sep 1388; Scalla 2 page says d. 3.9.1388.^1,4,5
      ; (Naturale) Antonio I (* 1362 + Ravenna 3-9-1388), Capitano del Popolo e Signore di Verona e Vicenza 1381/18-10-1387, deposto va in esilio a Ravenna.
= 1378 Samaritana da Polenta, figlia di Guido Novello Signore di Ravenna e di Leta d'Este dei Signori di Ferrara (+ Ravenna o Venezia 1392.)⁴

; [illegitimate] Antonio I, Lord of Verona and Vicenza (1381-87), deposed by Viscontis and banished in Ravenna, *1362, +Ravenna 3.9.1388; m.1378 Samaritana de Polenta, dau.of Guido III Lucio Lord of Ravenna by Elisa d'Este from Lords of Ferrara (+Ravenna 1392.)⁵

; Leo van de pas cites: 1. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: II 135
2. Nachkommen Gorms des Alten 1978. , S. Otto Brenner, Reference: 2001.¹

     Samaritana da Polenta dei Signori di Ravenna married Antonio I della Scala Signore di Verona e Vicenza, son of Cansignorio I della Scala Lord of Verona and Vicenza, in 1378.^1,5,3,4

Samaritana da Polenta dei Signori di Ravenna died after 1392 at Ravenna, Provincia di Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (now).^1,3,4
      ; Samaritana da Polenta, figlia di Guido Novello Signore di Ravenna e di Leta d'Este dei Signori di Ferrara (+ Ravenna o Venezia 1392.)³

; Leo van de Pas cites: Nachkommen Gorms des Alten 1978. , S. Otto Brenner, Reference: 2001.¹

; Samaritana de Polenta, dau.of Guido III Lucio Lord of Ravenna by Elisa d'Este from Lords of Ferrara (+Ravenna 1392.)⁴

     Antonia Visconti was born in 1360 at Milan, Città Metropolitana di Milano, Lombardia, Italy (now).^1,3,2 She married Eberhard III "der Milde" (?) Graf von Württemberg, son of Ulrich (?) Graf von Württemberg and Elisabeth von Bayern, on 27 October 1380 at Urach, Baden, Germany,
; his 1st wife.^4,3,5,2
Antonia Visconti died on 26 March 1405 at Stuttgart, Württemberg, Germany (now).^1,3,2
      ; Antonia, *Milano 1360, +Stuttgart 26.3.1405; m.Urach 27.10.1380 Eberhard III von Württemberg (*1364 +16.5.1417.)³

; Leo van de pas cites: 1. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser , Reference: 1961
2. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: I.2 256.¹

; Antonia (* Milano 1360 ca. + Stoccarda 26-3-1405)
= Urach 27-10-1380 Eberardo III Conte di Wuerttemberg (* 1364 + Goeppingen am Suerbrunnen 16-5-1417).²

     Eberhard III "der Milde" (?) Graf von Württemberg was born in 1364.^2,3,4 He married Antonia Visconti, daughter of Bernabo I Visconti Duke of Milan, Bergamo, Cremona, Lodi, Bologna and Parma and Beatrice detta Regina della Scala, on 27 October 1380 at Urach, Baden, Germany,
; his 1st wife.^1,2,3,4 Eberhard III "der Milde" (?) Graf von Württemberg married Elisabeth (?) von Nürnberg, daughter of Johann III (?) Burggraf von Nürnberg and Margarete (?) of Luxemburg, before 22 November 1412.¹⁰

Eberhard III "der Milde" (?) Graf von Württemberg died on 16 May 1417 at Göppingen am Sauerbrunnen, Germany (now).^1,2,3,4
      ; Leo van de pas cites: 1. Cahiers de Saint Louis Magazine. , Jacques Dupont, Jacques Saillot, Reference: 227
2. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: I.2 256
3. Les Ancetres d'Albert Schweitzer, Strasbourg. , Reference: 62.¹

; Gf Eberhard III von Württemberg (1392-1417), *1364, +Göppingen 16.5.1417; 1m: Urach 27.10.1380 Antonia Visconti (*1360 +26.3.1405); 2m: by 22.11.1412 Elisabeth von Nürnberg (*1391/92 +29.4.1429); for his issue see Wurtt 2 page at http://genealogy.euweb.cz/wurttemb/wurtt2.html.⁷

; Graf von Württemberg.^1,3

     Ernst I (?) Duke of Bavaria was born in 1373.^1,2,3 He married Elisabetta Visconti, daughter of Bernabo I Visconti Duke of Milan, Bergamo, Cremona, Lodi, Bologna and Parma and Beatrice detta Regina della Scala, on 26 January 1395 at Pfaffenhofen, Bavaria, Germany (now).^4,1,2,5,3

Ernst I (?) Duke of Bavaria died on 2 July 1438 at Munich (München), Stadtkreis München, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany (now).^1,2,3
      ; Leo van de pas cites: 1. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: I 27
2. Nachkommen Gorms des Alten 1978. , S. Otto Brenner, Reference: nr 2953.¹

; Duke ERNST I of Bavaria-Munich (1397-1438), *1373, +Munich 2.7.1438, bur there; m.Pfaffenhofen 26.1.1395 Elisabetta Visconti (*1374 +Munich 2.2.1432, bur there), dau.of Bernabeu Visconti.³ He was Duke of Bavaria between 1397 and 1402.^1,3

     Elisabetta Visconti was born circa 1374 at Milan, Città Metropolitana di Milano, Lombardia, Italy (now).^1,2,3,4 She married Ernst I (?) Duke of Bavaria, son of Johann II (?) Duke of Bavaria and Katharina (?) von Görz, on 26 January 1395 at Pfaffenhofen, Bavaria, Germany (now).^1,5,2,3,4

Elisabetta Visconti died on 2 February 1432 at Munich (München), Stadtkreis München, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany (now).^1,2,3,4
      ; Elisabetta, *Milano ca 1374, +Munich 2.2.1432; m.Pfaffenhofen 26.1.1395 Ernst I von Bayern-Munchen (*1373 +Munchen 2.7.1438.)²

; Elisabetta (* Milano 1374 ca.+ Monaco 2-2-1432)
= Pfaffenhofen 26-1-1395 Ernesto I Duca di Baviera-Monaco (* 1373 + Monaco 1-7-1438).³


; Leo van de Pas cites: Nachkommen Gorms des Alten 1978. , S. Otto Brenner, Reference: 2953.¹