Person Page - 438

     Ellen/Helena Byron married Walter Blount KG, 1st Lord Mountjoy, of Elvaston, co. Derby, son of Sir Thomas Blount and Margaret Gresley,
; his 1st wife.^3,1,2
Ellen/Helena Byron was buried at Grey Friars', Newgate, London, City of London, Greater London, England.¹
      ; [quote] Ellen, daughter of John Byron, Knt., of Clayton, near Manchester, co. Lancaster [end quote].²

.³

     Sir John Byron of Clayton, Lancashire lived at Clayton, Lancashire, England.^2,1

.²

     Elizabeth Blount was born before 1471.⁷ She married Sir Andrews Windsor KB, PC, 1st Lord Windsor of Stanwell, son of Thomas Windsor Esq., of Stanwell, Middlesex and Elizabeth Andrews, circa 1490.^8,9,1,3,2,10

Elizabeth Blount died before 1543.^11,3
      ; van de Pas cites: The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh, 1977, Paget, Gerald, Reference: O 28940.²

     Elizabeth de Echingham married John Lunsford.¹

      .²

     John Lunsford married Elizabeth de Echingham, daughter of Sir Thomas de Echingham Knt., Lord of Echyngham.¹
John Lunsford was born before 1428.¹
     John Lunsford lived at Lunsford and Wilegh, co. Sussex, England.¹

     William Lunsford married Thomasina Barrington, daughter of John Barrington of Raleigh and Isabel (Thomasine) Tatton,
; her 1st husband.^2,3,1 William Lunsford was born before 1438.²
      ; van de Pas cites: Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, London, Reference: 2431.¹

     Thomasina Barrington married William Lunsford, son of John Lunsford and Elizabeth de Echingham,
; her 1st husband.^3,1,5 Thomasina Barrington married Sir William Sydney of Kingsham
; her 2nd husband.^6,1 Thomasina Barrington married John Hopton of Yoxford Hall and Cockfield Hall in 1457
; his 3rd wife; her 3rd husband.^7,1
Thomasina Barrington died on 16 January 1498; Weis says d. 16 Jan 1498; van de Pas says d. 28 Jan 1498.^3,1

     John Barrington of Raleigh married Isabel (Thomasine) Tatton.^3,1

John Barrington of Raleigh died on 8 November 1416.¹
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh, 1977, Paget, Gerald, Reference: Q 98618
2. Sir John Sayer -1667, Pedigree, 2007, Verheecke, José, Reference: 83313.¹

; Weis MCS 88A-12.²

     Sir John Lunsford died circa May 1618.
     He was Sheriff of Sussex and Surrey.¹

Sir John Lunsford lived at Lunsford and Wilegh, co. Sussex, England.¹

      .¹

     Margaret de Beauchamp married Robert Mauteby of Mauteby, Norfolk.^1,2
Margaret de Beauchamp was born circa 1382 at Paston, co. Norfolk, England.³
      ; Weis MCS 89-10.¹

     Mary Somerset married Sir William Grey KG, 13th Lord Grey of Wilton, son of Edmund Grey 9th Lord Grey of Wilton and Florence Hastings,
; her 1st husband.^5,1,2 Mary Somerset was born after 1492.¹ She married Robert Carr/Carre Esq.
; her 2nd husband.^5,1,2
      .⁵

     Sir William Grey KG, 13th Lord Grey of Wilton married Mary Somerset, daughter of Charles Somerset KG, 1st Earl of Worcester, Baron Herbert of Raglan and Elizabeth West,
; her 1st husband.^3,4,2 Sir William Grey KG, 13th Lord Grey of Wilton was born circa 1509.¹
Sir William Grey KG, 13th Lord Grey of Wilton died between 14 December 1562 and 15 December 1562.^3,1,4
     He was 13th LORD (Baron) GREY (of Wilton.)¹

; WILLIAM GREY, 13th LORD (Baron) GREY (of Wilton), KG (1557); b c 1509; campaigned for much of his life in northern France; Ch Capt and Seneschal, Ch Leader and Govr all armies in Boulogne and Boullonnais 1546, Capt-Gen of Horse Battle of Pinkie 1547; captured by the French at their taking of Guines (till then an English-held town) Jan 1557/8, having surrendered the castle; Govr Berwick-on-Tweed 1560, Warden E and Middle Marches 1560; m Mary, dau of 1st Marquess of Worcester (see BEAUFORT, D) by his 2nd w, and d 14 or 15 Dec 1562.¹

     Robert Carr/Carre Esq. married Mary Somerset, daughter of Charles Somerset KG, 1st Earl of Worcester, Baron Herbert of Raglan and Elizabeth West,
; her 2nd husband.^2,3,1
Robert Carr/Carre Esq. died in 1606.³
      .²

     Sir William de Samlesbury married Avina Notton.^3,2
Sir William de Samlesbury was born in 1227 at Samlesbury, Lancashire, England.²
Sir William de Samlesbury died before 1256.^4,2
     GAV-19 EDV-21 GKJ-21.

Reference: Genealogics cites: The Complete Peerage, 1936 , Doubleday, H.A. & Lord Howard de Walden. VI 528.²

; Weis MCS 90A-6.⁴

     Elizabeth de Holand married Sir Henry Fitz Roger Ktn., Lord of Chewton, Somerset, son of Roger Fitz Peter and Joan de Lorty, before 23 May 1340.^6,1,2,7,3

Elizabeth de Holand died on 13 July 1387.^6,1
Elizabeth de Holand was buried after 13 July 1387 at Chewton Mendip, co. Somerset, England.⁶
      ; van de Pas cites: The Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the USA, Baltimore, 1993, Roberts, Gary Boyd, Reference: 345.²

     Sir Henry Fitz Roger Ktn., Lord of Chewton, Somerset was buried at Chewton Mendip, co. Somerset, England.⁴ He was born on 30 November 1318 at Curry Rivell, co. Somerset, England.^5,4,1,2 He married Elizabeth de Holand, daughter of Sir Robert de Holand Knt., 1st Lord Holand of Upholland and Maud La Zouche, before 23 May 1340.^5,1,6,2,3

Sir Henry Fitz Roger Ktn., Lord of Chewton, Somerset died on 29 January 1352 at Curry Rivell, co. Somerset, England, at age 33.^5,1,2
      ; van de Pas cites: The Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants to the American Colonies or the USA, Baltimore, 1993, Roberts, Gary Boyd, Reference: 345.² He was Lord of Chewton at Chewton, co. Somerset, England.⁵

     Hugh Stuckley Esq. was born between 1398 and 1414.¹
Hugh Stuckley Esq. died before 13 December 1457.¹
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. Cahiers de Saint Louis , Dupont, Jacques and Saillot, Jacques, Reference: 895
2. The Complete Peerage, 1936 , Doubleday, H.A. & Lord Howard de Walden, Reference: V 508.⁵ Hugh Stuckley Esq. was also known as Hugh Stukeley.⁵

     Sir William Bourgchier 1st Lord Fitzwarin was buried at Austin Friar's, London, City of London, Greater London, England.⁷ He married Catherine (?)¹
Sir William Bourgchier 1st Lord Fitzwarin married Thomasine Hankford, daughter of Sir Richard Hankford Knt., of Hewish, Devon and Elizabeth Fitz Warin, before 3 August 1437.^1,8

Sir William Bourgchier 1st Lord Fitzwarin died before 12 December 1469.⁷
      ; "Sir William Bourchier (3rd son of Willim Bourchier, Earl of Ewe, in Normandy, and Anne his wife, dau. and heiress of Thomas, of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of King Edward III.) having m. Thomasine, dau. and heiress of Richard Hanckford, Esq., by Elizabeth his wife, sister and heiress of Fulke Fitz-Warine, 7th and last Baron Fitz-Warine, of the family, who d. s. p., in 1429, was summoned to parliament, jure uxoris, as Baron Fitz-Warine, from 2 January, 1449, to 7 September, 1469. This nobleman, who was one of the foresters in the reign of Edward IV., had license from that monarch to export, duty free, a thousand woollen cloths of his own goods. His lordship appears to have married 2ndly, Catherine, widow of -- Stukeley, by whom he had a dau. Elizabeth, to whom her mother bequeaths in her last will dated in 1466, "a girdle of red tissue." Lord Fitz-Warine d. about the year 1470 and was s. by his son, Sir Fulke Bourchier, Knt., 2nd Baron Fitz-Warine..."¹

Sir William Bourgchier 1st Lord Fitzwarin lived at Bampton, Devonshire, England.⁷ He was 1st Lord Fitzwarin, jure uxoris on 2 January 1449.^7,1

     Sir John Stewart Lord of Innermeath and Lorn, 1st of Grandtully married Isobel/Isabella de Ergadia, daughter of John de Ergadia mac Dougall 5th Lord of Lorne and Joanna Isaac, in 1386.^3,2,4,5

Sir John Stewart Lord of Innermeath and Lorn, 1st of Grandtully died on 26 April 1421.^2,1
      ; SIR JOHN STEWART, of Innermeath and Durrisdeer, (which he inherited from his f), exchanged the latter with his bro for the Lordship of Lorn 1388 (see above); m 1386, Isabel, yr dau and co-heiress of John de Ergadia, Ld of Lorn, and had issue.⁴

; Sir John, Ld of Lorn, s his f as feudal Baron of Innermeath, and became Ld of Lorn in right of his wife (her sis and co-heiress having m his yr bro Robert, who in 1388 resigned his share of Lorn in exchange for the lands of Durrisdeer), was joint Ambassador to England and France 1412, with his wife he obtained a Papal dispensation from the Anti-Pope Benedict XIII for a plenary indulgence at the hour of death, for licence to choose a confessor and for a portable altar 1418, and d 26 April 1421. He m Isabel of Argyll, dau and co-heiress of Eoin, Ld of Lorn, Ch of Clan Dougall (heir of the local dynasts of Argyll), and had issue (with 3 daus.: Christian; m James Dundas of that Ilk (see that family); Isabel; m 1st, Sir William Oliphant of Aberdalgy (see BURKE's Dormant & Extinct Peerages, OLIPHANT, L.), and 2nd, Sir David Murray of Tullibardine (see ATHOLL, D); and Jean; m Sir David Bruce of Clackmannan (see ELGIN & KINCARDINE, E)), four sons.²

Reference:
Genealogics cites:
1. The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh, 1977, Paget, Gerald. Q 5317
2. A Genealogical History of the dormant, abeyant, forfeited and extinct peerages of the British Empire, London, 1866, Burke, Sir Bernard. 508
3. The Royal House of Stuart, London, 1969, 1971, 1976 , Addington, A. C. III 107
4. Burke's Landed Gentry. 1972 575
5. The Scots Peerage 1904-1914, nine volumes , Paul, Sir James Balfour. 5:2.^6,1 He was Lord of Innermeath and Lorn.⁶

     Isobel/Isabella de Ergadia married Sir John Stewart Lord of Innermeath and Lorn, 1st of Grandtully, son of Sir Robert Stewart of Innermeath, in 1386.^5,6,7,2

Isobel/Isabella de Ergadia died on 21 December 1439.²
     Reference:
Genealogics cites:
1. The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh, 1977, Paget, Gerald. Q 5317
2. A Genealogical History of the dormant, abeyant, forfeited and extinct peerages of the British Empire, London, 1866, Burke, Sir Bernard. 508
3. The Complete Peerage, 1936 , Doubleday, H.A. & Lord Howard de Walden. VIII 138,143
4. The Royal House of Stuart, London, 1969, 1971, 1976 , Addington, A. C. III 107
5. Burke's Landed Gentry. 1972 575.²

; Isabella; m 1386, [13131] Sir John Stewart of Innermeath (bro of Robert Stewart), and had issue (see STEWART of Appin.)¹ Isobel/Isabella de Ergadia was also known as Isabel of Argyll.⁶

.⁸

     James Stewart 1st Earl of Buchan married Margaret Ogilvy, daughter of Sir Alexander Ogilvy of Auchterhouse and Janet Gray.⁴

James Stewart 1st Earl of Buchan died between 1497 and 1499.⁵
      ; Lineage-Buchan, one of the old mormaerships, afterwards earldoms of Scotland, was, early in the 13th century, carried by an heiress to the Comyn family, who siding against Bruce, forfeited their possessions and title. The earldom of Buchan was afterwards conferred on Alexander Stewart (the "Wolf of Badenoch"), s of ROBERT II, who dsp 1394, and the Regent Albany bestowed it on his 2nd s, John Stewart, Constable of France, who fell at Verneuil, 17 Aug 1424, s.p.m.⁶

; JAMES STEWART, 1st Earl of Buchan, 2nd s of Sir James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn, and JOAN, Queen Dowager of Scotland, dau of John, Earl of Somerset, was made EARL OF BUCHAN in 1469, having sasine of the lands 28 Oct 1476. He had a regrant of the earldom 12 Oct 1477. By his marriage with Margaret, dau and heir of Sir Alexander Ogilvie, of Auchterhouse, his family became hereditary sheriffs of Forfar. He was s by his only s but also left several illegitimate children (see MORAY, E).⁶

; 1st Earl of Buchan, was granted that earldom by his half-brother KING JAMES III 1469, was Great Chamberlain of Scotland 1471-73 and 1478-84, Ambassador to France 1473, had a private war with the Earl of Erroll 1478, was Ld Warden of the East Marches 1479, and d c 1498-9. He became Hereditary Sheriff of Angus in right of his wife, Margaret (m before 1 March 1466/7), dau and heiress of Sir Alexander Ogilvy of Auchterhouse (see AIRLIE, E), Hereditary Sheriff of Angus (s of the Vicomie d'Angus who was Constable of the Scots in France), and by her had a son, Alexander, 2nd Earl of Buchan.⁴ He was 1st Earl of Buchan in 1469.^5,6,4,7 He was High Chamberlain of Scotland between 1471 and 1473.⁵ He was Ambassador to France in 1473.^5,4 He was High Chamberlain of Scotland between 1478 and 1487.⁴

     Sir John Stewart of Balveny, 1st Earl of Atholl was born circa 1440.^5,3,4 He married Lady Margaret "Fair Maid of Galloway" Douglas, daughter of Archibald Douglas 5th Earl of Douglas, 2nd Duke of Touraine and Euphemia Graham, between 1459 and 1460
; Her 3rd marriage.^2,3,4,6 Sir John Stewart of Balveny, 1st Earl of Atholl married Lady Eleanor Sinclair, daughter of William Sinclair 1st Earl of Caithness, 3rd Earl of Orkney and Marjory Sutherland of Dunbeath, before 19 April 1475.^1,3,4

Sir John Stewart of Balveny, 1st Earl of Atholl died on 15 September 1512 at the Laighwood, Scotland.^7,3,4
      ; John, 1st Earl of Atholl; b c 1440, was granted that earldom by his half-brother KING JAMES II 1457, was granted the castle and Lordship of Balvenie (which had been forfeited by his 1st wife's family) 1460, defeated and captured the last Ld of the Isles (Eoin Macdonald, Earl of Ross and High Ch of Clan Donald) 1475, adopting for motto the King's parting words (before the campaign) FURTH FORTUNE AND FILL THE FETTERS; was Ambassador to England 1484, fought for KING JAMES II against the rebel Lords 1488, being imprisoned on their victory, and d 15 Sept 1512. He m 1st, 1459/60, Margaret, "the Fair Maid of Galloway'', Dowager Countess of Douglas (d by 1475), widow of her cousins, the 8th and 9th Earls, sis and heiress of William, 6th Earl of Douglas (beheaded as a boy after the fatal "black bull's head'' banquet in Edinburgh Castle, 1440), and dau of Archibald, Duke of Touraine and 5th Earl of Douglas (see BURKE's Dormant & Extinct Peerages), and by her had two daus. The 1st Earl of Atholl m 2nd, before 27 April 1475, Eleanor Sinclair (who d 21 March 1518), dau of William, last Jarl of Orkney and 1st Earl of Caithness (see that title), Chancellor of Scotland, and by her had further issue (with nine more daus. and a yr s, Andrew, Bp Caithness 1518-42).³

; per van de Pas:
     Sir John Stewart was born about 1440, the son of Sir James Stewart, 'the Black Knight of Lorn', by Joan, Queen Dowager of Scotland. About 1457 John was created Earl of Atholl. However, on 18 March 1482 he was given a new charter of this Earldom, to him and the heirs male of his body, with remainder to the Crown. In this charter he is described as 'frater carnalis' of the late King James II.
     About 1460 he married Margaret, Dowager Countess of Douglas, and they became the parents of two daughters. Margaret, who was called 'the Fair Maid of Galloway', was heiress to her brother William, 6th Earl of Douglas. When this marriage took place, the King bestowed on them the lordship of Balveny and other large estates. Margaret died in or before 1475. Before 19 April 1475 he married Eleanor Sinclair, daughter of William Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, and they became the parents of eleven children.
     He took an active part in suppressing the rebellion of John, Earl of Ross, the last 'Lord of The Isles'. In 1484 he was ambassador to England and commanded in the army of King James III against the rebel lords.
     John Stewart, Earl of Atholl, died 15 September 1512 at the Laighwood and was buried in Dunkeld Cathedral. His widow died 21 March 1518 and was buried with him.⁸

Reference: van de pas cites:
     1. A Genealogical History of the dormant, abeyant, forfeited and extinct peerages of the British Empire, London, 1866, Burke, Sir Bernard. page 509
     2. The Royal House of Stuart, London, 1969, 1971, 1976 , Addington, A. C. vol III page 2
     3. Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, London, 1938. page 857
     4. The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh, 1977, Paget, Gerald. ancestor P 2659.
     5. The Complete Peerage, 1936 , Doubleday, H.A. & Lord Howard de Walden. 1:312-3
     6. The Scots Peerage 1904-1914, nine volumes , Paul, Sir James Balfour. 1:441-2
     7. Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 1999 . 1988
     8. The Wallop Family and Their Ancestry 1928 , Watney, Vernon James. 729.⁸ He was 1st Earl of Atholl circa 1457.^7,3 He was Ambassador to England in 1484.^7,3

     James II Stewart King of Scotland was born on 16 October 1430 at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Mid-Lothian, Scotland.^5,6,7,2,1,4 He married Marie van Gelre, daughter of Arnold van Egmond Duke of Geldern, Graaf van Zutphen and Katharina von Kleve, on 3 July 1449 at Holyrood Castle, Edinburgh, Mid-Lothian, England.^{6,8,7,2,3,9,1,4}

James II Stewart King of Scotland died on 3 August 1460 at Siege of Roxburgh Castle, Roxburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland, at age 29.^6,7,2,1
James II Stewart King of Scotland was buried after 3 August 1460 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Mid-Lothian, Scotland; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     16 Oct 1430, Edinburgh, City of Edinburgh, Scotland
     DEATH     3 Aug 1460 (aged 29), Roxburgh, Scottish Borders, Scotland
     Scottish Monarch. Called "Fiery Face" because of a red birthmark on his face, he was the son of James I and Joan Beaufort, and was crowned on March 25, 1437 at Holyrood Abbey, breaking the longstanding tradition of rulers crowned at Scone. He was only six when crowned, and Scotland was ruled by two regents, Lord Crichton and Lord Livingstone, both of whom fought for control of the country and the young king. During this regency Scotland was plunged into civil war, lawlessness, and poverty. When he finally came of age, the king reestablished control over the errant nobles and made examples of the troublemakers. He was able to bring order to his kingdom and rule in peace. He moved the capital to Edinburgh, which has not been challenged or changed since. James married Mary of Guelders on July 3, 1449 at Holyrood Abbey. They had six children. James was accidentally killed at Roxburgh Castle when he stood too close to an exploding cannon. He was 30 years old. Bio by: Kristen Conrad
     Family Members
     Parents
          James King of Scots 1394–1437
          Joan Beaufort 1404–1445
     Spouse
          Mary of Guelders 1432–1463
     Siblings
          Margaret Stewart 1424–1445
          Isabeau d'Écosse 1426–1498
          Joan Stewart Douglas 1428–1498
          Eleanor of Scotland 1431–1480
     Half Siblings
          John Stewart 1440–1512
          Andrew Stewart 1444–1501
     Children
          Margaret Stewart Crichton 1450–1512
          James III 1451–1488
          Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran Hamilton 1453–1488
          Alexander Stewart 1454–1485
     BURIAL     Abbey of Holyrood, Edinburgh, City of Edinburgh, Scotland
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Originally Created by: Kristen Conrad
     Added: 10 Aug 2004
     Find A Grave Memorial 9300534.^7,1,4,10
      ; Per Burke's: "JAMES II, KING OF SCOTS, known as "James of the Fiery Face'' from a birthmark; b 16 Oct 1430, was crowned at Holyrood 1437, suppressed the Black Douglases, 1452, and was k by the bursting of one of his own cannon while besieging the English in Roxburgh Castle, 3 Aug 1460. He m 3 July 1449, Mary (who d 1 Dec 1463) dau of Arnold, Duke of Gueldres, and by her had issue."² He was Duke of Rothesay.⁷

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Wikipedia:
     "James II (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460) was a member of the House of Stewart who reigned as King of Scotland from 1437 until his death.
Life
     "James was born in Holyrood Abbey.[1] He was the son of King James I and Joan Beaufort. By his first birthday his twin and only brother, Alexander, who was also the older twin, had died, thus making James the heir apparent and given the title Duke of Rothesay. On 21 February 1437, James I was assassinated and the six-year-old James immediately succeeded him as James II. He was crowned in Holyrood Abbey by Abbot Patrick on 23 March 1437.[2]
     "In 1449, nineteen-year-old James married fifteen-year-old Mary of Guelders, daughter of the Duke of Gelderland. She bore him seven children, six of whom survived into adulthood. Subsequently, the relations between Flanders and Scotland improved.[3] James's nickname, Fiery Face, referred to a conspicuous vermilion birthmark on his face which appears to have been deemed by contemporaries an outward sign of a fiery temper.[4]
     "James was a politic, and singularly successful king. He was popular with the commoners, with whom, like most of the Stewarts, he socialised often, in times of peace and war. His legislation has a markedly popular character. He does not appear to have inherited his father's taste for literature, which was "inherited" by at least two of his sisters; but the foundation of the University of Glasgow during his reign, by Bishop Turnbull, shows that he encouraged learning; and there are also traces of his endowments to St. Salvator's, the new college of Archbishop Kennedy at St Andrews.[5] He possessed much of his father's restless energy. However, his murder of the Earl of Douglas leaves a stain on his reign.[6]
Early reign
     "James I was assassinated on 21 February 1437. The Queen, although hurt, managed to get to her six-year-old son, who was now king. On 25 March 1437, the six-year-old was formally crowned King of Scots at Holyrood Abbey. The Parliament of Scotland revoked alienations of crown property and prohibited them, without the consent of the Estates, that is, until James II's eighteenth birthday.[7] He lived along with his mother and five of his six sisters (Margaret had left for France, where she had married the future Louis XI of France) at Dunbar Castle until 1439.[8]
     "From 1437 to 1439 the King's first cousin Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, headed the government as lieutenant-general of the realm. After his death, and with a general lack of high-status earls in Scotland due to deaths, forfeiture or youth, political power became shared uneasily among William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (sometimes in co-operation with the Earl of Avondale), and Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar, who had possession of the young king as the warden of the stronghold of Stirling Castle. Taking advantage of these events, Livingston placed Queen Joan and her new husband, Sir John Stewart, under "house arrest" at Stirling Castle on 3 August 1439. They were released on 4 September only by making a formal agreement to put James in the custody of the Livingstons, by giving up her dowry for his maintenance, and confessing that Livingston had acted through zeal for the king's safety.[3]
     "In 1440, in the King's name, an invitation is said to have been sent to the young, 16-year-old 6th Earl of Douglas and his younger brother, twelve-year-old David, to visit the king at Edinburgh Castle in November 1440. According to legend, they came, and were entertained at the royal table, where James, still a little boy, was charmed by them. However, they were treacherously hurried to their doom, which took place by beheading in the castle yard of Edinburgh on 24 November, with the 10-year-old king pleading for their lives. Three days later Malcolm Fleming of Cumbernauld, their chief adherent, shared the same fate. The king, being a small child, had nothing to do with this. This infamous incident took the name of "the Black Dinner".
Struggles with the Douglases
     "In 1449 James II reached adulthood, but he had to struggle to gain control of his kingdom. The Douglases, probably with his cooperation, used his coming of age as a way to throw the Livingstons out of the shared government, as the young king took revenge for the arrest of his mother (a means to remove her from political influence) that had taken place in 1439 and the assassination of his young Douglas cousins in which Livingston was complicit. Douglas and Crichton continued to dominate political power, and the king continued to struggle to throw off their rule. Between 1451 and 1455 he struggled to free himself from the power of the Douglases. Attempts to curb the Douglases' power took place in 1451, during the absence of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas from Scotland, and culminated with the murder of Douglas at Stirling Castle on 22 February 1452.
     "The main account of Douglas's murder comes from the Auchinleck Chronicle, a near contemporary but fragmentary source. According to its account, the king accused the Earl (probably with justification) of forging links with John Macdonald, 11th Earl of Ross (also Lord of the Isles), and Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford. This bond, if it existed, created a dangerous axis of power of independently-minded men, forming a major rival to royal authority. When Douglas refused to break the bond with Ross, James broke into a fit of temper and stabbed Douglas 26 times and threw his body out of a window. His court officials (many of whom would rise to great influence in later years, often in former Douglas lands) then joined in the bloodbath, one allegedly striking out the Earl's brain with an axe.
     "This murder did not end the power of the Douglases, but rather created a state of intermittent civil war between 1452 and 1455. The main engagements were at Brodick, on the Isle of Arran; Inverkip in Renfrew; and the Battle of Arkinholm. James attempted to seize Douglas lands, but his opponents repeatedly forced him into humiliating climbdowns, whereby he returned the lands to James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas, and a brief and uneasy peace ensued.
     "Military campaigns ended indecisively, and some have argued that James stood in serious danger of being overthrown, or of having to flee the country. But James's patronage of lands, titles and office to allies of the Douglases saw their erstwhile allies begin to change sides, most importantly the Earl of Crawford after the Battle of Brechin, and in May 1455 James struck a decisive blow against the Douglases, and they were finally defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm.
     "In the months that followed, the Parliament of Scotland declared the extensive Douglas lands forfeit and permanently annexed them to the crown, along with many other lands, finances and castles. The Earl fled into a long English exile. James finally had the freedom to govern as he wished, and one can argue that his successors as Kings of Scots never faced such a powerful challenge to their authority again. Along with the forfeiture of the Albany Stewarts in the reign of James I, the destruction of the Black Douglases saw royal power in Scotland take a major step forward.[9]
Energetic rule
     "Between 1455 and 1460 James II proved to be an active and interventionist king. Ambitious plans to take Orkney, Shetland and the Isle of Man nonetheless did not succeed. The king travelled the country and has been argued to have originated the practice of raising money by giving remissions for serious crimes. It has also been argued that some of the unpopular policies of James III originated in the late 1450s.[10]
     "In 1458 an Act of Parliament commanded the king to modify his behaviour, but one cannot say how his reign would have developed had he lived longer.[11]
     "James II is the first Scots monarch for whom a contemporary likeness has survived, in the form of a woodcut showing his birthmark on the face.
Marriage
     "Negotiations for a marriage to Mary of Guelders began in July 1447, when a Burgundian envoy came to Scotland, and were concluded by an embassy under Crichton the chancellor in September 1448. Philip settled sixty thousand crowns on his kinswoman, and her dower of ten thousand was secured on lands in Strathearn, Athole, Methven, and Linlithgow. A tournament took place before James at Stirling, on 25 February 1449, between James, master of Douglas, another James, brother to the Laird of Lochleven, and two knights of Burgundy, one of whom, Jacques de Lalain, was the most celebrated knight-errant of the time. The marriage was celebrated at Holyrood on 3 July 1449. A French chronicler, Mathieu d'Escouchy, gives a graphic account of the ceremony and the feasts which followed. Many Flemings in Mary's suite remained in Scotland, and the relations between Scotland and Flanders, already friendly under James I, consequently became closer.[3]
     "In Scotland the king's marriage led to his emancipation from tutelage, and to the downfall of the Livingstons. In the autumn Sir Alexander and other members of the family were arrested. At a parliament in Edinburgh on 19 January 1450, Alexander Livingston, a son of Sir Alexander, and Robert Livingston of Linlithgow were tried and executed on the Castle Hill. Sir Alexander and his kinsmen were confined in different and distant castles. A single member of the family escaped the general proscription—James, the eldest son of Sir Alexander, who, after arrest and escape to the highlands, was restored in 1454 to the office of chamberlain to which he had been appointed in the summer of 1449.[3]
Death
     "James II enthusiastically promoted modern artillery, which he used with some success against the Black Douglases. His ambitions to increase Scotland's standing saw him besiege Roxburgh Castle in 1460, one of the last Scottish castles still held by the English after the Wars of Independence.
     "For this siege, James took a large number of cannons imported from Flanders. On 3 August, he was standing near one of these cannons, known as "the Lion", when it exploded and killed him. Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie stated in his history of James's reign that "as the King stood near a piece of artillery, his thigh bone was dug in two with a piece of misframed gun that brake in shooting, by which he was stricken to the ground and died hastily."[12]
     "The Scots carried on with the siege, led by George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, and the castle fell a few days later. Once the castle was captured James's widow, Mary of Guelders, ordered its destruction.[13] James's son became king as James III and Mary acted as regent until her own death three years later.
Issue
     "James married Mary of Guelders at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, on 3 July 1449. They had seven children:
     "By his unknown mistress, James also left one illegitimate son:
     ** John Stewart, Lord of Sticks (d. 21 September 1523)
Fictional portrayals
     "James II has been depicted in plays, historical novels and short stories. They include:[14]
** The Captain of the Guard (1862) by James Grant. The novel covers events from 1440 to 1452. Mostly covering the conflict of James II with the Earls of Douglas. Part of the action takes place far from Scotland, at the court of Arnold, Duke of Guelders, father-in-law to the King.[14]
** Two Penniless Princesses (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge. James II is a secondary character. The main characters are his sisters Eleanor, Mary, and Joan "Jean". The novel covers their travels to foreign courts, including those of young Henry VI of England and René of Anjou.[14][15]
** The Black Douglas (1899) by Samuel Rutherford Crockett and its sequel Maid Margaret (1905). The two novels cover events from 1439 to 1460, including most of the reign of James II. His conflict with the Earls of Douglas is prominently featured. Including James II stabbing William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas to death (1452) and James's own death due to a bursting cannon at the siege of Roxburgh (1460). Among the other historical figures depicted are William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas and his brother David (mostly their violent deaths in 1440), Margaret Douglas, Fair Maid of Galloway (protagonist of the second novel), Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar, William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton, Charles VII of France and his Dauphin (Louis XI and Agnès Sorel. The events take place primarily in Scotland, secondary in France. There is mention of the early phases of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) but English events are only "slightly touched".[14]
** James II: Day of The Innocents (2014) by Rona Munro. A co-production between the National Theatre of Scotland, Edinburgh International Festival and the National Theatre of Great Britain. The James Plays – James I, James II and James III – are a trio of history plays by Rona Munro. Each play stands alone as a vision of a country tussling with its past and future. This play focuses on the early life of James II, the developing relationships with the Douglas family and the eventual death of Lord Douglas.[16]
** Black Douglas by Nigel Tranter, much of which is highly inaccurate historically, covers events up to the killing of the 8th Earl of Douglas, is sympathetic to the Earl and unsympathetic to James II.
** Niccolò Rising by Dorothy Dunnett mentions his intrigues and wars as part of the international milieu of the time, especially as they impact Flanders, the scene of the novel.
** Appears as a background character in the children's fantasy novel In the Keep of Time by Margaret J. Anderson. His nickname and the birthmark which inspired it are both described, and one of the main characters witnesses the Battle of Roxburgh Castle and the explosion of "the Lion" that kills him.
References
1. Grants "Old and New Edinburgh"
2. Grants "Old and New Edinburgh"
3. Mackay 1892, p. 137.
4. Mackay 1892, p. 141.
5. Mackay 1892, p. 140.
6. Mackay 1892, pp. 140–41.
7. Mackay 1892, p. 136.
8. Mackay 1892.
9. McGladdery, James II, Chapter 4, Appendix 2 (The Auchinleck Chronicle); Brown, The Black Douglases, chapter 13; Tanner, Scottish Parliament, Chapter 5
10. Tanner 2001, pp. 201, 204.
11. Tanner 2001, ch. 6.
12. Mahoney, Mike. "Scottish Monarchs - Kings and Queens of Scotland - James II". www.englishmonarchs.co.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
13. Colvin and Brown (1963), p. 819; Salter (1985), p. 17
14. Nield (1968), p. 52
15. "Project Gutenberg's Two Penniless Princesses, by Charlotte M. Yonge"
16. "Edinburgh International Festival 2014"
Sources
** Colvin, H. M; Brown, R. A. (1963), "The Royal Castles 1066–1485", The History of the King's Works. Volume II: The Middle Ages, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office
** McAndrew, Bruce A. (2006), Scotland's Historic Heraldry, Boydell & Brewer, ISBN 9781843832614
** Mackay, A.J.G. (1892). "James II (1430–1460), king of Scotland" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.) Dictionary of National Biography. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
** Nield, Jonathan (1968), A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8337-2509-7
** Mike Salter (1985). Discovering Scottish Castles. Shire Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-85263-749-7.
** Tanner, Roland (2001). The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424-1488. Tuckwell. ISBN 978-1-86232-174-8.
Further reading
** 'The Auchinleck Chronicle', printed in McGladdery, James II, Appendix 2, pp 160–73.
** M. Brown, The Black Douglases (East Linton, 1998).
** C. McGladdery, James II (Edinburgh, 1990).
** R Tanner, The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424-1488 (East Linton, 2001)."¹¹

; Per Genealogics:
     "James II, king of Scots, was born on 16 October 1430 at Holyrood, son of James I, king of Scots, and Joan Beaufort. Due to his prominent birthmark, he was known as 'of the fiery face'. As a child he had been spared when his father was murdered. His minority was exploited by the self-interest of the nobles, all trying to control the king and the kingdom.
     "He was able to free himself of these restricting controls by marrying Marie of Egmond, daughter of the Duke of Gelre and niece of the Duke of Burgundy. He tried to control the nobles but the Douglas clan remained difficult until, in 1452, James II summoned the Earl of Douglas to have supper with him at Stirling Castle. He asked the Earl to break off his alliance with the Earl of Crawford; but when this was refused, the King stabbed him with a dagger and the king's aides completed the killing. The Earl of Douglas's brother, together with 600 clansmen, rode to Stirling Castle to avenge the murder, only to find that the King had fled. In 1455, in a battle at Arkinholm, the whole Black Douglas Clan was defeated by the King's army under command of the Earl of Angus, chief of the Red Douglas Clan.
     "About 1457 James II tried to outlaw the game of golf, as too many clansmen were missing archery practice. Aggressively he pursued his nobles as well as the King of Norway and tried to pillage an England already divided by the War of the Roses. He obtained cannons to strengthen his army but was killed at Roxburgh when too near an exploding cannon."⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "JAMES of Scotland, son of JAMES I King of Scotland & his wife Joan Beaufort (16 Oct 1430-Roxburgh 3 Aug 1460, bur Holyrood). John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Jacobum secundum regem qui nunc est" as son of "Jacobum secundum"[1280]. He succeeded his father in 1437 as JAMES II King of Scotland. The Chronicle of John Smith, monk of Kinloss records the death in Aug 1463 "apud Rokisburtht" of "Jacobus 2us rex Scocie" and his burial "in monasterio Sancte Crucis"[1281].
     "m (3 Jul 1449) MARIA van Gelre, daughter of ARNOLD Duke of Gelre [Egmond] & his wife Katharina von Kleve ([1432]-1 Dec 1463).
     "Mistress (1): ---. The name of the mistress of King James is not known."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands: "MARIA van Gelre ([1432]-1 Dec 1463). m (3 Jul 1449) JAMES II King of Scotland, son of JAMES I King of Scotland & his wife Joan Beaufort (16 Oct 1430-Roxburgh 3 Aug 1460, bur Holyrood)."
Med Lands cites no sources.⁹ He was a mentioned with William IV Robertson D. D.; per Brown [1997:98]: "William Robertson (1721-1793) was son of the Reverend William Robertson (1868-1745), who was the second son of William Robertson of Gladney (b. 1656), who was the second son of William Robertson of Muirton, who was elder son of David robertson of Muirton, who was eldest son of Gilbert Robertson of Muirton and Janet Reid of Aikenhead, sister to Robert Reid, Bishop of Orkney (b. 1558). Gilbert Robertson was son of John, a younger son of Alexander, fifth Baron of Strowan (or Struan); Gilbert's mother was Margaret, daughter of Sr James Crichton of Frendraught, only son and heir of William, third Lord Crichton an dhis wife, Margaret Steward, daughter of James II. James II's mother, Jane, was granddaughter of John of Gaunt, son of Edward II of England: Sir Robert Douglas of Glenbervie, The Baronage of Scotland; Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Gentry of that Kingdom (Edinburgh, 1798), pp. 405-10, 413-414. Thomas Seccombe's notice of Robertson in the Dictinary of National Biography cited the Struan, but not the Stewart descent, and referred readers to Douglas's Baronage."¹² James II Stewart King of Scotland was King of Scotland between 21 February 1437 and 3 August 1460.^5,6,13,7,11 He Crowned.⁷

     Marie van Gelre was born on 17 January 1433; Kelsey Williams: Thompson & Hansen's "A Medieval Heritage" [1] states that she was born 17 January 1433 at Grave. Since they don't cite sources for individual events but only for a family as a whole it is somewhat difficult to determine the origin of this statement but I suspect it comes from A.P. van Schilfgaarde's _Zegels en genealogische Gegevens van de Graven en Hertogen van Gelre, Graven van Zutphen_ (Gelre, Werken, 33, Arnhem, 1967), p. 105.
[Kelsey J. Williams, gkkwilliams@cowboy.net,GEN-MEDIEVAL-L message "Re: Birth of Marie of Gueldres?", 30 Nov 2003]

Leo van de Pas:
1.Maria, born in Grave (9) 17 January 1433 (10), died 1 December 1463 (11) buried in Edinburgh (12), married at Holyrood 3 July 1449 (11)

9 = Van Hasselt, Kronijk van Arnhem (1790), pag 13
10=Gelre LVII (1958) page 112
11=A. I. Dunlop, The Life and time of James Kennedy, bishop of St. Andrews (1950), page 101.
12=Nijh. Bijdr. V.G.O. VII, page 77. On 9 February her funeral was celebrated in Brussels (Itinéraires de Philippe le Bon, p.451 footnote).
[Leo van de Pas, leovdpas@bigpond.com,GEN-MEDIEVAL-L message "Re: Birth of Marie of Gueldres?", 30 Nov 2003]⁹ She married James II Stewart King of Scotland, son of James I Stewart King of Scotland and Joan Beaufort Queen Dowager of Scotland, on 3 July 1449 at Holyrood Castle, Edinburgh, Mid-Lothian, England.^{10,1,11,4,5,3,12,13}

Marie van Gelre died on 1 December 1463 at age 30;      Kelsey Williams: Thompson & Hansen's "A Medieval Heritage" [1] states that she was born 17 January 1433 at Grave. Since they don't cite sources for individual events but only for a family as a whole it is somewhat difficult to determine the origin of this statement but I suspect it comes from A.P. van Schilfgaarde's _Zegels en genealogische Gegevens van de Graven en Hertogen van Gelre, Graven van Zutphen_ (Gelre, Werken, 33, Arnhem, 1967), p. 105.
[Kelsey J. Williams, gkkwilliams@cowboy.net,GEN-MEDIEVAL-L message "Re: Birth of Marie of Gueldres?", 30 Nov 2003]
     Leo van de Pas: 1.Maria, born in Grave (9) 17 January 1433 (10), died 1 December 1463 (11) buried in Edinburgh (12), married at Holyrood 3 July 1449 (11)
     9 = Van Hasselt, Kronijk van Arnhem (1790), pag 13
     10=Gelre LVII (1958) page 112
     11=A. I. Dunlop, The Life and time of James Kennedy, bishop of St. Andrews (1950), page 101.
     12=Nijh. Bijdr. V.G.O. VII, page 77. On 9 February her funeral was celebrated in Brussels (Itinéraires de Philippe le Bon, p.451 footnote).
     [Leo van de Pas, leovdpas@bigpond.com,GEN-MEDIEVAL-L message "Re: Birth of Marie of Gueldres?", 30 Nov 2003]^10,4,5,2,3
Marie van Gelre was buried after 1 December 1463 at Holyrood Abbey, Canongate, City of Edinburgh, Scotland; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     1432, Grave, Grave Municipality, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
     DEATH     16 Nov 1463 (aged 30–31), Midlothian, Scotland
     Scottish monarch, queen consort of James II. Daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders and Catherine of Cleves, she married the king on July 3, 1449. She bore him 4 sons and two daughters. Died at age 31. Bio by: Kristen Conrad
     Family Members
     Parents
          Arnoud van Egmond 1410–1473
          Katharina von Kleve van Egmond 1417–1479
     Spouse
          James King of Scots II 1430–1460
     Siblings
          Willem van Egmond unknown–1434
          Adolf van Egmond 1438–1477
          Katharina von Geldern 1440–1497
     Children
          Margaret Stewart Crichton 1450–1512
          James III 1451–1488
          Mary Stewart Hamilton 1453–1488
          Alexander Stewart 1454–1485
     BURIAL     Abbey of Holyrood, Edinburgh, City of Edinburgh, Scotland
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Originally Created by: Kristen Conrad
     Added: 10 Aug 2004
     Find A Grave Memorial 9300584.¹⁴
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "JAMES of Scotland, son of JAMES I King of Scotland & his wife Joan Beaufort (16 Oct 1430-Roxburgh 3 Aug 1460, bur Holyrood). John of Fordun’s Scotichronicon (Continuator) names "Jacobum secundum regem qui nunc est" as son of "Jacobum secundum"[1280]. He succeeded his father in 1437 as JAMES II King of Scotland. The Chronicle of John Smith, monk of Kinloss records the death in Aug 1463 "apud Rokisburtht" of "Jacobus 2us rex Scocie" and his burial "in monasterio Sancte Crucis"[1281].
     "m (3 Jul 1449) MARIA van Gelre, daughter of ARNOLD Duke of Gelre [Egmond] & his wife Katharina von Kleve ([1432]-1 Dec 1463).
     "Mistress (1): ---. The name of the mistress of King James is not known."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Mary of Guelders (Dutch: Maria van Gelre; c. 1434 – 1 December 1463) was the queen consort of Scotland by marriage to King James II of Scotland. She served as regent of Scotland from 1460 to 1463.
Biography
Background
     "She was the daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders, and Catherine of Cleves. She was a great-niece of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
Burgundian court
     "Philip and his wife Isabella of Portugal at first planned to have Mary betrothed to Charles, Count of Maine, but her father could not pay the dowry.[1] Mary stayed on at the Burgundian court, where Isabella frequently paid for her expenses. Mary attended Isabella's daughter-in-law Catherine of France, while she herself was attended upon by ten people.[2] The duke and duchess then started negotiations for a Scottish marriage. Philip promised to pay her dowry, while Isabella paid for her trousseau. William Crichton came to the Burgundian court to escort her back to Scotland.[3]
Queen of Scotland
     "Mary landed in Scotland in June 1449 and both nobles and the common people came to see her as she made her way to Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh. Mary married James II, King of Scots, at Holyrood Abbey on 3 July 1449, and was crowned Queen Consort by Abbot Patrick.[4]
     "A sumptuous banquet was given, while the Scottish king gave her several presents. Immediately after the marriage ceremony, she was dressed in purple robes and crowned queen. It had been agreed that any sons they might have would have no right to the duchy of Guelders.
     "Queen Mary was granted several castles and the income from many lands from James, which made her independently wealthy. In May 1454, she was present at the siege of Blackness Castle, and when it resulted in the victory of the king, he gave it to her as a gift. She made several donations to charity, such as when she founded a hospital just outside Edinburgh for the indigent; and to religion, such as when she benefited the Franciscan friars in Scotland.
Regency
     "After her husband's death, Mary acted as regent for their son James III of Scotland until her own death three years later. Mary was drawn into the Wars of the Roses taking place in England at this time. She appointed Bishop James Kennedy as her chief advisor; their companionship was described as well-functioning despite the fact that the bishop favoured an alliance with the Lancastrians, while Mary at first wanted to continue playing off the warring parties in England against each other.[5]
     "While Mary was still mourning the death of King James II, the Lancastrian Queen Margaret of Anjou fled north across the border seeking refuge from the Yorkists. Mary sympathetically aided Margaret and took Edward of Westminster into her household to keep them out of Yorkist hands.
     "Mary's dealings with Margaret were mainly to provide aid to the deposed queen. Mary gave a number of Scottish troops to help Margaret and the Lancastrian cause. Mary and Margaret also organised a betrothal between Margaret's son Edward and Mary's daughter Margaret in 1461. In return for her support, Mary asked for the town of Berwick on the Anglo-Scottish border, which Margaret was willing to give up.
     "Relations between the two women deteriorated, however, with the increasingly friendly alliance between King Edward IV of England and Duke Philip of Burgundy. Any support by Mary for Margaret, Edward's enemy, threatened the alliance that Duke Philip wanted with King Edward IV against the French King Louis XI.
     "Edward IV tried to put a stop to Mary's support of Margaret by proposing marriage to the widowed queen, which Mary rejected. Mary's uncle, Duke Philip, pressured her to call off the betrothal of her daughter and Prince Edward, to Margaret's disappointment. In 1462, she paid the Lancastrian royals to leave Scotland and made peace with Edward IV. She also hinted at the possibility of a marriage between herself and the new English king. Mary, reportedly, had several affairs during her period as regent, notably one with the Lord Hailes.[6]
     "Mary went ahead with James II's plan to build a castle on land at Ravenscraig, designed to withstand the use of artillery, and lived in it while it was under construction until her death.[7]
Trinity College Church
     "Mary founded Trinity College Church ca. 1460 in memory of her husband. The church, located in the area now known as Edinburgh's Old Town, was demolished in 1848 to make way for Waverley station, although it was partially reconstructed on a different site in 1870 under the name Trinity Apse. Mary was buried in the church, and her coffin was moved to Holyrood Abbey in 1848.
Issue
     "James and Mary had seven children together:
** An unnamed son. (Both born and died on 19 May 1450).
** James III of Scotland (1451–1488).
** Mary (May 1453-May 1488), who married first Thomas Boyd, 1st Earl of Arran, and secondly James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton. She became the mother of ** James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran.
** Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany (c. 1454 - 1485).
** Margaret, who married William Crichton, 3rd Lord Crichton of Auchingoul. She became the mother of Margaret Crichton and mother-in-law of George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes.
** David Stewart, Earl of Moray (c. 1456 - 1457). He was created Earl of Moray on 12 February 1456.
** John Stewart, 1st Earl of Mar and Garioch (c. 1459 - 1479).
Notes
1. Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034-1714. Tuckwell Press. pp. 57–58.
2. Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034-1714. pp. 57–58.
3. Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034-1714. p. 60.
4. Grants "Old and New Edinburgh"
5. Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034-1714. p. 66.
6. Anne Echols, Marty Williams: An annotated index of medieval women
7. Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034-1714. p. 67.
References
** Haeger, Knut (1982), Skotsk krönika (A Scottish Chronicle) (in Swedish), Stockholm, ISBN 91-20-06736-4
** Thomas Finlayson Henderson (1893). "Mary (d.1463)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.) Dictionary of National Biography. 36. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
** Marshall, Rosalind Kay (2003), Scottish Queens, 1034–1714, Tuckwell, ISBN 9781862322714
** Weir, Alison (1995), Lancaster and York: The War of the Roses, London, ISBN 978-0-09-954017-5
** Richard Oram: The Kings and Queens of Scotland
** Timothy Venning: The Kings and Queens of Scotland
** Mike Ashley: British Kings and Queens
** Elizabeth Ewan, Sue Innes and Sian Reynolds: The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women."¹⁶ Marie van Gelre was also known as Marie van Egmond.⁷

; Per Med Lands: "MARIA van Gelre ([1432]-1 Dec 1463). m (3 Jul 1449) JAMES II King of Scotland, son of JAMES I King of Scotland & his wife Joan Beaufort (16 Oct 1430-Roxburgh 3 Aug 1460, bur Holyrood)."
Med Lands cites no sources.³

     Arnold van Egmond Duke of Geldern, Graaf van Zutphen was born on 14 July 1410 at Egmond-Binnen, Bergen Municipality, Noord-Holland, Netherlands.^{2,3,4,10,11,6} He married Katharina von Kleve, daughter of Adolf I-II (?) Herzog von Kleve, Graf von la Marck und Ravenstein and Marie (?) Duchess of Burgundy. Duchess of Cleves, on 26 January 1430 at Kleve, Kreis Kleve, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (now),
;
Med Lands says: "m contract 22 Jul 1423, Kleve 26 Jan 1430."^{2,3,5,4,12,13,6}
Arnold van Egmond Duke of Geldern, Graaf van Zutphen died on 23 February 1473 at Grave, Grave Municipality, Noord-Braban, Netherlands, at age 62.^{2,3,4,11,5,10,6}
Arnold van Egmond Duke of Geldern, Graaf van Zutphen was buried after 23 February 1473 at Sint-Elisabethkerk, Grave, Grave Municipality, Noord-Braban, Netherlands; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     14 Jul 1410, Egmond-Binnen, Bergen Municipality, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
     DEATH     23 Feb 1473 (aged 62), Grave, Grave Municipality, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
     Duke of Guelders, Count of Zutphen.
     Family Members
     Parents
          Jan van Egmond unknown–1451
          Maria van Arkel unknown–1415
     Spouse
          Katharina von Kleve van Egmond 1417–1479
     Siblings
          Willem van Egmond 1412–1483
     Children
          Willem van Egmond unknown–1434
          Mary of Guelders 1432–1463
          Adolf van Egmond 1438–1477
          Katharina von Geldern 1440–1497
     BURIAL     Sint-Elisabethkerk, Grave, Grave Municipality, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
     Created by: Todd Whitesides
     Added: 3 May 2015
     Find A Grave Memorial 145959497.¹⁰
      ; Per Genealogics:
     "Arnold was born in 1410, the son of Jan II, Heer van Egmond, and Maria van Arkel. As a thirteen-year-old Arnold inherited the duchy of Gelre from Reinald IV, duke of Gelre and Jülich (the brother of Arnold's maternal grandmother Johanna von Jülich) who had died in 1423 having no legitimate progeny. At first his own father, Jan van Egmond, acted as regent. Emperor Sigismund had confirmed this succession in 1424, but already in 1425 he revoked his confirmation and appointed Duke Adolf II of Jülich and Berg as duke of Gelre. A long war resulted, because Arnold also raised claims to Jülich. On the feast day of St. Hubertus, 3 November 1444, the forces of Gerhard VII, duke of Jülich and Berg, successor to his uncle Adolf II who had died in 1437, defeated Arnold at the battle of Linnich. However at the end of the war the House of Egmond was able to reassert its right to Gelre.
     "On 26 January 1430 Arnold married the ambitious Catharina von Kleef, second of ten children of Adolf I, Herzog von Kleef and Marie de Bourgogne. Arnold and Catharina had five children, of whom his son Adolf and three daughters would have offspring. He also had numerous illegitimate children.
     "Arnold was in continual conflict with his towns, especially Nijmegen, and because he imposed oppressive taxes on the land, a conspiracy formed against him in which his wife Catharina and his son Adolf took part. In the beginning Arnold prevailed, and Adolf had to leave the duchy; however, after he returned he seized his father through treachery in 1465 and held him in close captivity at the castle of Büren. Charles 'the Bold', duke of Burgundy, used the pretext of the widespread disapproval of Adolf's cruelty to intervene; he forced Adolf to release his father, who pawned his duchy of Gelre to Charles for 300,000 golden Rhine guilders in December 1472.
     "Arnold died on 23 February 1473 at Grave, and was buried there."⁵

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Arnold of Egmond (14 July 1410 – 23 February 1473) was Duke of Guelders, Count of Zutphen.
     "Arnold was born in Egmond-Binnen, North Holland, the son of John II of Egmond and Maria van Arkel.
     "On 11 July 1423, Arnold, still a boy, succeeded Duke Reinald IV. Arnold was the grandson of Reinald's sister, Johanna. Although the Emperor Sigismund had invested the Duke of Berg with the duchy of Gelders, Arnold retained the confidence of the Estates by enlarging their privileges, and enjoyed the support of Duke Philip of Burgundy. Arnold was betrothed, and afterwards united in marriage to Catherine of Cleves, a niece of Philip of Burgundy. Subsequently, however, Duke Arnold fell out with his ally as to the succession to the see of Utrecht, whereupon Philip joined with the four chief towns of Guelders[1] in the successful attempt of Arnold's son Adolf to substitute his own for his father's authority. Arnold gave up his claim on J?lich only after his defeat in 1444 by Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg.[2]
     "When Charles the Bold became Duke of Burgundy in 1467, after rejecting a compromise, Adolph was thrown into prison. Arnold, against the will of the towns and the law of the land, pledged his duchy to Charles for 300,000 Rhenish florins (1471). [2] Upon Arnold's death two years later at Grave, Charles took possession of the duchy, starting a series of wars that would last more than 70 years.
Family and children
     "He was married in Cleves on 26 January 1430 to Catherine of Cleves (1417-1479), daughter of Adolph IV, Duke of Cleves and Marie of Burgundy and great-aunt of Anne of Cleves. Their children were:[3]
** Mary[4] (c. 1431–1463), married 3 July 1449 to James II, King of Scots
** William (born c. 1434), died young
** Margaret (c. 1436–1486, Simmern), married on 16 August 1454 to Frederick I, Count of Palatine-Simmern.
** Adolf (1438–1477)
** Catherine (1439–1496), Regent of Geldern in 1477–1481. She was married secretly in 1464 to Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège.
References
1. Richard Vaughan (2002). Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy. Boydell Press. pp. 292–. ISBN 978-0-85115-917-1.
2. Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG. Künker Auktion 121 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins. Numismatischer Verlag Künker. pp. 320–. GGKEY:XA7PPK6ZHF7.
3. Familytree for Arnold of Egmond
4. S. Jansen (17 October 2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 262–. ISBN 978-0-230-60211-3."¹¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "ARNOLD van Egmond (1410-Grave 23 Feb 1473, bur Grave). He succeeded his maternal great-uncle in 1423 as Duke of Gelre. Graaf van Zutphen.
     "m (contract 22 Jul 1423, Kleve 26 Jan 1430) KATHARINA von Kleve, daughter of ADOLF Duke of Kleve (25 May 1417-Lobith 10 Feb 1479, bur Kleve). Wernher Teschenmacher’s Annales Cliviæ (1630s) records the birth “die Urbani...in Maio” 1417 of “Catharina” and her betrothal 1423 to “Arnholdo Egmundano Geldriæ ducis”[1191]. The marriage contract between "Arnolt...hertoige van Gelre ind van Gulich ind greue van Sutphen" and "Adolph...hertoige van Cleue ind greue van der Marke [...Marien van Burgundien...oirre moider]...Katherynen...htmhter" is dated 22 Jul 1423[1192]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "KATHARINA ([Kleve 25 May 1417]-Lobith 10 Feb 1479). Wernher Teschenmacher’s Annales Cliviæ (1630s) records the birth “die Urbani...in Maio” 1417 of “Catharina” and her betrothal 1423 to “Arnholdo Egmundano Geldriæ ducis”[1303]. The marriage contract between "Arnolt...hertoige van Gelre ind van Gulich ind greue van Sutphen" and "Adolph...hertoige van Cleue ind greue van der Marke [...Marien van Burgundien...oirre moider]...Katherynen...htmhter" is dated 22 Jul 1423[1304].
     "m (contract 22 Jul 1423, Kleve 26 Jan 1430) ARNOLD van Egmont Duke of Gelre, son of JAN [II] van Egmond & his wife Maria van Arkel (1410-Grave 23 Feb 1473, bur Grave). "
Med Lands cites: He was Duke of Gueldres between 1423 and 1465.^14,5

     James III Stewart King of Scots was born on 10 July 1451 at Stirling, Scotland; Genealogy.EU Stuart 1 page says b. 10.7.1453.^6,7,2,1 He married Margarete (?) of Denmark, daughter of Christian I (?) King of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Dorothea (?) Markgräfin von Brandenburg, on 13 July 1469 at Holyrood Castle, Edinburgh, Mid-Lothian, England.^{6,8,9,2,10,11,1}

James III Stewart King of Scots died on 11 June 1488 at Saunchieburn, Stirlingshire, Scotland, at age 36; Genealogy.EU Stuart 1 page says d. in Milltown.^12,8,1
James III Stewart King of Scots was buried after 11 June 1488 at Cambuskenneth Abbey, Scotland.^13,1
      ; JAMES III, KING OF SCOTS; b 10 July 1451, was crowned at Kelso, 1460, was of artistic temperament, was defeated at Sauchieburn by the rebellious lords led by the Earl of Angus and Ld Home, and stabbed to death after being thrown from his horse after leaving the battlefield, 11 June 1488. He m 13 July 1469, Margaret (who d 14 July 1486), dau of Christian I, King of Denmark, and by her had three sons.²

; JAMES III, King of Scots (1460-88), *Stirling 10.7.1453, +Milltown 11.6.1488, bur Cambuskenneth Abbey, Stirlingshire; m.13.7.1469 Margarethe of Denmark (*23.6.1456 +14.7.1486.)¹ He and Marion Livingstone were associated; per van de pas: "Affair with."¹⁴ James III Stewart King of Scots was King of the Scots, JAMES III, a feeble figure, was kidnapped (1466) by Lord Boyd, who ruled as governor (by vote of parliament). The Orkneys and Shetlands were acquired from Norway (1472). France kept Scotland in contact with the Continent. between 3 August 1460 and 11 June 1488.^7,6,15,13 He Crowned.^13,2

     Margarete (?) of Denmark was born on 23 June 1456.^6,2 She married James III Stewart King of Scots, son of James II Stewart King of Scotland and Marie van Gelre, on 13 July 1469 at Holyrood Castle, Edinburgh, Mid-Lothian, England.^{6,1,7,3,8,2,9}

Margarete (?) of Denmark died on 14 April 1486 at age 29; Weis says d. 14 Apr 1486; Genealogy.EU Oldenburg 2 page says d. bef 14.7.1486.^6,2

     Margaret Stewart married Sir John Drummond of Innerpeffray, son of Sir John Drummond of Innerpeffry.
Margaret Stewart was born circa 1497.^2,1 She married John Gordon Lord Gordon, Master of Huntly, son of Alexander Gordon 3rd Earl of Huntly and Lady Jean/Janet Stewart, in November 1512.^3,1,4

      ; Margaret (whose mother, Margaret, dau of John, 1st Ld Drummond (see PERTH, E), was poisoned to prevent her being made the third Drummond Queen); b 1497; m 1st, John, Ld Gordon and Master of Huntly (see HUNTLY, M); and 2nd, Sir John Drummond of Innerpeffray .¹