Person Page - 413

     Clemency Standish married Sir John Radcliffe of OrdsalL, son of Sir John Radcliffe of Ordsall and Margaret de Trafford, circa 13 March 1396.^3,2,1,4

      ; Clemency, dau of Hugh de Standish, of Duxbury, Lancs.¹ GAV-16.

.³

     GAV-17.

Hugh de Standish Esq., of Duxbury, Lancs lived at Duxbury, Lancashire, England.¹

Hugh de Standish Esq., of Duxbury, Lancs lived at Standish, England.²

     Isabella Radcliffe married Sir James (?) Knt., of Brixworth, Northants, son of Sir William (?) and Elizabeth Pilkington.^4,3,1,2

Isabella Radcliffe died on 20 June 1497.⁴
     GAV-14.

; Isabel; m Sir James Harrington, of Wolfedge, Northants.³ Isabella Radcliffe was also known as Isabel de Radclyffe.³

.⁴

     Sir James (?) Knt., of Brixworth, Northants married Isabella Radcliffe, daughter of Sir Alexander Radcliffe Knt., of OrdsalL and Agnes (?).^3,4,2,5
Sir James (?) Knt., of Brixworth, Northants was born in 1448.⁶
Sir James (?) Knt., of Brixworth, Northants died on 26 June 1479.³
     Reference: Weis: line 35-36, p. 40; line 34-37, p. 38.⁷ GAV-14.

.³ Sir James (?) Knt., of Brixworth, Northants was also known as Sir James Harrington of Wolfedge, Northants.⁴

     Althelreda (?) of Dunbar, Queen of the Scots married Duncan II (?) King of Scots, son of Máel-Coluim (Malcolm III) mac Donnchada "Canmore") (?) King of Scotland (Alba) and Ingibiorg Finnsdottir av Austraat og Halland (?), circa 1090.^{7,2,1,8,9,4,5}
Althelreda (?) of Dunbar, Queen of the Scots married Waltheof (?), son of Gillemin (?), after 1094
;
Her 2nd husband.⁵
Althelreda (?) of Dunbar, Queen of the Scots was buried at Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown
     DEATH     unknown
     Family Members
     Spouse
          Donnchadh Duncan II 1060–1094
     BURIAL     Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
     Created by: Brett Williams
     Added: 29 Dec 2011
     Find a Grave Memorial 82609354.¹⁰
      ; This is the same person as ”Ethelreda, daughter of Gospatric” at Wikipedia.¹¹

Reference: Genealogics cites:

Reference: Weis [1992:43] Line 40-23.¹² Althelreda (?) of Dunbar, Queen of the Scots was also known as Eythelreda.¹³ Althelreda (?) of Dunbar, Queen of the Scots was also known as Uchtreda (?)¹¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "ETHELREDA (bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). A memorandum dated to [1275] records that "Earl Cospatryk formerly earl of Dunbar in Scotland had a brother Dolfin earl of Northumbarland…both…bastards", that they had "a legitimate brother Waldeve and a legitimate sister Etheldreda…of one father and one mother"[1420]. No other information has been found to identify Ethelreda’s mother more precisely. Her marriage to the heir to the Scottish throne does suggest that she must have been legitimate. However, that suggestion appears inconsistent with her sharing the same mother as Gospatrick’s son Waltheof, in relation to whom there do seem to be indications of his illegitimacy whatever is stated in the [1275] memorandum. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Waldevus filius comitis Cospatricii” enfeoffed “Waldeve filio Gileminii” with property and “Ethreda sorore sua”[1421]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” succeeded his cousin “Alanus filius Waldevi”[1422]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. It is assumed that Duncan was Ethelreda’s first husband and Waltheof her second husband.
     "m firstly ([1090]) DUNCAN of Scotland, son of MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland & his first wife --- ([1060]-murdered Monthechim/Mondynes, Kincardineshire 12 Nov 1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He succeeded in 1094 as DUNCAN II King of Scotland.
     "m secondly WALTHEOF, son of GILLEMIN & his wife ---. "
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "DUNCAN ([1060/65]-murdered Monthechim/Mondynes, Kincardineshire 12 Nov 1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). William of Malmesbury names Duncan as illegitimate son of King Malcolm, when recording that he was knighted by William II King of England[329]. There is no indication of the identity of Duncan's mother, as explained above. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a child when given as a hostage in 1072, which precludes his being the son of Queen Margaret. It is possible that he was illegitimate, although there is no indication that he was thereby excluded from succession to the throne. "Dunecanus fili regii Malcolum constans hereditarie rex Scotie" donated property to the monks of St Cuthbert for the souls of his father, "fratri mei, uxore mea et infans mei" (all unnamed), by charter dated 1093, witnessed by "Eadgari, [Etheread], Aceard, Ulf, Malcolub[330], Hormer, Heming, Ælfric, Teodbold, Earnulf"[331]. The copy in Early Scottish Charters lists the witnesses in a different order, and adds "Grentonis…Vinget"[332]. He was given as a hostage to William I King of England at Abernethy in 1072 to guarantee his father's good behaviour[333]. The Annals of Ulster record that the "French went into Scotland and brought away the son of the king of Scotland as hostage" in 1072[334], which presumably refers to Duncan as any of his half-brothers (if then born) would have been infants at the time. He was kept in Normandy. Florence of Worcester records that Robert III "Curthose" Duke of Normandy released "Ulfam Haroldi quondam regis Anglorum filium, Dunechaldumque regis Scottorum Malcolmi filium" from custody after his father's death in Sep 1087, knighted them and allowed them to leave Normandy[335]. He joined William II King of England and remained at his court in England[336]. Florence of Worcester records that Duncan served in the army of King William II, who supported his bid to depose his uncle, and to whom Duncan swore fealty before leaving for Scotland[337]. He deposed his uncle in 1094 and proclaimed himself DUNCAN II King of Scotland[338]. Florence of Worcester records that "Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem" was elected king after his brother's death but that "filius regis Malcolmi Dunechain" expelled "patruum suum Dufenaldum"[339]. The Annals of Inisfallen record that "Domnall son of Donnchadh” killed “Donnchadh son of Mael Coluim king of Alba” in 1094 and “took the kingship of Alba”[340]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland, was treacherously killed by his own brothers Domnall and Edmond" in 1094[341]. William of Malmesbury records that King Duncan was "murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald"[342]. Florence of Worcester records that "Scotti regem…Dunechan" was killed in [1094][343]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Donechat mac Malcolm" was killed "a Malpeder Mackcolm comite de Merns in Monacheden" through the treachery of "Donald mac Donehat"[344]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Duncan, King Malcolm’s illegitimate son" was "slain at Monthechin by the Earl of Mernys…Malpetri, in Scottish, Malpedir, through the wiles of his uncle Donald" as was buried "in the island of Iona"[345].
     "m ([1090]) ETHELREDA of Northumberland, daughter of GOSPATRICK Earl of Northumberland & his wife --- (bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Waldevus filius comitis Cospatricii” enfeoffed “Waldeve filio Gileminii” with property and “Ethreda sorore sua”[346]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” succeeded her nephew “Alanus filius Waldevi”[347]. It is assumed that Duncan was Ethelreda’s first husband and Waltheof her second husband. She married secondly Waltheof."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Dunkeld): “C1. [1m.] Duncan II, King of Scotland (1094), *ca 1060, +k.a.Monthecin 12.11.1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife; m.ca 1090/94 Ethelreda (+after 1094), dau.of Gospatrick, Earl of Northumbria”.¹⁴

     Duncan II (?) King of Scots was born circa 1045; Genealogics says b. ca 1045; Med Lands says b. 1060/65.^10,11,2,5,6 He married Althelreda (?) of Dunbar, Queen of the Scots, daughter of Gospatric I (?) Earl of Northumberland, 1st Earl of Dunbar, Lord of Carlisle and Allerdale, circa 1090.^{12,3,2,5,6,13,14}

Duncan II (?) King of Scots died on 12 November 1094 at Monthecin (Mondynes), Scotland; died in battle.^10,11,2,5
Duncan II (?) King of Scots was buried after 12 November 1094 at St Oran's Chapel Cemetery-the Reilig Ourain, Isle of Iona, Argyll and Bute, Scotland; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     1060, Perth and Kinross, Scotland
     DEATH     12 Nov 1094 (aged 33–34), City of Edinburgh, Scotland
     Scottish Monarch. Son of Malcolm III Canmore and his first queen, Ingibiorg of Orkney. He married Ethelreda of Northumberland in 1090, by whom he had one son, William, Earl of Moray. Duncan deposed his uncle, Donald III, but reigned for only 6 months before he was killed on his uncle's orders at the battle of Mondoynes. He was 35. Bio by: Kristen Conrad
     Family Members
     Parents
          Malcolm III 1031–1093
     Spouse
          Octreda Of Northumberland
     Siblings
          Edward Prince of Scotland 1068–1093
          Edmund of Scotland 1070–1105
          Aethelred of Scotland 1072–1093
          Edgar, King of Scots 1074–1107
          Alexander I, King of Scots 1077–1124
          Matilda Dunkeld 1079–1118
          David I, King of Scots 1080–1153
          Mary Canmore 1082–1116
     BURIAL     St Oran's Chapel Cemetery-the Reilig Ourain, Isle of Iona, Argyll and Bute, Scotland
     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Originally Created by: Kristen Conrad
     Added: 6 Apr 2004
     Find a Grave Memorial 8607678.¹⁵
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "ETHELREDA (bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). A memorandum dated to [1275] records that "Earl Cospatryk formerly earl of Dunbar in Scotland had a brother Dolfin earl of Northumbarland…both…bastards", that they had "a legitimate brother Waldeve and a legitimate sister Etheldreda…of one father and one mother"[1420]. No other information has been found to identify Ethelreda’s mother more precisely. Her marriage to the heir to the Scottish throne does suggest that she must have been legitimate. However, that suggestion appears inconsistent with her sharing the same mother as Gospatrick’s son Waltheof, in relation to whom there do seem to be indications of his illegitimacy whatever is stated in the [1275] memorandum. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Waldevus filius comitis Cospatricii” enfeoffed “Waldeve filio Gileminii” with property and “Ethreda sorore sua”[1421]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” succeeded his cousin “Alanus filius Waldevi”[1422]. The primary source which confirms her second marriage has not yet been identified. It is assumed that Duncan was Ethelreda’s first husband and Waltheof her second husband.
     "m firstly ([1090]) DUNCAN of Scotland, son of MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland & his first wife --- ([1060]-murdered Monthechim/Mondynes, Kincardineshire 12 Nov 1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). He succeeded in 1094 as DUNCAN II King of Scotland.
     "m secondly WALTHEOF, son of GILLEMIN & his wife ---. "
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites: Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London, 1973. 314.⁵

; This is the same person as ”Duncan II of Scotland” at Wikipedia.¹⁶

Reference: Weis [1992:149] Line 171-21.¹⁷ Duncan II (?) King of Scots was also known as Donnchad mac Máil Coluim (?) King of Scots.

; Per Med Lands:
     "DUNCAN ([1060/65]-murdered Monthechim/Mondynes, Kincardineshire 12 Nov 1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). William of Malmesbury names Duncan as illegitimate son of King Malcolm, when recording that he was knighted by William II King of England[329]. There is no indication of the identity of Duncan's mother, as explained above. His birth date is estimated on the assumption that he was a child when given as a hostage in 1072, which precludes his being the son of Queen Margaret. It is possible that he was illegitimate, although there is no indication that he was thereby excluded from succession to the throne. "Dunecanus fili regii Malcolum constans hereditarie rex Scotie" donated property to the monks of St Cuthbert for the souls of his father, "fratri mei, uxore mea et infans mei" (all unnamed), by charter dated 1093, witnessed by "Eadgari, [Etheread], Aceard, Ulf, Malcolub[330], Hormer, Heming, Ælfric, Teodbold, Earnulf"[331]. The copy in Early Scottish Charters lists the witnesses in a different order, and adds "Grentonis…Vinget"[332]. He was given as a hostage to William I King of England at Abernethy in 1072 to guarantee his father's good behaviour[333]. The Annals of Ulster record that the "French went into Scotland and brought away the son of the king of Scotland as hostage" in 1072[334], which presumably refers to Duncan as any of his half-brothers (if then born) would have been infants at the time. He was kept in Normandy. Florence of Worcester records that Robert III "Curthose" Duke of Normandy released "Ulfam Haroldi quondam regis Anglorum filium, Dunechaldumque regis Scottorum Malcolmi filium" from custody after his father's death in Sep 1087, knighted them and allowed them to leave Normandy[335]. He joined William II King of England and remained at his court in England[336]. Florence of Worcester records that Duncan served in the army of King William II, who supported his bid to depose his uncle, and to whom Duncan swore fealty before leaving for Scotland[337]. He deposed his uncle in 1094 and proclaimed himself DUNCAN II King of Scotland[338]. Florence of Worcester records that "Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem" was elected king after his brother's death but that "filius regis Malcolmi Dunechain" expelled "patruum suum Dufenaldum"[339]. The Annals of Inisfallen record that "Domnall son of Donnchadh” killed “Donnchadh son of Mael Coluim king of Alba” in 1094 and “took the kingship of Alba”[340]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Donnchad son of Mael Coluim, king of Scotland, was treacherously killed by his own brothers Domnall and Edmond" in 1094[341]. William of Malmesbury records that King Duncan was "murdered by the wickedness of his uncle Donald"[342]. Florence of Worcester records that "Scotti regem…Dunechan" was killed in [1094][343]. The Chronicle of the Picts and Scots dated 1251 records that "Donechat mac Malcolm" was killed "a Malpeder Mackcolm comite de Merns in Monacheden" through the treachery of "Donald mac Donehat"[344]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that "Duncan, King Malcolm’s illegitimate son" was "slain at Monthechin by the Earl of Mernys…Malpetri, in Scottish, Malpedir, through the wiles of his uncle Donald" as was buried "in the island of Iona"[345].
     "m ([1090]) ETHELREDA of Northumberland, daughter of GOSPATRICK Earl of Northumberland & his wife --- (bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife). The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Waldevus filius comitis Cospatricii” enfeoffed “Waldeve filio Gileminii” with property and “Ethreda sorore sua”[346]. The Cronicon Cumbriæ records that “Ethreda sorore Waldevi patris sui” married “Doncani comes de Murrayse” and that their son “Willielmus” succeeded her nephew “Alanus filius Waldevi”[347]. It is assumed that Duncan was Ethelreda’s first husband and Waltheof her second husband. She married secondly Waltheof."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Dunkeld): “C1. [1m.] Duncan II, King of Scotland (1094), *ca 1060, +k.a.Monthecin 12.11.1094, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife; m.ca 1090/94 Ethelreda (+after 1094), dau.of Gospatrick, Earl of Northumbria”.¹⁸ He was King of Scotland: [Ashley, p. 401] DUNCAN II Scotland, May-12 November 1094. Born: c1 060. Died (in battle): 12 November 1094 at Monthecin, aged 33 or 34. Buried: Dunfermline Abbey. Married: c1 090, Ethelreda, dau. Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria: 1 son. Duncan was the eldest son of MALCOLM III and his first wife Ingibiorg, and was thus the half-brother of the earls of Orkney, PAUL and ERLEND Thorfinnson. He may at some stage have been regarded as the heir to the throne, especially as he was taken as hostage by WILLIAM I, during one of Malcolm's many incursions into Norman territory in 1072. This suggests that Malcolm must have later disinherited Duncan in favour of his children by his second wife, Margaret, because he had no qualms in invading England in 1079 regardless of Duncan's welfare. Duncan was not released from the English courts until after the death of William I in 1087, having spent at least fifteen years immersed in Norman life. He seems to have been on good terms with William's son (later WILLIAM II) who was of a similar age. Duncan stayed in England after his release, marrying the daughter of the earl of Northumbria, and showed little interest in the Scottish throne. However, after DONALD BANE usurped the throne following Malcolm's death, there was a period of hostility against the Norman and Saxon exiles who had sought refuge in Scotland. William Rufus wanted an ally on the Scottish throne and he encouraged Duncan to claim his birthright. Equipped with an army of Norman knights, Duncan invaded Scotland, defeated Donald and drove him into exile. Duncan, however, was not welcomed by the Scots who saw in him a Norman puppet. They forced him to dismiss the Anglo-Norman retainers upon whom he relied. Thus weakened he became easy prey to Donald Bane's resurgence, and Duncan was killed in battle at Monthecin (or Mondynes) south of Stonehaven in November, after a rule of less than seven months. It is somewhat tragic that neither Duncan nor Donald, who were nephew and uncle, had shown any interest in the Scottish throne until forced into action by their respective supporters. They were little more than pawns in the battle between Gaelic tradition and the encroaching power of the Normans. in 1094.^10,19,11

     Ingibiorg Finnsdottir av Austraat og Halland (?) died; The Henry Project says d. 18 May bef 1058?; Genealogy.EU (MacAlpine and Dunkeld) say d bef 1070; In an email chain with Ravilious M. Sjostrom wrote: "Ingibiorg is presumed to have died in around 1069 as Malcolm married Margaret, sister of Edgar Ætheling, in about 1070. It may be, however, that she died before Malcolm became king, as an Ingeborg comitissa appears in the Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis, a list of those monks and notables from whom prayers were said at Durham, alongside persons known to have died around 1058. If Ingibiorg was never Queen, it would help to explain the apparent ignorance of her existence displayed by Scots chroniclers."^13,14,15,16 She married Gillecomgain (?) mórmaer of Moray, son of Maelbrigte (?),
;
Possibly her 1st husband. Dunnett mentions this marriage. None of my other sources show it. Specifically, Genealogics, Med Lands, Genealogy.EU, The Henry Project, Wikipedia and Wikipedia (NO), all only mention her marriages m1 to Thorfinn and m2 to Malcolm III.^{4,5,6,14,15,13,17,18} Ingibiorg Finnsdottir av Austraat og Halland (?) was born circa 1030 at Osteraat, Yrje, Norway; Dunnett says b. ca 1015; Genealogics says b. ca 1030; Med Lands says b. 1030/35.^4,5,6 She married Thorfinn II "the Black" Sigurdsson (?) Jarl of Orkney, Mormaer of Caithness, son of Sigurd II Lodvisonn 'Digri'/the Stout' (?) Jarl of Orkney, Lord of caithness and Donada (?), between 1045 and 1050
;
Her 1st or 2nd husband.^{7,1,4,19,5,6,20,21} Ingibiorg Finnsdottir av Austraat og Halland (?) married Máel-Coluim (Malcolm III) mac Donnchada "Canmore") (?) King of Scotland (Alba), son of Duncan I "the Gracious" (Donnchad mac Crínáin) (?) King of Scotland and Suthen (?) of Northumbria, before 1058.^{7,8,13,5,6,22,23}

      ; Per Genealogy.EU (Dunkeld): “B1. Malcolm III Canmore, King of Strathclyde (1034-40), King of Scotland (1058-93) -cr 25.4.1058 Scone Abbey, *ca 1031, +k.a.nr Alnwick, Northumberland 13.11.1093, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife; 1m: ca 1059 Ingiborg Finnsdotter (+before 1070), dau.of Finn Arnarsson of Vjar, Jarl of Halland; 2m: Dunfermline Abbey ca 1069 St.Margaret of England (*ca 1045, +16.11.1093)”.²

; Per Med Lands:
     "MALCOLM, son of DUNCAN I King of Scotland & his wife [Sibylla of Northumbria] (1031-killed in battle near Alnwick, Northumberland 13 Nov 1093[306], bur Tynemouth St Albans[307], transferred to Dunfermline Abbey, Fife[308], transferred again to Escorial, Madrid). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum names "Malcolaim filii Donnchada" in one of its lists[309]. The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Moelcol…filius Donchael" succeeded Lulach in 1058[310]. [Florence of Worcester records that "dux Northhymbrorum Siwardus" defeated "rege Scottorum Macbeotha" in battle, dated to 1054, and installed "Malcolmum regis Cumbrorum filium" in his place[311]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Siwardus" put "Macbeth" to flight in 1054 and installed "Malcolmum rege" in the following year[312]. It is not clear that these two accounts refer to the future King Malcolm III: it is uncertain why King Malcolm would be called "regis Cumbrorum filium".] The Annals of Tigernach record that “Lulach rí Alban” was killed by “Mael-Coluimb, son of Donnchad” in 1058[313]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Malcolm recaptured his kingdom with the help of "Siward Earl of Northumberland" and killed "Machabeus" 5 Dec 1056[314]. He succeeded in 1058 as MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland, crowned 25 Apr 1058 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. Duncan cites sources which demonstrate that this nickname was first applied to King Malcolm III in the 13th century[315]. He suggests[316] that it was originally applied to King Malcolm IV who, he asserts, suffered from Paget's disease, involving a deformation of the bones particularly observable in the skull, and was later misapplied to King Malcolm III. King Malcolm supported the claim to the English crown of Edgar ætheling, whose sister he had married, and led plundering raids into England. Florence of Worcester records that he did homage to William I King of England at Abernethy in Aug 1072[317]. The same source records that King Malcolm invaded Northumberland in 1091, but did fealty to Willam II King of England after peace was negotiated between the two kings[318]. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum Malcolmus et primogenitus filius suus Eadwardus" were killed in battle in Northumbria "die S Bricii" [13 Nov] by the army of "Rotberti Northymbrorum comitis"[319]. William of Malmesbury records that he was killed, with his son Edward, by Morael of Bamborough, steward of Robert Mowbray Earl of Northumberland, while leading a raid into England[320]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French in Inber Alda in England"[321].
     "Per Med Lands: [:TAB:]"MALCOLM, son of DUNCAN I King of Scotland & his wife [Sibylla of Northumbria] (1031-killed in battle near Alnwick, Northumberland 13 Nov 1093[306], bur Tynemouth St Albans[307], transferred to Dunfermline Abbey, Fife[308], transferred again to Escorial, Madrid). The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum names "Malcolaim filii Donnchada" in one of its lists[309]. The Chronicon of Marianus Scottus records that "Moelcol…filius Donchael" succeeded Lulach in 1058[310]. [Florence of Worcester records that "dux Northhymbrorum Siwardus" defeated "rege Scottorum Macbeotha" in battle, dated to 1054, and installed "Malcolmum regis Cumbrorum filium" in his place[311]. The Annales Dunelmenses record that "Siwardus" put "Macbeth" to flight in 1054 and installed "Malcolmum rege" in the following year[312]. It is not clear that these two accounts refer to the future King Malcolm III: it is uncertain why King Malcolm would be called "regis Cumbrorum filium".] The Annals of Tigernach record that “Lulach rí Alban” was killed by “Mael-Coluimb, son of Donnchad” in 1058[313]. The Chronicle of John of Fordun records that Malcolm recaptured his kingdom with the help of "Siward Earl of Northumberland" and killed "Machabeus" 5 Dec 1056[314]. He succeeded in 1058 as MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland, crowned 25 Apr 1058 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire. Duncan cites sources which demonstrate that this nickname was first applied to King Malcolm III in the 13th century[315]. He suggests[316] that it was originally applied to King Malcolm IV who, he asserts, suffered from Paget's disease, involving a deformation of the bones particularly observable in the skull, and was later misapplied to King Malcolm III. King Malcolm supported the claim to the English crown of Edgar ætheling, whose sister he had married, and led plundering raids into England. Florence of Worcester records that he did homage to William I King of England at Abernethy in Aug 1072[317]. The same source records that King Malcolm invaded Northumberland in 1091, but did fealty to Willam II King of England after peace was negotiated between the two kings[318]. Florence of Worcester records that "rex Scottorum Malcolmus et primogenitus filius suus Eadwardus" were killed in battle in Northumbria "die S Bricii" [13 Nov] by the army of "Rotberti Northymbrorum comitis"[319]. William of Malmesbury records that he was killed, with his son Edward, by Morael of Bamborough, steward of Robert Mowbray Earl of Northumberland, while leading a raid into England[320]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French in Inber Alda in England"[321]. [:TAB:]"[m] [firstly] ([before 1058]) ---. The identity of the mother of King Malcolm's sons Duncan and Donald is uncertain. The absence of any reference to her in Scottish sources is best explained if her relationship with the king ended before his accession in 1058. However, this is not totally consistent with the estimated birth dates of her sons as shown below. It should be noted that King Duncan II, in his charter dated 1093, makes no reference to his mother, which implies that his father's relationship with her may have been short-lived and informal. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ingibjorg the Earls’-Mother” (Ingibjörg Finnsdatter, widow of Thorfinn "the Black" Jarl of Orkney and Caithness, daughter of Finn Arnisson [later Jarl of Halland in Denmark]) married “Malcolm King of Scots, known as Long-neck” and that “their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William”[322]. There must be considerable doubt about whether this can be correct. Ingibjörg's [first] husband died in [1060/65]. King Malcolm's marriage to Queen Margaret is dated to 1070, three years after her arrival at the Scottish court. Although this provides sufficient time after the death of her first husband for the king to have married Ingebjörg, and for Ingebjörg to have died, the chronology for the birth of two sons would be tight. In addition, it is unlikely that either of these sons was born after [1065], as explained further below. If the king had really married Ingibjörg during this time, and if she had given birth to two sons, the absence of any reference to her in either Scottish or English sources is all the more surprising. It is possible that King Malcolm's marriage to Ingibjörg (if it did take place) was more Danico, implying concubinage rather than regular marriage, but this does not change the chronological difficulties. The one puzzle which remains, if the Saga is not correct, is why the author would have fabricated this detail. [:TAB:]"m [secondly] (Dunfermline Abbey 1070) MARGARET of England, daughter of EDWARD ætheling of England & his wife Agatha --- ([in Hungary] [1046/53]-Edinburgh Castle 16 Nov 1093, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, transferred to Escorial, Madrid, her head bur Jesuit College, Douai). Although Margaret's birth is often placed in [1045/46][323], a later birth would be more consistent with the "German" theory of her mother's origin (as discussed in the document ANGLO-SAXON KINGS). Margaret's birth as late as 1053 would still be consistent with her having given birth to four children before her daughter Edith/Matilda (later wife of Henry I King of England), whose birth is estimated to have taken place in [1079/80]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Margaret left England with her mother in Summer 1067 and found refuge at the court of Malcolm King of Scotland[324]. Florence of Worcester records that "clitone Eadgaro et matre sua Agatha duabusque sororibus suis Margareta et Christina" left England for Scotland, in a passage which deals with events in mid-1068[325]. Florence of Worcester records that "regina Scottorum Margareta" died from grief after learning of the death of her husband and oldest son[326]. The Annals of Ulster record that "his queen Margaret…died of sorrow for him within nine days" after her husband was killed in battle[327]. She was canonised in 1250, her feast day in Scotland is 16 Nov[328]." Med Lands cites: [LIND:][306] Florence of Worcester, 1093, p. 196. [307] MP, Vol. V, 1257, 633. [308] Malmesbury, 250, p. 237. [309] Skene (1867), XVI, Chronicle of the Scots 1165, Cronica Regum Scottorum, p. 133. [310] Mariani Scotti Chronicon 1057, MGH SS V, p. 558. [311] Florentii Wigornensis Monachi Chronicon, Vol. I, p. 212. [312] Annales Dunelmenses 1054, MGH SS XIX, p. 508. [313] Annals of Tigernach II, p. 290. [314] John of Fordun (Skene), Book V, VII, p. 192. [315] Duncan (2002), pp. 51-2. [316] Duncan (2002), p. 75. [317] Florence of Worcester, 1072, p. 177. [318] Florence of Worcester, 1091, p. 193. [319] Florentii Wigornensis Monachi Chronicon, p. 31. [320] Malmesbury, p. 237, footnote 2. [321] Annals of Ulster, 1093.5, p. 529. [322] Orkneyinga Saga 33, p. 76. [323] For example, Weir, A. (2002) Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (Pimlico), p. 186. [324] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, D, 1067. [325] Florentii Wigornensis Monachi Chronicon, p. 2. [326] Florentii Wigornensis Monachi Chronicon, p. 32. [327] Annals of Ulster, 1093.5, p. 529. [328] Attwater, D. (1970) The Penguin Dictionary of Saints (Penguin Books), p. 230.[:LIND] [firstly] ([before 1058]) ---. The identity of the mother of King Malcolm's sons Duncan and Donald is uncertain. The absence of any reference to her in Scottish sources is best explained if her relationship with the king ended before his accession in 1058. However, this is not totally consistent with the estimated birth dates of her sons as shown below. It should be noted that King Duncan II, in his charter dated 1093, makes no reference to his mother, which implies that his father's relationship with her may have been short-lived and informal. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ingibjorg the Earls’-Mother” (Ingibjörg Finnsdatter, widow of Thorfinn "the Black" Jarl of Orkney and Caithness, daughter of Finn Arnisson [later Jarl of Halland in Denmark]) married “Malcolm King of Scots, known as Long-neck” and that “their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William”[322]. There must be considerable doubt about whether this can be correct. Ingibjörg's [first] husband died in [1060/65]. King Malcolm's marriage to Queen Margaret is dated to 1070, three years after her arrival at the Scottish court. Although this provides sufficient time after the death of her first husband for the king to have married Ingebjörg, and for Ingebjörg to have died, the chronology for the birth of two sons would be tight. In addition, it is unlikely that either of these sons was born after [1065], as explained further below. If the king had really married Ingibjörg during this time, and if she had given birth to two sons, the absence of any reference to her in either Scottish or English sources is all the more surprising. It is possible that King Malcolm's marriage to Ingibjörg (if it did take place) was more Danico, implying concubinage rather than regular marriage, but this does not change the chronological difficulties. The one puzzle which remains, if the Saga is not correct, is why the author would have fabricated this detail.
     "m [secondly] (Dunfermline Abbey 1070) MARGARET of England, daughter of EDWARD ætheling of England & his wife Agatha --- ([in Hungary] [1046/53]-Edinburgh Castle 16 Nov 1093, bur Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, transferred to Escorial, Madrid, her head bur Jesuit College, Douai). Although Margaret's birth is often placed in [1045/46][323], a later birth would be more consistent with the "German" theory of her mother's origin (as discussed in the document ANGLO-SAXON KINGS). Margaret's birth as late as 1053 would still be consistent with her having given birth to four children before her daughter Edith/Matilda (later wife of Henry I King of England), whose birth is estimated to have taken place in [1079/80]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Margaret left England with her mother in Summer 1067 and found refuge at the court of Malcolm King of Scotland[324]. Florence of Worcester records that "clitone Eadgaro et matre sua Agatha duabusque sororibus suis Margareta et Christina" left England for Scotland, in a passage which deals with events in mid-1068[325]. Florence of Worcester records that "regina Scottorum Margareta" died from grief after learning of the death of her husband and oldest son[326]. The Annals of Ulster record that "his queen Margaret…died of sorrow for him within nine days" after her husband was killed in battle[327]. She was canonised in 1250, her feast day in Scotland is 16 Nov[328]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Weis: “Malcolm III Canmore, King of Ss 1058-1093, b. 1031, crowned at Scone, 17 Mar. 1057/8, slain whileieging Alnwick Castle,k 13 Nov. 1093; m. (1) 1059, Ingibiorg, dau. of Earl Finn arnason, and wid. of Thorfill Sigurdson, Earl of Orkney; m. (2) Dunfermline, 1068/9, Margaret (1-21), St. Margaret of Scotland, d. 16 Nov. 1093, daul of Prince Edward (1-20) the Exiled, and a descendant of Alfred the Great (1-14), Clovis I (240A-3), Cerdic (1-1), and perhaps Hengist, and ancestress of the royal line of England. (CP V:736, VI:641-642; SP I; 1; Dunbar, 25-34, 280-81. Gens. 12-21: Land (1901) I:546-57. For the whole line above the following sources are given by Ritson, Gens. 2 -20; Cronica regum Scotorum; Nomina regum Scot. et Pirct; Annals of Tigernach (d. 1080, cf. Roderic O'Flaherty, Ogygia, published in Latin, 1685, in English, 1793, pp. 477-478); Duan, a Gaelic of Irish poem, abot 1050. Gens. 4-20: Annalles Ultonianses (Annals of Ulster), a faithful chronology of great antiquity, but uncertain date. Gens. 11-20: Cronica de Mailros (chronicle of Melrose). Gens. 12-22: William of Malmesbury (d. aft. 1142), 56; ASC; Florence of Worcester (d. 1118). Gens. 13-17: Cronica de origine antiquorum Pictonan et Scotorum, ends 994, written at the time of Kenneth II. The Chronicun elegiacum extends to Gen. 20. Gens. 16-20: Historia de Dunelmensis ecclesia, pp. 156-178 (by Turgotus, d.l 1115, or Simon of Durham, d. 1130); Chronicle of Innisfallen; Synchronisms of Flan and Bute (d. 1056); Scala Chronica, 1365).”.²⁴

; Per The Henry Project: “ Ingibjorg Finnsdóttir, d. 18 February before 1058?, widow of Þorfinnr Sigurðarson (Thorfinn), jarl of Orkney. ["Íngibjörg jarla-móðir giptist [eptir andlát Þorfinns jarls] Melkólmi Skota-konúngi, er langháls var kallaðr. Þeirra son var Dungaðr Skota-konúngr, faðir Vilhjálms hins ágæta manns." Orkneyínga Saga, c. 39, Dasent-Vigfusson (1887-), 1: 60; ("Ingibiorg Earls'-mother married [after the death of earl Thorfinn] Malcolm, the Scottish king, who was called Long-neck. Their son was Duncan, the Scottish king, the father of William, the nobleman.") ESSH 2: 4]. Ingibjorg is sometimes erroneously called the daughter of Thorfinn. According to the Orkneyínga Saga, she was a daughter of Finnr Arnasson, a Norwegian Viking ["Þorfinnr jarl átti Íngibjörgu jarla-móður; hón var dóttir Finns Árnasonar." Orkneyínga Saga, c. 37, Dasent-Vigfusson (1887-), 1: 58]. Although Thorfinn is often stated to have died around 1065, there is no good evidence for his date of death, and he could have died considerably earlier. This makes the marriage of Malcolm and Ingibjorg difficult to date. However, Duncan has noted the obituary of an Ingeberga comitissa under 18 February in the Liber Vitae of Durham, who is difficult to identify with anyone else ["[XII. kal. Mart.] Ingeberga comitissa" Obit. Eccles. Dunelm., Lib. Vit. Durham, 141; Duncan (2002), 42-3]. If this is Malcolm's wife, the title of comitissa suggests that Ingibjorg died before Malcom became king. [Spelling note: The "o" in Ingibjorg's name should be an "o-hook" (an "o" with a small right-facing hook attached at the bottom), but it is represented here as an ordinary "o" because I was unable to get the desired letter to display correctly.]”.¹³

; This is the same person as ”Ingibiorg Finnsdottir” at Wikipedia and as ”Ingebjørg Finnsdatter” at Wikipedia (DE).^17,18

Reference: Genealogics cites:
1. Burke's Guide to the Royal Family London, 1973 , Reference: 313.
2. Orkneyinga Saga, The History of the Earls of Orkney Hogarth Press, 1978, Paulson, Herman & Edwards, Paul. biography.⁵ GAV-32.

; Per Med Lands:
     "INGIBJÖRG Finnsdatter ([1030/35]-). Orkneyinga Saga names Earl Thorfinn´s wife as “Ingibjorg, the Earls´-Mother, daughter of Earl Finn Arnason” and niece of Kalf Arnason[30]. Snorre names "Ingebjorg, the earl-mother…a daughter of Fin Arnason" as wife of Earl Thorfin[31]. Morkinskinna records that “Thorfinn jarl [of] Orkney” was married to “Kálfr´s sister Ingibjorg Árnasdóttir” at the time Kalf Arnesson fled Norway[32]. The chronology is certainly tight for Ingibjörg to have been Kalf´s niece, if it is correct that she was already married when Kalf fled Norway, which must be dated to [1040/42] from the context in Morkinskinna. Her birth date is estimated on the basis of the estimated birth dates of her mother and her older son, both of which are restricted. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ingibjorg the Earls´-Mother” (widow of Thorfinn) married “Malcolm King of Scots, known as Long-neck” and that “their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William”[33]. There must be considerable doubt about whether this can be correct. Ingibjörg's [first] husband died in [1060/65]. King Malcolm's marriage to Queen Margaret is dated to 1070, three years after her arrival at the Scottish court. Although this provides sufficient time for the king to have married Ingebjörg, and for Ingebjörg to have died, the chronology for the birth of two sons would be tight. In addition, it is unlikely that either of these sons was born after [1065], as explained in the document SCOTLAND. If the king had really married Ingibjörg during this time, and if she had given birth to two sons, the absence of any reference to her in either Scottish or English sources is all the more surprising. It is possible that King Malcolm's marriage to Ingibjörg (if it did take place) was more Danico, implying concubinage rather than regular marriage, but this does not change the chronological difficulties. The one puzzle which remains, if the Saga is not correct, is why the author would have fabricated this detail.
     "m [firstly] ([1045/50]) THORFINN "the Black" Jarl of Orkney, son of SIGURD "Digri" Jarl of Orkney and Caithness & his wife --- of Scotland ([1009]-[1060/65]]).
     "[m secondly ([1066]) as his first wife, MALCOLM III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland, son of DUNCAN I King of Scotland & his wife Sibylla of Northumbria (1031-killed in battle near Alnwick, Northumberland 13 Nov 1093, bur Tynemouth, later transferred to Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, and later still to Escorial, Madrid).]"
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (MacAlpine): “I2. [2m.] Thorfinn, Jarl of Orkney and Caithness, claimant to the Scottish throne, *ca 1009, +ca 1056; m.Ingiborg (+before 1070), dau.of Finn Arnarsson of Vrjar, Jarl of Halland”.¹⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "THORFINN "the Black", son of SIGURD "Digri" Jarl of Orkney and Caithness & his wife Donada of Scotland ([1009]-[1060/65], bur Birsay, Christchurch). Orkneyinga Saga names “Earl Thorfinn” as the son of Sigurd and his wife “the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots”, adding that his father sent him to Scotland “to be fostered by the King, the boy’s maternal grandfather” when he left for Ireland, and that he was five years old when his father was killed[916]. Snorre names Thorfin as son of "Sigurd the Thick" & his wife, recording that he was five years old when his father was killed[917]. Orkneyinga Saga records that “his grandfather King Malcolm of Scotland” gave “Caithness and Sutherland…[with] the title earl” to Thorfinn and “appointed counsellors to govern with him”[918]. Orkneyinga Saga records that Thorfinn unsuccessfully claimed a share of Orkney from his half-brother Einar after the death of their brother Somerled, but that “when Earl Thorfinn came of age” he reasserted his claim and a settlement was reached through the intervention of their brother Brusi[919]. Assuming that he came of age when around 15 years old, this event would be dated to [1023/24]. This suggested age of majority appears confirmed by a later passage in Orkneyinga Saga which records that “at fifteen [Thorfinn] began leading raiding expeditions abroad”[920]. He succeeded [1030] as sole Jarl of Orkney. He disputed the succession of Duncan I King of Scotland in 1034, joined forces with Macbeth Mormaer of Moray, and obtained dominion over the whole of northern Scotland after the latter's accession in 1040[921]. Having given 1/3 of Orkney to his nephew Ragnvald II in 1036, he expelled the latter in 1046 and became sole Jarl once more. Orkneyinga Saga records the death of Thorfinn “towards the end of the reign of Harald Sigurdarson” (who was killed in 1066) and his burial “at Christchurch, Birsay” which he had built[922]. His date of death is not consistent with the birth of Duncan II King of Scotland, son of Thorfinn's wife by her second marriage, in 1060, unless Thorfinn repudiated his wife before he died.
     "m ([1045/50]) [as her first husband,] INGIBJÖRG Finnsdatter, daughter of FINN Arnesson [later Jarl of Halland in Denmark] & his wife Bergliot Halfdansdatter ([1030/35]-). Orkneyinga Saga names Earl Thorfinn’s wife as “Ingibjorg, the Earls’-Mother, daughter of Earl Finn Arnason” and niece of Kalf Arnason[923]. Snorre names "Ingebjorg, the earl-mother…a daughter of Fin Arnason" as wife of Earl Thorfin[924]. Morkinskinna records that “Thorfinn jarl [of] Orkney” was married to “Kálfr’s sister Ingibjorg Árnasdóttir” at the time Kalf Arnesson fled Norway[925]. The chronology is certainly tight for Ingibjörg to have been Kalf’s niece, if it is correct that she was already married when Kalf fled Norway, which must be dated to [1040/42] from the context in Morkinskinna. Her birth date is estimated on the basis of the estimated birth dates of her mother and her older son, both of which are restricted. Orkneyinga Saga records that “Ingibjorg the Earls’-Mother” (widow of Thorfinn) married “Malcolm King of Scots, known as Long-neck” (Malcolm III "Caennmor/Bighead" King of Scotland) and that “their son was Duncan, King of Scots, father of William”[926]. There must be considerable doubt about whether this can be correct. Ingibjörg's [first] husband died in [1060/65]. King Malcolm's marriage to Queen Margaret is dated to 1070, three years after her arrival at the Scottish court. Although this provides sufficient time after the death of her first husband for the king to have married Ingebjörg, and for Ingebjörg to have died, the chronology for the birth of two sons would be tight. In addition, it is unlikely that either of these sons was born after [1065], as explained in SCOTLAND KINGS. If the king had really married Ingibjörg during this time, and if she had given birth to two sons, the absence of any reference to her in either Scottish or English sources is all the more surprising. It is possible that King Malcolm's marriage to Ingibjörg (if it did take place) was more Danico, implying concubinage rather than regular marriage, but this does not change the chronological difficulties. The one puzzle which remains, if the Saga is not correct, is why the author would have fabricated this detail."
Med Lands cites:

     William Fitz Duncan Earl of Moray, Lord of Skipton was born between 1092 and 1094.⁴ He married Gruaidh (?), daughter of Aed (?) mórmaer of Moray and unknown (?),
; his 1st wife.^8,2,3 William Fitz Duncan Earl of Moray, Lord of Skipton married Alice de Rumilly Lady of Skipton, daughter of William de Meschines Lord of Skipton-in-Craven, co. York and Cecily de Rumilly Lady of Skipton, in 1138
; his 2nd wife.^9,1,3,10
William Fitz Duncan Earl of Moray, Lord of Skipton died between 1153 and 1154.^4,3
     He was Earl of Moray.²

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales Edinburgh, 1977., Gerald Paget, Reference: 154
2. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to Amercia bef.1700 7th Edition, Frederick Lewis Weis, Reference: 43.³

; Weis [AR7] 40-24.⁹

     Alice de Rumilly Lady of Skipton married Alexander Fitz Gerold.⁴
Alice de Rumilly Lady of Skipton married William Fitz Duncan Earl of Moray, Lord of Skipton, son of Duncan II (?) King of Scots and Althelreda (?) of Dunbar, Queen of the Scots, in 1138
; his 2nd wife.^5,6,7,2
Alice de Rumilly Lady of Skipton died in 1187.^5,6
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales Edinburgh, 1977., Gerald Paget, Reference: 154
2. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to Amercia bef.1700 7th Edition, Frederick Lewis Weis, Reference: 43
3. Early Yorkshire Charters, Volume VII, The Honour of Skipton, Based on Manuscripts of the late William Farrer, Charles Travis Clay, editor.² Alice de Rumilly Lady of Skipton was also known as Alice de Meschines.⁸

     Amabel Fitz William Heiress of Egremont and Copeland married Reynold de Lucy, son of NN de Lucy and Avelina (?), before 1162.^8,9,10,4,5

Amabel Fitz William Heiress of Egremont and Copeland died circa 1201.^4,5
     Reference: Genealogics cites:

Reference: Weis [1992:43] Line 40-25.¹¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "AMABEL (-before 1201). The Cronicon Cumbriæ names “prima…Cecilia…secunda Amabilla…tertia Alicia” as the three daughters of “Willielmus”, son of “Doncani comes de Murrayse”, and his wife Alice, adding that Amabel received the honor of Egremont and married “Reginaldo de Lucy”, by whom he fathered “Amabillam et Aliciam, et successit Amabillæ Lambertus de Multon”, the latter being succeeded by “Thomas de Multon de Egremond”[711]. Co-heiress of her brother. Lady of Egremont and Copeland. The Testa de Nevill includes a writ of King John dated 1212 which records that "Robertus de Stutevill" held "villam de Thorpennoi de domino rege" in Cumberland which was "de baronia Alicie de Rumill" and that "Reginaldus de Lucy" had held the land "cum sorore predicte Alicie" and refused homage to "Philippi de Valoines, antecessoris predicti Roberti et uxoris sue"[712].
     "m (before 1162) REYNOLD de Lucy, [713][relative of RICHARD de Lucy, Justiciar of England] (-[1199/1200]). Keeper of Nottingham castle when it was burnt by Earl Ferrers in the rebellion of 1174[714]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU: "E3. Amabel FitzDuncan; m.Reginald de Lucy (+1079.)¹²"

     Elfleda|Aelflaed (?) was born circa 878.² She married Edward I "the Elder" (?) King of Wessex, son of Alfred "the Great" (?) King of England and Ealhswith (?) of Mercia, circa 900
;
His 2nd wife.^{11,5,12,13,14,3}
Elfleda|Aelflaed (?) died in 918.^6,2
Elfleda|Aelflaed (?) was buried in 918 at Wilton Abbey, Wilton, Wiltshire Unitary Authority, Wiltshire, England; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown, Wiltshire, England
     DEATH     unknown, Wilton, Wiltshire Unitary Authority, Wiltshire, England
     b: 878; d: 919
     Ælfflæd was the second wife of Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo-Saxons from 899 to 924. Ælfflæd was the daughter of ealdorman Æthelhelm of Wiltshire who died in 897 and Aethelglyth of Mercia.
     Ælfflæd married King Edward around 899. She only attested one charter, dated 901, where she was described as conjux regis. She never attested as queen. and although she was previously thought to have been consecrated as queen when Edward was crowned in 900, this is now thought unlikely. In 1827 the tomb of St Cuthbert in Durham Cathedral was opened, and among the objects found were a stole and maniple which had inscriptions showing that they had been commissioned by Ælfflæd for bishop Frithestan of Winchester.
     Edward put aside Ælfflæd in order to marry Eadgifu. She is reported to have retired to Wilton Abbey, where she was joined by two of her daughters, Eadflæd and Æthelhild, and all three were buried there.
     Ælfflæd and Edward were the parents of:
     **Ælfweard (briefly king of Wessex in 924)
     **Edwin (d. 933)
     **Eadgifu, wife of Charles the Simple
     **Eadhild, wife of Hugh the Great
     **Eadgyth "Edith of Wessex", wife of Otto I
     **Ælfgifu
     **Eadflæd, nun at Wilton
     **Æthelhild, vowess at Wilton
     Family Members
     Parents
      Æthelhelm of Wiltshire unknown–897
     Spouse
      Edward the Elder 874–924
     Children
      Eadgifu of Wessex
      Edith of Wessex 910–946
     BURIAL     Wilton Abbey (Defunct), Wilton, Wiltshire Unitary Authority, Wiltshire, England
     Created by: Angie Swann
     Added: 1 Jun 2015
     Find A Grave Memorial 147305342.¹⁵
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "EADWEARD, son of ALFRED King of Wessex & his wife Ealhswith ([872]-Farndon-on-Dee near Chester 17 Jul 924, bur Winchester Cathedral[1623]). "Eadwardum" is named by Roger of Hoveden as the younger of King Alfred's sons by Queen Ealswith[1624]. "Edward/Eadweard filius regis" subscribed charters of King Alfred dated 871 and 892 (two)[1625]. He defeated the Danes at Fareham 893. "Eadweard rex" subscribed a charter of King Alfred dated 898[1626], implying that he was crowned in the lifetime of his father. He succeeded his father in 899 as EDWARD "the Elder" King of Wessex, crowned 31 May or 9 Jun 900 at Kingston-upon-Thames. He was faced soon after by the rebellion of his first cousin Æthelwold, son of Æthelred I King of Wessex, whom he finally defeated at the battle of the Holm in [902/05]. King Edward attacked the Danes in Northumbria in 909 and forced them to accept peace on his terms. The Danes countered by raiding Mercia as far as the Bristol Avon, but Edward defeated them at Tettenhall 5 Aug 910. In 911, Edward occupied London and Oxford, and in Summer 912 he attacked the Danes in Essex. King Edward continued northwards in 915, occupying Bedford. Edward began a major offensive against the Danes in the Midlands in 917, helped by the Mercian troops of his sister Æthelflæd. After his sister's death in 918, King Edward seized Tamworth to ensure the loyalty of Mercia, but left his niece Ælfwynn in nominal authority in Mercia until the winter of 919 when he had her taken to Wessex, marking the final integration of Mercia into Wessex. This was followed by the submission to him by the Welsh kings of Gwynedd, Dyfed and the lands between Merioneth and Gower, which made King Edward overlord of major parts of Wales. Edward then turned his attention to the reconquest of the remaining Danish colonies south of the river Humber, which he completed by 920, culminating with the submission to him of Rægnald King of York, Ealdred of Bamburgh and the king and people of Strathclyde[1627]. He was suppressing a revolt in Chester when he died. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the death of King Edward at Farndon-on-Dee in Mercia in 924 and his burial at Winchester[1628].
     "m firstly ([892/94]) ECGWYNN, daughter of --- (-[901/02]). Roger of Hoveden names "muliere nobilissima Egcwinna", but does not refer to her as "regina" in contrast to King Edward's third wife[1629]. Florence of Worcester says that the mother of Edward's first born son was "a woman of very noble birth named Egwina"[1630]. According to William of Malmesbury, she was "an illustrious lady" but at another point in his text calls her "a shepherd's daughter"[1631]. The Book of Hyde names "Egwynna..quædam pastoris filia" as concubine of King Eadweard[1632]. Roger of Wendover names "concubine…Egwynna" as mother of King Edward’s "filium…primogenitum Ethelstanum"[1633]. The accession of her son King Æthelstan in 924 was challenged apparently on the grounds that he was "born of a concubine"[1634]. However, Æthelstan is named ahead of his half-brother Ælfweard in the list of subscribers in two charters of their father[1635], indicating his seniority and presumably implying the legitimacy of his parents' union.
     "m secondly (901 or before) ÆLFLÆD, daughter of ealdorman ÆTHELHELM & his wife Ælswitha --- (-920, bur Winchester Cathedral[1636]). "Elffled coniux regis" subscribed a 901 charter of King Edward[1637]. The Book of Hyde names "Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda" as first wife of King Eadweard[1638]. Roger of Wendover calls her "secunda regina sua…Alfleda, Elfelmi comitis filia"[1639].
     "m thirdly (920) EADGIFU, daughter of SIGEHELM Lord of Meopham, Cooling and Lenham in Kent & his wife --- (-26 Aug 968, bur Canterbury Cathedral). "Eadgifu regis mater" subscribed charters of Kings Edmund and Eadred between 940 and 953[1640]. Eadgifu recited her title to land at Cooling by charter dated 959 which names her father Sigelm and records that he was killed in battle[1641]. King Eadred granted land in Berkshire to "Aedgyfu regis mater" in 945[1642]. King Eadred granted land at Felpham, Sussex to "Eadgifu famula dei matri mee" by charter dated 953[1643]. She appears to have supported her grandson Edgar against Eadwig in 957, the latter depriving her of her property. "Eadgifu hil ealdan moder/predicti regis aua" subscribed charters of King Edgar dated [959/63] and 966[1644]."
Med Lands cites:
; Per Genealogy.EU: "Edward "the Elder", King of Wessex (899-924), cr Kingston-upon-Thames 31.5/8.6.900, *ca 871/2, +Farndon-on-Dee 17.7.924, bur Winchester Cathedral; 1m: Egwina (+ca 901/2), dau.of a Wessex nobleman; 2m: ca 901/2 Elfleda (+920, bur Winchester Cathedral), dau.of Ealdorman Ethelhelm; 3m: ca 920 Edgiva (*ca 905, +25.8.968, bur Canterbury Cathedral), dau.of Sigehelm, Ealdorman of Kent."⁵

; According to The Henry Project: "Ælfflæd appears in a charter of Eadweard in 901 ["Eadward rex. Ealhswið mater regis. Elffled conjux regis." Cart. Sax. 2: 234 (#589)]. The death of Ælfflæd is noted by Annales Cambriae, two years after the death of Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr ["Aelfled regina obiit." AC s.a 917 ("Edfled", B; "Edelflet", C)]. Since Anarawd appears to have died in 916 [CS s.a 915=916], the death of Ælfflæd most probably occurred in 918 rather than 917. [The date 917 is editorial, and has no manuscript authority.] Based on a statement of Hrotsvith of Gandersheim, it has been suggested that Ælfflæd was a descendant of king Osweald of Bernicia (d. 642) [see below under her daughter Eadgyth]. Ælflæd's father Æthelhelm has sometimes been identified as the known son of king Æthelred I of that name, but there appears to be nothing to support this beyond the coincidence of the name."
Bibliography
-- AC = John Williams ab Ithel, ed., Annales Cambriæ (Rolls Series 20, London, 1860).
-- Cart. Sax. = Walter de Gray Birch, ed., Cartularium Saxonicum, 4 vols. (1885-99).
-- CS = W. M. Hennessy, ed. & trans., Chronicum Scotorum (Rolls Series 46, London, 1866).³

; This is the same person as ”Ælfflæd (wife of Edward the Elder)” at Wikipedia.¹⁶

; Per Genealogics:
     “Elfleda/Aeflaed was consort to King Edward I 'the Elder'; she is called by one source the daughter of Ealdorman Aethelhelm (although there were several ealdormen of this name at the time, this had been taken to refer to the ealdorman of Wiltshire). She had seven children of whom two daughters would have progeny.”.²

Reference: Genealogics cites: Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London, 1973. 189.² GAV-30 EDV-30 GKJ-31.

Reference: Weis [1992:46] Line 45-16.¹¹ Elfleda|Aelflaed (?) was also known as Elfleda.⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "ÆLFLÆD (-920, bur Winchester Cathedral[597]). The Book of Hyde names "Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda" as first wife of King Eadweard[598]. Roger of Wendover calls her "secunda regina sua…Alfleda, Elfelmi comitis filia"[599]. "Elffled coniux regis" subscribed a 901 charter of King Edward[600].
     "m (901 or before) as his second wife, EDWARD "the Elder" King of Wessex, son of ALFRED King of Wessex & his wife Ealhswith ([872]-Farndon-on-Dee near Chester 17 Jul 924, bur Winchester Cathedral)."
Med Lands cites:

     Eadgyth (Edith) (?) of Wessex was born between 908 and 912; Genealogy.EU says b. 910/913; Genealogics says b. ca 910; Med Lands says ab. 908/912.^2,8,7 She married Otto I "the Great" (?) Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Heinrich I "der Vogelsteller/The Fowler/l'Oiseleur" (?) Emperor of Germany, Duke of Saxony, Brunswick and Zelle and Saint Mathilde von Ringelheim Countess von Ringelheim, Queen of Germany, in September 929
;
His 1st wife; Genealogy.EU (Cerdic 1 and Liudolfer pages) say m. 930; Genealogics says m . 929.^{10,11,12,13,14,4,15,7,8}
Eadgyth (Edith) (?) of Wessex died on 26 January 946.^10,2,4,7,8
Eadgyth (Edith) (?) of Wessex was buried after 26 January 946 at Cathedral of Saints Maurice and Katharina, Magdeburg, Stadtkreis Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany (now); From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     910
     DEATH     26 Jan 946 (aged 35–36)
     English and German Royalty. Born Eadgyth, the daughter of Eadward I, King of Wessex and Queen Aelflaed. Sometime between 925 and 930 she married Otto I von Sachson, Holy Roman Emperor, who was considered by many historians to be the founder of the Holy Roman Empire. The couple had at least four surviving children including their youngest who would become Otto II. She died young, and was buried at the Cathedral in Magdeburg, Germany. Bio by: Iola
     Family Members
     Parents
          Edward the Elder 874–924
          Ælfflæd of Wiltshire
     Spouse
          Otto I The Great 912–973
     Siblings
          Eadgifu of Wessex
          Aethelstan 895–939
          Aelfweard of Wessex 904–924
          Eadred 923–955
     Half Siblings
          Edburga Of Winchester
          Eadmund I the Elder 921–946
     Children
          Liudolf von Schwaben 930–957
          Liutgard of Saxony 931–953
     BURIAL     Cathedral of Saints Maurice and Katharina, Magdeburg, Stadtkreis Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Originally Created by: Lutetia
     Added: 22 Jul 2004
     Find a Grave Memorial 9167564.¹⁶
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "OTTO, son of HEINRICH I "der Vogelsteller/the Fowler" King of Germany & his second wife Mathilde --- (23 Nov 912-Memleben 7 May 973, bur Magdeburg Cathedral). Widukind names (in order) "Oddonem, Heinricum, Brunonem" as sons of King Heinrich & his second wife[217]. Associate King of Germany, with his father, in 930. He was elected as OTTO I "der Große" King of Germany 7 Aug 936, crowned at Aachen. After his accession, the Bohemians and the Abotrites withheld payment of tribute. A revolt in Bavaria was led by Duke Eberhard, whom King Otto deposed and banished. Otto's half-brother Thankmar rebelled in Saxony with other magnates dissatisfied with the king's distribution of offices. His brother Heinrich rebelled in 939, was joined by Louis IV King of the West Franks and Giselbert Duke of Lotharingia, but was defeated at Birten and Andernach[218]. Thietmar records that he founded the monastery of Magdeburg (later Magdeburg Cathedral), encouraged by his first wife, to which the relics of St Innocent were brought[219]. He sent armed forces which were unsuccessful in taking reprisals against Rouen in 945, after members of the local nobility had arranged the escape of Richard I Comte [de Normandie] from his captivity by Louis IV King of the West Franks, his brother-in-law, a nepos (unidentified) of King Otto being killed in the battle[220]. Thietmar records that he invaded Italy in 951, using the ill-treatment of his future second wife as an excuse, entered Pavia 23 Sep 951 and proclaimed himself king of Italy. His predecessor Berengario di Ivrea proposed himself as Otto's viceroy in Italy, which was accepted by the Council of Augsburg in Aug 952. King Otto's son Liudolf rebelled in 953, but was pardoned in 954. Thietmar records that King Otto defeated the Magyars in battle at Lechfeld near Augsburg in 955[221], which marked the end of their marauding in Europe. Berengario King of Italy abused his position, and Otto sent Liudolf to Italy to restore order. After several further years of Berengario's tyrannical rule in Italy, Otto invaded in Aug 961 in response to requests for intervention from Pope John XII and Hubert [de Provence] Duke of Spoleto, one of Berengario's main vassals. King Otto forced Berengario's retreat to the fortress of San Leo near Montefeltro 962, finally capturing him in 963. Thietmar records that he was crowned Emperor at Rome 2 Feb 962 by Pope John XII[222]. The necrology of Fulda records the death "973 Non Mai" of "Otto imp"[223]. Thietmar records his death at Memleben on 7 May in the thirty-eighth year after his consecration and his burial at Magdeburg[224]. The necrology of Merseburg records the death "7 May" of "Otto maior magnus imperator"[225].
     "m firstly (Sep 929) EADGYTH of Wessex, daughter of EDWARD "the Elder" King of Wessex & his second wife Ælfleda --- (-26 Jan 946[226], bur Magdeburg Cathedral). The Book of Hyde names "Edgitham et Elgimam" as fifth and sixth of the six daughters of King Eadweard by his first wife "Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda", specifying that they were both sent to "Henrico Alemanorum imperatori" and that the former married "filio sui Othoni"[227]. Thietmar names "Edith…daughter of King Edmund of England" when recording her marriage during the lifetime of Otto's father, in a later passage stating that she urged her husband to begin establishing the city of Magdeburg[228]. The Annalista Saxo records the wife of Otto as "Ediht filiam Ehtmundi regis Anglorum"[229]. Thietmar records her death 26 Jan "in the eleventh year" of the reign of her husband, after 19 years of marriage, and her place of burial[230].
     "m secondly (Pavia [Oct/Nov] 951) as her second husband, ADELAIS of Burgundy, widow of LOTHAR King of Italy, daughter of RUDOLF II King of Upper Burgundy [Welf] & his wife Berta of Swabia ([928/33]-Kloster Selz, Alsace 16 Dec 999, bur Kloster Selz). Luitprand names "Adelegidam" daughter of Rudolf and Berta, when recording her marriage to "regi Lothario"[231]. Her birth date range is estimated from having given birth to one child by her first marriage before the death of her husband in 950. She claimed the kingdom of Italy on the death of her husband, as the daughter of one of the rival claimants for the throne earlier in the century. Willa, wife of Berengario di Ivrea who had been proclaimed king at Pavia 15 Dec 950, ordered Adelais's imprisonment at Como 20 Apr 951 and "afflicted her with imprisonment and hunger" according to Thietmar[232]. Otto I King of Germany used her ill-treatment as an excuse to invade Italy in Sep 951, although Adelais had succeeded in escaping 20 Aug 951 to Reggio[233]. King Otto entered Pavia 23 Sep 951, proclaimed himself king of Italy, and married Adelais as her second husband. The Annalista Saxo records "Adelheidam reginam" as "coniuge rege Lothario" when she married Otto[234]. Flodoard refers to "uxorem quoque Lotharii regis defuncti, filii Hugonis, sororem Chonradi regis" when recording her second marriage[235]. Thietmar records that she was crowned empress at Rome with her husband 2 Feb 962[236]. "Aleidis sororis" is named in the charter of "Chuonradus rex" dated 8 Apr 962[237]. "Adelheidis imperatrix cum filia Athelheidhe abbatissa in Italiam profecta est propter quasdam discordias inter se et filium factas", although it is unclear to whom "filia Athelheidhe" refers unless this is an error for her daughter Mathilde[238]. Thietmar records that she replaced her daughter-in-law as regent for her grandson King Otto III in 991[239]. The necrology of Fulda records the death "999 17 Kal Ian" of "Adalheid imperatrix"[240].
     "Mistress (1): (before 929) --- [of the Hevelli], daughter of [BAÇLABI? [Václav] Fürst der Stodoranen & his wife ---]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[241], she was the daughter of Baçlabi?. The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. She was a "captured Slavic noblewoman" according to Thietmar, who gives neither her name nor her parentage[242]."
Med Lands cites:
; Per Genealogy.EU (Liudolfing): "C2. Otto I "The Great", Duke of Saxony and Thuringia (936-973), King of Germany (936-962), King of Italy (961-973), Emperor cr 2.2.962, *22.11.912, +Memleben 7.5.973; 1m: 930 Edith of England (+26.1.946); 2m: 951 Adelaide of Bourgogne (+999), dau.of Rudolf II of Lower Burgundy."¹⁷

; According to The Henry Project: "Eadgyth, d. 26 January 946; m. 930, Otto I "the Great", b. 23 November 912, d. 7 May 973, king of Germany, 936-973; king of Italy, 961-973; emperor, 962-973.
["Otto filius regis Heinrici Edgid filiam regis Anglorum duxit uxorem." Regino, Chronicon (continuation), s.a. 930, 158; "Nam rex dedit filio suo Oddoni coniugem filiam Ethmundi regis Anglorum, sororem Adalstani, quae genuit ei filium nomine Liudulfum, virum magnum, meritoque omnibus populis carum, filiam quoque nomine Liudgardam, quae nupserat Conrado Francorum duci." Widukind, i, 37, MGH SS 3: 434; "Edmundus rex Transmarinus defungitur, uxor quoque regis Othonis, soror ipsius Edmundi, decessit." Flodoard, Annales, s.a. 946, 101; "domna Edgid regina obiit, quae maximo regis omniumque suorum planctu Magedeburg sepelitur." Regino, Chronicon (continuation), s.a. 947, MGH SS 1: 620; "Ille annus notabilis casu calamitoso totius populi, de morte scilicet beatae memoriae Edidis reginae, cuius dies extrema septimo Kal. Februar. celebrata est cum gemitu et lacrimis omnium Saxoniam. ... Reliquit filium nomine Liudulfum, omni virtute animi et corporis ea aetate nulli mortali secundum; filiam quoque nomine Liudgardam, quae nupserat Conrado duci. Sepulta est autem in civitate Magathaburg in basilica nova latere aquilonali ad orientem." Widukind, ii, 41, MGH SS 3: 449; for the date of death, see further in Dümmler (1876) 146, n. 3] Thietmar of Merseburg mistakenly makes Eadgyth a daughter of Eadmund ["Otto, coniugem suam Editham, Ethmundi regis Anglorum filiam" Thietmar, Chron., ii, 1, MGH SS 3: 744]. Liudprand makes "Otgith" a daughter of an unnamed brother of Æthelstan ["Duxerat idem rex Otto ante regni susceptionem ex Anglorum gente nobilissima regis Hadelstani fratris filiam sibi uxorem, nomine Otgith..." Liudprand, Antapodosis, iv, 17, Dümmler (1877), 88]. Widukind makes Otto's wife incorrectly a daughter of "Ethmundus" but correctly a sister of Æthelstan ["Nam rex dedit filio suo Oddoni coniugem filiam Ethmundi regis Anglorum, sororem Adalstani..." Widukind, i, 37, MGH SS 3: 434]. Hrotsvith of Gandersheim indicates that Eadgyth was a descendant of king Osweald, probably Osweald of Bernicia (d. 642), but does not give any line of descent ["Germen sanctorum quam producebat avorum; / Hanc tradunt ergo natam de stirpe beata / Oswaldi regis, laudem cuius canit orbis, / Se quia subdiderat morti pro nomine Christi." Gesta Oddonis, lines 94-97, MGH SS 4: 321]. It has been suggested that this was through her mother Ælflæd [Dümmler (1876), 11; Hlawitschka (2006), 86], but a connection has also been suggested with Oslac, maternal granfthaer of Eadgyth's grandfather Ælfred [Nelson (1991), 52-3; see the page of Oslac]."
Bibliography
** AC = John Williams ab Ithel, ed., Annales Cambriæ (Rolls Series 20, London, 1860).
** Æthelweard = A. Campbell ed., Chronicon Æthelweardi/The Chronicle of Æthelweard, (New York, 1962).
** Angus (1938) = W. S. Angus, "The Chronology of the Reign of Edward the Elder", English Historical Review 53 (1938): 194-210.
** AU = Seán Mac Airt and Gearóid Mac Niocaill, eds., The Annals of Ulster (Dublin, 1983).
** Beaven (1917) = Murray L. R. Beaven, "The Regnal Dates of Alfred, Edward the Elder, and Athelstan", English Historical Review 32 (1917): 517-531.
** Besly (1840) = Jean Besly, Histoire des comtes de Poictou et ducs de Guyenne (new ed., Paris, 1840, orig. publ. 1647).
** Cart. Sax. = Walter de Gray Birch, ed., Cartularium Saxonicum, 4 vols. (1885-99).
** Chaume (1925) = Maurice Chaume, Les origines du duché de Bourgogne, 4 vols. (Dijon, 1925).
** Chaume (1931) = Maurice Chaume, "Le problème des origines de la maison de Savoie" (Études carolingiennes, II), Annales de Bourgogne 3 (1931): 120-161.
** Coronini (1770) = Rudolph Coronini, Specimen genealogico-progonologicum ad illustrandam augustam Habsburgo-Lotharingicam prosapiam ... (Vienna, 1770).
** Crawford Charters = A. S. Napier & W. H. Stevenson, Anecdota Oxoniensia - The Crawford Collection of Early Charters and Documents (Oxford, 1895).
** CS = W. M. Hennessy, ed. & trans., Chronicum Scotorum (Rolls Series 46, London, 1866).
** Dümmler (1876) = Rudolf Köpke & Ernst Dümmler, Kaiser Otto der Große (Leipzig, 1876).
** Dümmler (1877) = Ernst Dümmler, ed., Liudprandi episcopi Cremonensis opera omnia (MGH SRG, Hannover, 1877).
** Dumville (1986) = David N. Dumville, "The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List: Manuscripts and Texts", Anglia 104 (1986): 1-32.
** Fiala (1889) = Eduard Fiala, Beschreibung der Sammlung böhmischer Münzen und Medaillen des Max Donebauer (Prague, 1889).
** Germond (1982) = Arthur Germond, "The Daughters of King Edward the Elder", Journal of Ancient and Medieval Studies 1 (1982): 91-. [Not seen by me]
** HBC = F. Maurice Powicke & E. B. Fryde, eds., Handbook of British Chronology (2nd ed., London 1961).
** Hlawitschka (1976) = Eduard Hlawitschka, "Die verwandtschftlichen Verbinderungen zwischen dem hochburgundischen und dem niederburgundischen Königshaus. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Burgunds in der 1. Hälfte des 10. Jahrhunderts", in Schlügl und Herde, Grundwissenschaften und Geschichte. Festschrift für Peter Acht (Münchener historische Studien Abtielun geschichtl. Hilfswissenschaften 15, 1976), 28-57.
** Hlawitschka (2006) = Eduard Hlawitschka, Die Ahnen de hochmittelalterlichen deutschen Könige, Kaiser und ihrer Gemahlinnen. Ein kommentiertes Tafelwerk. Band I: 911-1137, 2 vols. (MGH Hilfsmittel, 25, Hannover, 2006).
** John Worc. = Benjamin Thorpe, ed., Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis, 2 vols., (London, 1848-9). (The work formerly attributed to Florence of Worcester is now generally attributed to John of Worcester.) Also edited more recently in Darlington & McGurk, eds., The Chronicle of John of Worcester, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1995-). I do not have easy access to the latter edition, and most of the citations are given from Thorpe's edition.
** Kelley (1989) = David H. Kelley, "The House of Aethelred", in Lindsay L. Brook, ed., Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans On the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday (Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy, Occasional Publication No. 2, Salt Lake City, 1989), 63-93.
** Lauer (1900) = Ph. Lauer, Le Règne de Louis IV d'Outre-Mer (Paris, 1900).
** Lib. Monast. Hyde = Edward Edwards, ed., Liber Monasterii de Hyda: a Chronicle and Chartulary of Hyde Abbey, Winchester, 455-1023 (Rolls Series 45, London, 1866).
** Lib. Vit. Hyde = Walter de Gray Birch, Liber Vitae: Register and Martyrology of New Minister and Hyde Abbey Winchester (London, 1892).
** Mathieu (2006) = Jean-Noël Mathieu, "La lignée maternelle du pape Léon IX et ses relations avec les premiers Montbéliard", in Georges Bischoff & Benoît-Michel Tock, eds., Léon IX et son temps (Turnhout, Belgium, 2006), 77-110.
** MGH DD = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata series (H I = Heinrich I).
** MGH SS = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores series.
** Mem. Dunstan = William Stubbs, ed., Memorials of Saint Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury (Rolls Series 63, London, 1874).
** Nelson (1991) = Janet Nelson, "Reconstructing a Royal Family: Reflections on Alfred, From Asser, chapter 2", in Ian Wood & Niels Lund, eds., People and Places in Northern Europe 500-1600 - Essays in Honour of Peter Hayes Pawyer (Woodbridge, 1991), 47-66.
** Onom. Anglo-Sax. = William George Searle, Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum (Cambridge, 1897). Spellings of Anglo-Saxon names on this page have been standardized according to this source.
** Orna (1965) = Bernard Orna, "Tracing a lost princess", Coins and Medals 2.2 (October 1965): 94-6.
** Poole (1911) = Reginald L. Poole, "Burgundian Notes I: The Alpine Son-in-Law of Edward the Elder", English Historical Review 26 (1911): 310-7.
** Poupardin (1901) = René Poupardin, Le royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens (Paris, 1901).
** R. Diceto = William Stubbs, ed., Radulfi de Diceto Decani Lundonensis Opera Historica - The Historical Works of Master Ralph de Diceto Dean of London, 2 vols. (Rolls Series 68, London 1876).
** Rec. actes Lothair & Louis V = Louis Halphen & Ferdinand Lot, eds., Recueil des actes de Lothaire et de Louis V rois de France (Paris, 1908).
** Richard (1903) = Alfred Richard, Histoire des comtes de Poitou 778-1204, 2 vols. (Paris, 1903).
** Robinson (1923) = J. Armitage Robinson, The Times of Saint Dunstan (Oxford, 1923).
** Rog. Hoveden = William Stubbs, ed., Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, 4 vols. (Rolls Series 51, 1868-71). For an English translation, see Henry T. Riley, trans., The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, 2 vols. (London, 1853). Citations are from the edition of Stubbs.
** Rog. Wendover = Henry O. Coxe, ed., Rogeri de Wendover Chronica, sive Flores Historiarum, 2 vols. (London, 1841).
** Sawyer (1968) = P. H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters. An Annotated List and Bibliography (London, 1968).
** Searle (1899) = William George Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899).
** Sim. Durh. = Thomas Arnold, ed., Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia, 2 vols. (Rolls Series 75, 1882-5).
** Vaughan (1954) = Richard Vaughan, "The Chronology of the Parker Chronicle, 890-970", English Historical Review 69 (1954): 59-66.
** Wainwright (1945) = F. T. Wainwright, "The Chronology of the 'Mercian Register' ", English Historical Review 60 (1945): 385-392.
** Weir (1989) = Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families - The Complete Genealogy (London, 1989).
** Williams (1978) = Ann Williams, "Some Notes and Considerations on Problems Connected with the English Royal Succession, 860-1066, Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1 (1978): 144-167, 225-233.
** Wm. Malmes, Gesta Pont. = N. E. S. A. Hamilton, ed., Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi de Gestiis Pontificum Anglorum libri quinque (Rolls Series 52, London, 1870).
** Wm. Malmes., Gesta Regum = William Stubbs, ed., Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi De gestis regum Anglorum. libri quinque; Historiæ Novellæ libri tres, 2 vols. (Rolls series 90, 1887-9).
** Wood (2004) = Michael Wood, "Anglo-Saxon Pedigrees Annotated", Foundations 1 (2004): 269-274, 375-385, 445-457."¹⁸

; This is the same person as:
”Eadgyth” at Wikipedia and as
”Edgitha” at Wikipedia (DE.)^19,20

; Per Genealogics:
     “Eadgyth was born about 910, the daughter of Edward I 'the Elder', king of England, and his second wife Elfleda/Aelflaed. Nothing is known of her until her half-brother Athelstan, king of England, sent two of his sisters to Germany, in order to seal an alliance between two Saxon kingdoms, asking the duke of Saxony (later Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor) to choose whichever one pleased him best. Otto chose Eadgyth and married her in 929. The remaining sister Adiva was married to a 'king near the Jupiter mountains' (the Alps). The precise identity of the husband of this sister is debated.
     “In 936 Emperor Heinrich I 'the Fowler; died and his eldest son, Eadgyth's husband, was crowned at Aachen as King Otto I. There is a surviving report of the ceremony by Widukind of Corvey which makes no mention of his wife having been crowned at this point, but according to Thietmar of Merseburg's chronicle Eadgyth was nevertheless anointed as queen, albeit in a separate ceremony. She and Otto had two children, Liudolf and Liudgard, who would have progeny.
     “As queen, Eadgyth undertook the usual state duties of a 'First Lady'; when she is mentioned in the records it is generally in connection with gifts to the state's favoured monasteries or memorials to female holy women and saints. In this respect she seems to have been more diligent than her now widowed and subsequently sainted mother-in-law Mathilde von Ringelheim whose own charitable activities only achieve a single recorded mention from the period of Eadgyth's time as empress. There was probably rivalry between the Benedictine Monastery of St.Maurice founded at Magdeburg by Otto and Eadgyth in 937, a year after coming to the throne, and Mathilde's foundation at Quedlinburg Abbey, intended by her as a memorial to her husband, the late Emperor Heinrich I.
     “Eadgyth accompanied her husband on his travels, though not during battles. She spent the hostilities of 939 at Lorsch Abbey.
     “Like her brother Athelstan, Eadgyth was devoted to the cult of Saint Oswald and was instrumental in introducing this cult into Germany after her marriage to the emperor. Her lasting influence may have caused certain monasteries and churches in Saxony to be dedicated to this saint.
     “Eadgyth's death in 946 at a relatively young age was unexpected. In October 951 Emperor Otto married Aelis (Adelheid) de Bourgogne and had further progeny with her.
     “Eadgyth's tomb is located in the Cathedral of Magdeburg. A lead coffin inside a stone sarcophagus with her name was found and opened in 2008 by archaeologists during work on the building. An inscription recorded that it was the body of Eadgyth, reburied in 1510. It was examined in 2009, then brought to Bristol, England, for tests in 2010. The investigation at Bristol, applying isotope tests on tooth enamel, checked whether she was born and brought up in Wessex and Mercia, as written history has indicated. Testing on the bones revealed that they are the remains of Eadgyth. Testing of the tooth enamel revealed that the individual entombed at Magdeburg had spent time as a youth in the chalky uplands of Wessex. Following the tests the bones were re-interred in Magdeburg Cathedral on 22 October 2010.”.⁷

Reference: Genealogics cites: The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales Edinburgh, 1977., Gerald Paget, Reference: I 6.⁷ GAV-29 EDV-29. Eadgyth (Edith) (?) of Wessex was also known as Edith (Eadgyth) of England.¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "EADGYTH ([908/12][1684]-26 Jan 946, bur Magdeburg Cathedral). The Book of Hyde names "Edgitham et Elgimam" as fifth and sixth of the six daughters of King Eadweard by his first wife "Elfelmi comitis filia Elfleda", specifying that they were both sent to "Henrico Alemanorum imperatori" and that the former married "filio sui Othoni"[1685]. Thietmar names "Edith…daughter of King Edmund of England" when recording her marriage during the lifetime of Otto's father, in a later passage stating that she urged her husband to begin establishing the city of Magdeburg[1686]. The Annalista Saxo records the wife of Otto as "Ediht filiam Ehtmundi regis Anglorum"[1687]. Thietmar records her death 26 Jan "in the eleventh year" of the reign of her husband, after 19 years of marriage, and her place of burial[1688].
     "m (Sep 929) as his first wife, OTTO of Germany, son of HEINRICH I "der Vogelsteller/the Fowler" King of Germany & his second wife Mathilde --- (23 Nov 912-Memleben 7 May 973, bur Magdeburg cathedral). Associate King of Germany, with his father, 930. He was elected OTTO I "der Große" King of Germany 7 Aug 936. Crowned Emperor at Rome 2 Feb 962."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Cerdic 1): “E11. [2m.] Edith, *ca 910/913, +26.1.946/947, bur Cathedral of St.Maurice, Magdeburg; m.930 King Otto I of Germany (*22.11.912 +7.5.973)”.²¹

     Henry (?) von Bayern was born circa 920.¹
Henry (?) von Bayern died circa 953.³
     GAV-31 EDV-31. He was Count of Verdun.⁴

     Isabel (?) married Sir John Boteler Knt. in 1411.^3,1,4

Isabel (?) died in 1441.^3,1
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. The Lineage and Ancestry of H. R. H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh, 1977, Paget, Gerald, Reference: Q 99374
2. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to America bef. 1700, 7th Edition, 1992, Weis, Frederick lewis, Reference: 47.¹

     Sir John Boteler Knt. was born between 26 February 1402 and 1403 at Bewsey, England; Weis says b. 26 Feb 1402/3; van de Pas says b. 2 Mar 1402.^1,2 He married Isabel (?), daughter of Sir William de Harington Knt., KG, of Hornby and Margaret Neville of Hornby, in 1411.^1,3,2

Sir John Boteler Knt. died on 12 September 1430.^1,2
     He was Baron of Warrington.¹

; van de Pas cites: The Lineage and Ancestry of H. R. H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh, 1977, Paget, Gerald, Reference: Q 99374.² Sir John Boteler Knt. was also known as Sir John Butler of Bewsey.² He was M.P. in 1426.¹

     Thomas Thorne Gent., of Yardley-Hastings, Northamptonshire married Mary Purefoy, daughter of Edward Purefoy Gent., of Shalston, co. Buckingham and Anne Fettiplace.^2,1

Thomas Thorne Gent., of Yardley-Hastings, Northamptonshire died between 29 October 1588 and 9 May 1589.²
     Thomas Thorne Gent., of Yardley-Hastings, Northamptonshire lived at Yardley-Hastings, Northamptonshire, England.²

     Mary Purefoy married Thomas Thorne Gent., of Yardley-Hastings, Northamptonshire.^3,1

Mary Purefoy died after 1579.⁴
     Mary Purefoy lived at Yardley-Hastings, Northamptonshire, England.³

     Edward Purefoy Gent., of Shalston, co. Buckingham married Anne Fettiplace, daughter of Richard Fettiplace of Basilsleigh and Elizabeth Bessiles.^3,4,5
Edward Purefoy Gent., of Shalston, co. Buckingham was born on 13 January 1494 at Etfield, West Indies.^3,2
Edward Purefoy Gent., of Shalston, co. Buckingham died on 1 June 1558 at age 64.^3,6
     Edward Purefoy Gent., of Shalston, co. Buckingham lived at Shalstone, Buckinghamshire, England.³

     Anne Fettiplace married Edward Purefoy Gent., of Shalston, co. Buckingham, son of Nicholas Purefoy Esq., of Daventry, co. Warwick and Alice Denton.^5,6,1
Anne Fettiplace was born on 16 July 1496 at Little Shefford, Berkshire, England.^5,1
Anne Fettiplace died on 16 August 1568 at age 72.^5,1
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to America bef. 1700, Baltimore, 1995, Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter, Reference: 53
2. The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants to the American Colonies of the United, States; Baltimore, 2004, Roberts, Gary Boyd, Reference: Page 215
3. Ancestors of American Presidents, 1995, Boston, Massachusetts , Roberts, Gary Boyd, Reference: 201.¹

     Richard Fettiplace of Basilsleigh married Elizabeth Bessiles, daughter of William Bessiles and Alice Harcourt,
; her 1st husband.^6,1,7,5
Richard Fettiplace of Basilsleigh died before May 1511 at Bessiles-Leigh, Berkshire, England.^6,1,5

His estate was probated in May 1511.¹

     Richard Fettiplace of Basilsleigh lived at East Shefford, Berkshire, England.⁶

; van de Pas cites: 1. Pedigrees of some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, Volume I West Somerville, Mass.,1942., Redlich, Marcellus D. R. von, Reference: 256
2. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to America bef. 1700, Baltimore, 1995, Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter, Reference: 53.⁵

Richard Fettiplace of Basilsleigh left a will on 8 November 1510.¹

     Elizabeth Bessiles married Richard Fettiplace of Basilsleigh, son of John Fettiplace and Joan Fabian,
; her 1st husband.^6,1,2,7 Elizabeth Bessiles married Richard Eliot (Elyot) Knt., of Salisbury, Wiltshire
; her 2nd husband.¹ Elizabeth Bessiles was born circa 1475; per Richards "aged 40 in 1515."¹
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. Pedigrees of some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, Volume I West Somerville, Mass.,1942., Redlich, Marcellus D. R. von, Reference: 256
2. [S00790] ~Ancestors of American Presidents, 1995, Boston, Massachusetts , Roberts, Gary Boyd, Reference: 201.²

.⁶

     William Bessiles married Alice Harcourt, daughter of Sir Richard de Harcourt Knt., of Ellenhall and Edith St. Clair.^1,2,3

William Bessiles died in 1515.^1,2
     William Bessiles lived at Bessiles-Leigh, Berkshire, England.¹

; van de Pas cites: 1. Pedigrees of some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, Volume I West Somerville, Mass.,1942., Redlich, Marcellus D. R. von, Reference: 255.³ William Bessiles was also known as William Besilles of Bessiles-Leigh.³

     Alice Harcourt married William Bessiles.^5,1,6

Alice Harcourt died before 19 June 1526; date will proved.^5,1
      ; van de Pas cites: 1. Pedigrees of some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants, Volume I West Somerville, Mass.,1942., Redlich, Marcellus D. R. von, Reference: 255
2. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to America bef.1700, 7th Edition, 1992, Weis, Frederick Lewis, Reference: 53.¹

     Sir Richard de Harcourt Knt., of Ellenhall married Eleanor Lewknor of Raunton, Staffs, daughter of Sir Roger Lewknor of Raunton, Staffs,
; his 2nd wife, had issue.^2,3 Sir Richard de Harcourt Knt., of Ellenhall married Edith St. Clair, daughter of Thomas St. Clair and Margaret Hoo, before 16 December 1445
; his 1st wife.^8,4,9,3 Sir Richard de Harcourt Knt., of Ellenhall married Katherine de la Pole, daughter of Sir Thomas de la Pole and Anne Cheyne, after 1 October 1466
; his 3rd wife, her 2nd husband.^2,4,3,10
Sir Richard de Harcourt Knt., of Ellenhall died on 1 October 1486; Leo van de Pas says d. 1487; Genealogy.EU (Harcourt 7 page) says d. 1487.^8,4,3
     Sir Richard de Harcourt Knt., of Ellenhall lived at Wytham, Berkshire, England.¹¹

; Richard (Sir), of Wytham, Berks; m 1st Edith, dau of Thomas St Clere; m 2nd Eleanor, dau of Sir Roger Lewknor, of Raunton, Staffs, and by her had issue; m 3rd Katherine, widow of Sir Miles Stapleton, of Bedale, Yorks, and heir of Thomas de la Pole, and had by his 1st w, with at least one dau (Anne, m de jure 3rd Lord (Baron) Saye and Sele; qv), an est son: Christopher (Sir).²

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Histoire et Genealogie de la Maison de Harcourt 1974, Georges Martin, Reference: 227, 223
2. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: X 139.⁴

Sir Richard de Harcourt Knt., of Ellenhall left a will in 1486; will made 27 Apr. 1486, prob. 25 Oct. 1486.⁸

     Edith St. Clair was born circa 1425.¹ She married Sir Richard de Harcourt Knt., of Ellenhall, son of Sir Thomas Harcourt Knt., of Stanton Harcourt and Jane/Joan Franceys, before 16 December 1445
; his 1st wife.^2,5,1,6
Edith St. Clair died before 8 November 1472.²
      ; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Histoire et Genealogie de la Maison de Harcourt 1974, Georges Martin, Reference: 223, 227
2. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: X 139
3. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to Amercia bef.1700 7th Edition, Frederick Lewis Weis.¹ Edith St. Clair was also known as Edith St. Clere.³ She was living on 16 September 1462.²

     Thomas St. Clair married Margaret Hoo on 8 February 1424.^1,2

     Thomas St. Clair lived at Wethersfield, Legham and Chalgrove, co. Suffolk, England.³ Thomas St. Clair was also known as Thomas St. Clere.⁴

     Sir Thomas Harcourt Knt., of Stanton Harcourt was born circa 1377; Richardson says "aged 40 at his father's death."^2,3,4 He married Jane/Joan Franceys, daughter of Sir Robert Francis Knt., of Foremark, Derbychire and Isabel (?), on 2 May 1405
; Richardson says m. 8 Nov 1406.^8,1,2,9,3,4
Sir Thomas Harcourt Knt., of Stanton Harcourt died on 6 July 1420; Leo van de Pas says d. 1460; Genealogy.EU (Harcourt 7 page) says d. 1460.^8,2,3,4
Sir Thomas Harcourt Knt., of Stanton Harcourt was buried after 6 July 1420 at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, England.⁴
      ; Sir THOMAS HARCOURT, of Stanton Harcourt; m Joan, dau of Sir Robert Francis, of Foremark, Derbys, and had, with other issue: Robert (Sir.)¹

; Leo van de Pas cites: 1. Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: X 139
2. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to Amercia bef.1700 7th Edition, Frederick Lewis Weis, Reference: 53.²

Sir Thomas Harcourt Knt., of Stanton Harcourt lived at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, England.⁸

     Jane/Joan Franceys married Sir Thomas Harcourt Knt., of Stanton Harcourt, son of Sir Thomas de Harcourt Knt., of Stanton Harcourt and Maud Grey, on 2 May 1405
; Richardson says m. 8 Nov 1406.^{9,1,10,2,11,5}
      ; van de Pas cites: Histoire et Genealogie de la Maison de Harcourt, 1974, Martin, Georges, Reference: 223.^9,3 Jane/Joan Franceys was also known as Jane Fraunceys.⁵ Jane/Joan Franceys was also known as Joan Francis of Foremark, Derbys.¹ She was living in 1450.⁵

     Anne Franceys married William Greville of Drayton.^4,1

      ; van de Pas cites: The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh, 1977, Paget, Gerald, Reference: Q 115457.¹

     Sir Ralph Stafford Knt., of Grafton, Worcestershire married Maud Hastings, daughter of Sir John de Hastang of Leamington House and Maud Trussell, between 20 August 1373 and 24 February 1373/74.^5,1,6,2,3

Sir Ralph Stafford Knt., of Grafton, Worcestershire died on 1 March 1410 at Hastings, co. Sussex, England.^5,7,1,3
     He was Steward of the Household of Edward III.¹ GKJ-17.

; van de Pas cites: 1. The Royal Lineage of Our Noble and Gentle Families, London, 1884, Foster, Joseph, Reference: 22
2. Living descendants of Blood Royal in America , Angerville, Count d', Reference: 61
3. Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who came to America bef.1700, 7th Edition, 1992, Weis, Frederick Lewis, Reference: 60.¹

Sir Ralph Stafford Knt., of Grafton, Worcestershire lived at Grafton, Parish of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, England.⁵