Person Page - 535

     Olaf I Tryggveson (?) King of Norway was born in 968; Per Med Lands - born posthumously.^3,4 He married Gyda/Geira (?) of the Wends, daughter of Burislaw (?) Prince of the Wenden and Unknown (?), in 982
;
His 1st wife.^5,3,4 Olaf I Tryggveson (?) King of Norway married Gyda (?) of Ireland, daughter of Olaf Sitricson Cuarán (?) King of Dublin and York, in 988 at England (now)
;
His 2nd wife.^3,4 Olaf I Tryggveson (?) King of Norway married Gudrun Skeggesdatter (?) circa 995
;
His 3rd wife.^3,4 Olaf I Tryggveson (?) King of Norway married Tyre Haraldsdatter (?) Princess of Denmark, Queen of Norway, daughter of Harald I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" Gormsson (?) King of Denmark and Gunhilda (?), in 998 at Tonsberg
;
Her 3rd husband; his 4th wife.^1,2,3,4,6,7
Olaf I Tryggveson (?) King of Norway died on 9 September 1000 at Øresund o. b. Svold, near Rügen Island, Vorpommern-Rügen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany (now).^1,2,3,4,7
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "TYRE Haraldsdatter (-18 Sep [1000]). Snorre records the betrothal of "Thyre, a daughter of Harald and King Svein's sister" and "King Burizleif" as part of the deal reached for the release of her brother after he was captured at Jomsborg[176]. Snorre records the marriage in a later passage, Tyre's flight from her new husband to Norway and her marriage to King Olav[177]. The Historia Norwegie records the marriage of King Olav and "sororem Sweinonis regis…Tyri" who had earlier been betrothed to "dux quidam de Sclauia"[178]. According to the Gesta Danorum, the marriage shown below as her third did not take place as Svend King of Denmark (there described as Tyre's father rather than brother) withdrew his consent[179]. The account records the event as having taken place just before King Svend's marriage to Sigrid.
     "m firstly STYRBJÖRN [Björn] “den Starke/the Strong" of Sweden, from Jomsburg, son of [BJÖRN Erkison/OLOF Björnsson King of Sweden & his wife ---] (-killed in battle Fyrisvall, near Uppsala 985).
     "m secondly (divorced) as his [---] wife, BURISLAW Prince of the Wends, son of ---.
     "m thirdly (Tønsberg 998) as his third wife, OLAV I Trygveson King of Norway, son of TRYGVE Olavvsson King in Romerike & his wife Åstrid Eiriksdatter ([968]-in a sea battle in the Øresund, off Svold near Rügen 9 Sep [1000])."
Med Lands cites:

; Genealogics cites: Nachkommen Gorms des Alten, 1978 , Brenner, S. Otto. 10.⁷

; Per Med Lands:
     "OLAV Trygveson (posthumously [968] Orkney-drowned Øresund o. b. Svold, near Rügen 9 Sep [1000]). The Historia Norwegie records that, after the murder of her husband, the widow of "Turgonem" fled to Orkney where she gave birth to their son "Olauum"[211]. Leaving Svithjod with his mother, he was captured by Vikings of Eistland [Estonia], but freed and taken to Holmgard by his maternal uncle Sigurd where he stayed at the court of Prince Vladimir[212]. The Historia Norwegie records that his mother sent him to Sweden to be brought up by "Thorolfo…Lusaskeg", after learning that Jarl Haakon Sigurdsson was planning to kill him, sailed for Russia but was captured by Vikings "in Eistriam" and sold as a slave. He was ransomed by "Olauo suo cognato" who had been sent as ambassador to "rege Ruscie"[213]. He left Garderike for Norway, meeting his first wife in Vindland where he remained for 3 years until she died, after which he adopted a marauding lifestyle[214]. He was one of the leaders of the attacks on England, culminating in the battle of Maldon and the signing of a treaty with Æthelred II King of England, under which 22,000 pounds of gold and silver were paid in return for a promise to help thwart future attacks. The treaty never came into full effect although the money was paid[215]. Olav claimed the throne when Haakon "the Mighty" Ladejarl, Regent of Norway, was murdered in 995. He was first accepted by the people of Trondheim, and gradually imposed himself as OLAV I King of Norway. According to Snorre[216], King Olav proposed to marry Sigrid Storrada, widow of Erik King of Sweden, but they disputed when they met. Saxo Grammaticus[217] recounts a similar story. Adam of Bremen records that "Olaph Trucconis filius" was baptised in Norway by Adaldagus Bishop of Bremen, after accepting Christianity in England following his expulsion from Norway[218]. He succeeded in establishing Christianity in Norway, building the first churches in the country. Olav I King of Norway attempted to invade Denmark but was defeated by King Svend in a naval battle "inter Sconiam et Seland", during which King Olav was drowned, after which Svend imposed himself as king of Norway[219]. The Historia Norwegie records the death in battle of King Olav[220].
     "m firstly ([982]) GYDA [Geira] of the Wends, daughter of BURISLAW King of the Wends & his wife --- (-984). Snorre names "Geira, Gunhild and Astrid" as the three daughters of "in Vindland…a king called Burizleif", recording that Geira was queen in the part of the country in which Olav landed when returning from Garderike. He records that that they married in 982 and that Olav stayed in Vindland to rule jointly with his wife[221]. Snorre records that Geira died after Olaf Trygvason had been in Vindland for three years[222].
     "m secondly (in England 988) as her second husband, GYDA, widow of ---, daughter of OLAF Sihtricsson King of Dublin & his [---] wife ---. Snorre records the betrothal and marriage of Olaf Trygvason to "a queen called Gyda…a sister of Olaf Kvaran who was king of Dublin in Ireland [who] had been married to a great earl in England" after whose death "she was at the head of his dominions"[223]. In a later passage, Snorre refers to "King Olaf Kvaran" as his wife's father[224]. From a chronological point of view, it seems more likely that King Olav’s wife was Olaf Sihtricsson’s daughter.
     "m thirdly ([995]) GUDRUN Skeggesdatter, daughter of SKEGGE Asbjörnsson & his wife ---. Snorre records the marriage of King Olav and Gudrun daughter of Jarnskegge, recording that she tried to stab her husband during their first night together, after which they separated[225].
     "m fourthly (998) as her third husband, TYRE Haraldsdatter, widow [firstly] of STYRBJÖRN [Björn] “den Starke/the Strong" of Sweden, and divorced wife [secondly] of BURISLAW King of the Wends, daughter of HARALD I “Blåtand/Bluetooth” King of Denmark & his wife Gunhild of the Wends (-18 Sep [1000]). Snorre records Tyre's flight from her second husband to Norway and her marriage to King Olav in 999[226]. The Historia Norwegie records the marriage of King Olav and "sororem Sweinonis regis…Tyri" who had earlier been betrothed to "dux quidam de Sclauia"[227]. Adam of Bremen records the marriage of "Olaph Trucconis filius" and "a Dania superbissimam Thore" soon after he returned to Norway after exile in England[228]. Adam of Bremen records that, after the death of her husband, his wife starved herself to death[229].
     "King Olav I & his second wife had one child:
i) TRYGVE Olavsson (-killed in battle 1033).
     "King Olav I & his fourth wife had one child:
ii) HARALD Olavsson (999-1000)."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Norway 2): “C1. Olav Tryggvesson, King of Norway (995-1000), *968, +ca 1000; 1m: Geira, a Wendish princess; 2m: Gyda of Ireland; 3m: ca 995 Gudrun Skeggesdatter; 4m: 998 Pss Thyra of Denmark (+1000)”.¹⁰

; Per Med Lands:
     "GYDA [Geira] (-984). Snorre names "Geira, Gunhild and Astrid" as the three daughters of "in Vindland…a king called Burizleif", recording that Geira was queen in the part of the country in which Olav landed when returning from Garderike. He records that that they married in 982 and that Olav stayed in Vindland to rule jointly with his wife[42]. Snorre records that Geira died after Olaf Trygvason had been in Vindland for three years[43].
     "m ([982]) as his first wife, OLAV Trygveson, son of TRYGVE Olavsson [Norway] & his wife Åstrid Eiriksdatter (posthumously [968][44]-drowned Øresund o. b. Svold, near Rügen 9 Sep [1000]). He imposed himself as OLAV I King of Norway in [995]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "GYDA . Snorre records the betrothal and marriage of Olaf Trygvason to "a queen called Gyda…a sister of Olaf Kvaran who was king of Dublin in Ireland [who] had been married to a great earl in England" after whose death "she was at the head of his dominions"[1324]. In a later passage, Snorre refers to "King Olaf Kvaran" as his wife's father[1325]. From a chronological point of view, it seems more likely that King Olav’s wife was Olaf Sihtricsson’s daughter.
     "m firstly ---.
     "m secondly (in England 988) as his second wife, OLAV Trygveson, son of TRYGVE Olavsson [Norway] & his wife Åstrid Eiriksdatter (posthumously [968][1326]-drowned Øresund o. b. Svold, near Rügen 9 Sep [1000]). He imposed himself as OLAV I King of Norway in [995]."
Med Lands cites: He was King of Norway between 995 and 1000.³

     Harald I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" Gormsson (?) King of Denmark married Gunhilda (?)
;
His 1st wife.^7,3,9,5 Harald I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" Gormsson (?) King of Denmark was born circa 905; Genealogy.EU (Denmark 1 page) says b. ca 910; Genealogics says b. ca 910; Med Lands says b. 925/35.^2,7,3,5 He married Tove (?) of the Obotrites, Queen of Denmark, daughter of Mstivoj/Mstivir (?) Prince of the Obotrites, circa 970
;
His 2nd wife.^10,3,11,5,12 Harald I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" Gormsson (?) King of Denmark married Gyritha (?) of Sweden, daughter of Olaf Bjornson (?) King of Sweden, between 984 and 985
;
Possibly his 3rd wife.⁵
Harald I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" Gormsson (?) King of Denmark died between 1 November 986 and 987; Genealogy.EU (Denmark 1 page) says d. before 988/991; Cannon & Griffiths says d. 985; Genealogics says d. 1 Nob 986/7.^13,7,3,5
Harald I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" Gormsson (?) King of Denmark was buried after 1 November 987 at Roskilde Cathedral (Roskilde Domkirke), Roskilde, Roskilde Kommune, Sjælland, Denmark; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     911
     DEATH     1 Nov 986 (aged 74–75)
     Danish Monarch. Born the son of Gorm the Old of Jylland and Thyra Danebod. Harald ascended to the throne with his father's death in 935 following Gorm's disastrous invasion of Friesland. Harald began his reign by strengthened the Danawirk series of fortifications in an attempt to create a barrier between the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark, and consolidated the kingdom won by his father. After the assassination of King Harald Graafeld of Norway, Harald attempted to add Norway to his lands, but was only briefly successful before being forced to withdraw. The Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I, then demanded Harald recognize him as lord protector of the nascent Danish Christian church. The ensuing conflict saw Harald's defeat and he was forced to accept baptism in the Christian church in 972. By 980 Harald removed the royal residence to Roeskilde and built a church there, and promoted the spread of the new religion. His son Sweyn Forkbeard, allied himself with Palnatoke, a powerful pagan chieftain and foster father to the prince, who raised a rebellion against the King. Palnatoke reportedly defeated and killed Harald in battle. The king was buried in the church at Roeskilde, where he was walled up in one of the pillars of the choir. He is also known variously as Harald Gormson or Harald I of Denmark. Bio by: Iola
     Family Members
     Parents
          Gorm the Old
          Thyra Dannebod
     Spouse
          Gynrithe Olafsdottir of Denmark unknown–1002
     Children
          Gunnora de Crepon of Normandy unknown–1031
          Aveline of Arques de Bolbec
          Sweyn Forkbeard 960–1014
     BURIAL     Roskilde Cathedral, Roskilde, Roskilde Kommune, Sjælland, Denmark
     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Originally Created by: Peterborough K
     Added: 14 Mar 2004
     Find a Grave Memorial 8509545.¹⁴
      ; Per Anderson email:
"Harald Blaatands (Bluetooths) ancestors were according to me the following:
Parents:
Grandparents:
Great grandparents.
Sources:
1. Common knowledge from the archives of S.G.M.
2. A book unfortunately only available in Dainsh by Kirsten Moeller: "Vikinge ætten - Brudstykker til et moenster", 1997. From page 43-80 is a part called: "Hardeknud". Other parts of the book are called: "Gorm og Gnupa", "Hakon Adelstensfostre", "Ingvars æt" (Ingvar meaning Ivarr Boneless" - or in danish "Iver Benloes". This book can be highly recommended though it may be hard purchasing it abroad, and I dont know whether or not this exellent book has been translated yet.”.²

; Per Genealogics:
     “Possibly two more daughters Mo and Thorgny.
     “Harald Gormsen Blatand ('Bluetooth') was born around 910, the son of Gorm 'the Old', king of Jutland (peninsular Germany and Denmark) and of Tyre Danebrod, a supposed daughter of Harald Klak, Jarl of Hutland, or daughter of a nobleman of Sonderjylland who is supposed to have been kindly disposed towards Christianity. Harald founded the Jomsborg Viking colony, and established Christianity in Denmark. With his wife Gunhild he had two sons Erik and Svend and a daughter Tyre who would have progeny.
     “Harald was killed in Jomsborg on 1 November 985 or 986, fighting off a rebellion led by his son Svend. He had ruled as king of Denmark from around 958 and king of Norway for a few years probably around 970. His remains were buried in the cathedral of Roskilde in Denmark, where his bones are still preserved, walled up in one of the pillars of the choir.”.³

; This is the same person as:
”Harald Bluetooth” at Wikipedia and as
”Harald Blåtand” at Wikipedia (DK).^15,16 EDV-32.

; Per Genealogy.EU (Denmark 1): “A2. Harald "Bluetooth-Blaatand", King of Denmark and Norway (970-991), *ca 910, +before 988/991; 1m: Gunhild N; 2m: Tove (possibly a dau.of Pr Mistiwoj of the Wends)”.¹⁷

; Per Med Lands:
     "HARALD Gormsen, son of GORM "den Gamle/the Old" King of Denmark & his wife Tyre "Danebod" ([925/35]-Jomsborg 1 Dec [986/87], bur Roskilde Cathedral[154]). Adam of Bremen records that "filium autem regis [=Worm] Haroldum" succeeded as ruler in Denmark[155]. Saxo Grammaticus names Harald as son of Tyre[156]. The Chronicon Roskildense names "Gorm pater Haraldi", specifying that "Haraldus" reigned for 15 years during the life of his father and 50 years after his father died, and was known as "Blatan sive Clac Harald", on the other hand a later passage specifies that Harald succeeded his father Gorm[157]. He succeeded his father before 950 as HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark. Snorre records that "King Harald Gormson" ruled in Denmark when the sons of King Eirik " Blodøks" sought refuge there in [955][158]. According to Snorre, he invaded Norway in 965 after the death of King Harald II, supported by Jarl Haakon Sigurdson, Harald Gudrodson "Grenske" and other Norwegian exiles[159]. He effectively made himself ruler of Norway, but returned to Denmark after leaving Jarl Haakon in Norway as his regent[160]. Emperor Otto invaded Jutland and defeated King Harald, who took refuge at Limafjord on the island of Marsey where he was converted to Christianity by Bishop Poppo after agreeing a truce with the emperor[161]. Adam of Bremen records that King Harald submitted to Emperor Otto and was baptised "cum uxore Gunhild et filio parvulo"[162]. Adam of Bremen names "Suein Otto, filius magni Haroldi regis Danorum" when recording that he deposed and expelled his father who fled to "civitatem Sclavorum quæ Iumne dicitur" where King Harald died from his wounds. Adam specifies that his body was repatriated to Roskilde for burial in the church of the Holy Trinity which he had built, that King Harald had ruled for 50 years and that he died "in festivitate omnium sanctorum"[163]. His son Svend rebelled against him and forced his father to flee to Jomsburg (now Wolin) where he died from wounds received while counter-attacking his son's forces[164]. Guillaume of Jumièges records that “Aigroldus rex Danorum” was expelled from his kingdom by "filio suo...Sveno" and was received in Normandy by “dux” [Guillaume Comte de Normandie] who granted him “Constantiensem comitatum”[165], although this is evidently anachronistic as Duke Guillaume died in 942. Guillaume of Jumièges records that Louis IV King of the West Franks, after the death of Richard´s father, marched on Rouen, was received by “Rodulphus et Bernardus atque Anslech totius Normannici ducatus tutores”, and captured Richard, who was taken to Laon but was freed by “Osmundus...consilio cum Yvone patre Willelmi de Belismo” and taken to “Silvanectis” where “Bernardus...comes” protected “nepotem suum Richardum”[166], a passage dated to [945] from the context. According to King Olav Trygvason's Saga, King Harald defeated his son but died from wounds received in the battle[167]. Modern-day "Bluetooth" computer technology was named after King Harald, his union of Denmark and Norway being considered by the inventors, for some reason, as analogous with the wire-free linking of computer devices[168].
     "m firstly ([before 960]) GUNHILD, daughter of ---. Adam of Bremen names Gunhild as wife of King Harald when recording that the couple were baptised with their small son[169]. 965.
     "m secondly TOVE, daughter of [MSTIVOJ] & his wife --- (-[990]). Her marriage and parentage are confirmed by a Runic stone at Sönder Vissing, Denmark which records that "Tufa let gera [make] kuml [monument], Mistiuis do´tter,ept [daughter] Mo´thur [mother] sina.Kona [queen] Haralds hins Goda,Gorms sonar"[170]. According to Europäische Stammtafeln[171] she was Tove, daughter of Mstivoj the Wendish prince. The name of Tove´s father, "Mistiuis", on the Runic stone bears some similarity to Mstivoj. However, one difficulty is the apparent chronological discrepancy. The only other reference to Mstivoj is dated to 1000 (see MECKLENBURG) and gives no idea about his age at the time. Nor is there any indication of the date of Tove´s marriage, although it appears unlikely that she married much later than 980 considering the date her husband died. This would place her birth in [960] which, in turn, would mean that Mstivoj would have been over 60 years old when he is mentioned in 1000. This is not impossible, but it seems a little surprising. Another possibility is that she was Tove of Poland, daughter of Mieszko I Prince of Poland. The name "Mieszko" is just as similar to "Mistiuis" as "Mstivoj". This would place her birth after 966, later than suggested above, assuming that she was Mieszko´s daughter by his wife Dobrava of Bohemia. If this hypothesis is correct, Tove could have been the sister of the first wife of King Harald´s son, King Svend, implying a father/son double marriage with two sisters. This would place King Svend´s marriage rather earlier than the date suggested below, but the idea is not impossible.
     "[m [thirdly] ([984/85]) GYRITHA of Sweden, sister of STYRBJÖRN "den Starke/the Strong" King of Sweden, daughter of ---. This marriage is only referred to by Saxo Grammaticus, who says that King Styrbjörn had sought help from King Harald after being deposed as king of Sweden by his cousin and granted Harald his sister in marriage[172].]
     "King Harald I had six children, maybe all by his first wife although this is not certain:
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "[TOVE (-[990]). Her marriage and parentage are confirmed by a Runic stone at Sönder Vissing, Denmark which records that "Tufa let gera [make] kuml [monument], Mistiuis do´tter,ept [daughter] Mo´thur [mother] sina.Kona [queen] Haralds hins Goda,Gorms sonar"[57]. Europäische Stammtafeln identifies Tove´s father as Mstivoj the Wendish prince[58]. The name of Tove´s father, "Mistiuis", on the Runic stone bears some similarity to Mstivoj. However, one difficulty is the apparent chronological discrepancy. The only other reference to Mstivoj is dated to 1000 and gives no idea about his age at the time. Nor is there any indication of the date of Tove´s marriage, although it appears unlikely that she married much later than 980 considering the date her husband died. This would place her birth in [960] which, in turn, would mean that Mstivoj would have been over 60 years old when he is mentioned in 1000. This is not impossible, but it seems a little surprising. Another possibility is that she was Tove of Poland, daughter of Mieszko I Prince of Poland. The name "Mieszko" is just as similar to "Mistiuis" as "Mstivoj". This would place her birth after 966, later than suggested above, assuming that she was Mieszko´s daughter by his wife Dobrava of Bohemia. If this hypothesis is correct, Tove could have been the sister of the first wife of King Harald´s son, King Svend, implying a father/son double marriage with two sisters. This would place King Svend´s marriage rather earlier than the date suggested below, but the idea is not impossible.
     "m as his second wife, HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark, son of GORM "den Gamle/the Old" King of Denmark & his wife Tyre "Danebod" (before 935-Jomsborg 1 Dec [986/87], bur Roskilde Cathedral).]"
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "[GYRITHA of Sweden . Gyritha and her alleged marriage is only referred to in Saxo Grammaticus, which says that King Styrbjörn granted King Harald his sister in marriage after seeking his help after being deposed[21].
m ([984/85]) as his [third] wife, HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark, son of GORM "den Gamle/the Old" King of Denmark & his wife Tyre "Danebod" (before 935-Jomsborg 1 Dec [986/87], bur Roskilde Cathedral).] "
Med Lands cites: He was King of Denmark
See the atached map of the Kingdom of Harald I and his allies & vassals (from Wikipedai: By Briangotts - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6028459) between 950 and 986.^18,19

     Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England was born circa 960 at Denmark.^8,7 He married Gunhild (?) of the Wends, daughter of Burislaw (?) Prince of the Wenden and Unknown (?), between 988 and 990
;
His possible 1st wife.
See note regarding the uncertainty over who Gunhild was and whether Sigurd the Haughty even existed. I have chosen to assign Svend's children to his supposed wives, following Med Lands: GA Vaut.^9,7 Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England married Gunhilda/Swietoslawa/Sygrida (?) of Poland, daughter of Mieszko I Dagon (?) King of Poland and Dobrava/Dubrawka (?) Princess of Bohemia, in 990
;
His possible 1st wife. Her identity is uncertain. Genealogy.EU (Denmark 1 page) says m. 998.^{2,10,3,11,4,12,13,14,15} Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England and Gunhilda/Swietoslawa/Sygrida (?) of Poland were divorced in 998.^10,11,7 Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England married Sigrid Storråda "the Haughty" Skoglar-Testedotter (?), daughter of Skoglar-Teste (?), circa 1000
;
His possible 2nd wife.
See note regarding the uncertainty over who Gunhild was and whether Sigurd the Haughty even existed. I have chosen to assign Svend's children to his supposed wives, following Med Lands: GA Vaut.^2,10,1,16,4
Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England died after 3 February 1014 at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England.^2,8,3,7,4
Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England was buried after 3 February 1014 at Roskilde Cathedral (Roskilde Domkirke), Roskilde, Roskilde Kommune, Sjælland, Denmark; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     960
     DEATH     3 Feb 1014 (aged 53–54)
     King of Denmark (986-1014), Norway (999-1014), and England (1013-1014). Born in 960 in Denmark. Died in England on February 3rd 1014.
     Family Members
     Parents
          Harald Bluetooth 911–986
     Spouse
          Sigrid the Haughty
     Siblings
          Gunnora de Crepon of Normandy unknown–1031
          Aveline of Arques de Bolbec
     Children
          King Canute 995–1035
     BURIAL     Roskilde Cathedral, Roskilde, Roskilde Kommune, Sjælland, Denmark
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Originally Created by: SJ Corcoran
     Added: 21 Aug 2008
     Find A Grave Memorial 29205676.^8,7,17
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "SIGRID "Storråda/the Haughty" . Snorre names Sigrid as daughter of "Skoglar" Toste and refers to her marriage to "the Swedish king, Eirik the Victorious"[76]. Saxo Grammaticus names "Syritha" as mother of "Erici filius Olavus"[77]. The Fagrskinna names Sigrid, mother of King Olof, as daughter of Skoglar-Tosta[78]. Morkinskinna names "Sigridr en stórráda" as mother of “the lady Ástrídr…sister of two kings, Knútr the Great and Óláfr the Swede” who married “Jarl Úlfr sprakaleggr”[79].
     "m firstly ([before 985]) ERIK "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden, son of [EMUND Erikson King of Sweden] (-Uppsala [994/95]).
     "m secondly ([1000]) as his second wife, SVEND I "Tveskæg/Forkbeard" King of Denmark, son of HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark & his first wife Gunhild ([960]-Gainsborough 3 Feb 1014, bur in England, later removed to Roskilde)."
Med Lands cites:

; This is the same person as:
”Sweyn Forkbeard” at Wikipedia and as
”Swen Wid?obrody” at Wikipedia (PL).^18,19

; Per Genealogics:
     "Svend II 'Forkbeard' was born about 960, the son of Harald I Gormsen Blatand, king in Denmark and Norway. On his father's death in late 986 or early 987, he became king of Denmark; in 1000, with the allegiance of Eirik Hakonsson, jarl in Norway and later in England, he was ruler of most of Norway. After a long effort at conquest, and shortly before his death, in 1013 he became king of England. For the last months of his life he was the Danish sovereign of a North Sea empire, which only his son Knud (Canute) was to rival in northern Europe.
     "Many details about Svend's life are contested. There is an ongoing dispute among scholars over the extent of trust historians may place in the various, too often contradictory, accounts of his life given in the sources from his era of history, such as the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,_ Adam of Bremen's _Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum,_ and the _Heimskingla,_ a 13th century work of the medieval Icelandic historian Snorre Sturlasson. Contrary accounts of Svend's later life also appear in the _Encomium Emmae,_ an 11th century Latin encomium in honour of his son King Knud's queen Emma of Normandy, along with the _Chronicle of World and English History_ by Florence of Worcester, another 11th century author.
     "Some historians have argued that Svend's wife described in the sagas - the Swedish dowager queen Sigrid Storrada 'the Haughty' - is purely fictional, whereas others have accepted her existence on the evidence of the Norse sagas. _Den Store Danske Encyklopaedi_ identifies the queen as Gunhild; she was Gunhild/Swjatoslawa/Sygryda of Poland, daughter of Mieszko I Dagon, grand duke of Poland, and Dobrawa/Dubrawka of Bohemia, with whom Svend had two sons, Knud and Harald II, and a daughter Estrid. Knud and Estrid would have progeny.
     "Many negative accounts build on the German medieval chronicler Adam of Bremen's writings; Adam is said to have watched Svend and Scandinavia in general with an 'unsympathetic and intolerant eye' according to some scholars. Adam accused Svend of being a rebellious pagan who persecuted Christians, betrayed his father and expelled German bishops from Scania and Zealand. According to Adam, Svend was therefore sent into exile by his father's German allies and deposed in favour of King Erik Segersall ('the Victorious') of Sweden, who according to Adam then ruled Denmark until his death in 994 or 995. Historians generally have found problems with these claims by Adam, such as that Svend was driven into exile in Scotland for a period as long as fourteen years. As many scholars point out, he built churches in Denmark throughout this period, such as at Lund and Roskilde, as well as leading Danish raids against England.
     "According to the chronicles of John of Wallingford, Svend was involved in raids against England during 1102-1005, 1006-1007, and 1009-1012, to avenge the St. Brice's Day massacre of England's Danish inhabitants in November 1002, a massacre often seen as large-scale ethnic cleansing of the Danes in England orchestrated by Aethelred 'the Unready'. Svend is thought to have had a personal interest in these raids due to his sister Gunhilde being among the victims.
     "Some scholars have argued that Svend's participation may have been prompted by his state of impoverishment, after having been forced to pay a hefty ransom, and that he was in need of the income from the raids. He acquired massive sums of Danegeld through them, and in 1013 he is reported to have personally led his forces in a full-scale invasion.
     "The contemporary _Peterborough Chronicle_ (also called the _Laud Manuscripts_), one of the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicles,_ states that 'before the month of August came King Svend with his fleet to Sandwich. He went very quickly about East Anglia into the Humber's mouth, and so upward along the Trent till he came to Gainsborough. Earl Uchtred and all Northumbria quickly bowed to him, as did all the people of Lindsey, then the people of the Five Boroughs. He was given hostages from each shire. When he understood that all the people had submitted to him, he bade that his force should be provisioned and horsed; he went south with the main part of the invasion force, while some of the invasion force, as well as the hostages, were with his son Canute (Knud). After he came over Watling Street, they went to Oxford, and the town dwellers soon bowed to him, and gave hostages. From there they went to Winchester, and the people did the same, then eastward to London.'
     "However the Londoners are said to have destroyed the bridges that spanned the river Thames, and Svend suffered heavy losses and had to withdraw. The chronicles tell that 'King Svend went from there to Wallingford, over the Thames to Bath, and stayed there with his troops; Ealdorman Aethelmaer came, and the western Thegns with him. They all bowed to Svend and gave hostages.'
     "London had withstood the assault of the Danish army, but the city was now alone, isolated within a country which had completely surrendered. Svend was accepted as king of England following the flight to Normandy of King Aethelred 'the Unready' in late 1013. With the acceptance of the Witan, London had finally surrendered to him, and he was declared king on Christmas day.
     "Svend was based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and began to organise his vast new kingdom, but he died there on 3 February 1014, having ruled England unopposed for only five weeks. His embalmed body was subsequently returned to Denmark, to be buried in the church he built in Roskilde. He was succeeded as king of Denmark by his elder son Harald II, but the Danish fleet proclaimed his younger son Knud king. In England, the councillors had sent for Aethelred, who upon his return from exile in Normandy in the spring of 1014 managed to drive Knud out of England. However, Knud returned to become king of England in 1016, while also ruling Denmark, Norway, parts of Sweden, Pomerania, and Schleswig."⁴

Reference: Genealogics cites: Nachkommen Gorms des Alten, 1978 , Brenner, S. Otto. 9.⁴ Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England was also known as Swein I Forkbeard King of Denmark and England.^2,8,3

; Per Med Lands:
     "SVEND Haraldsen, son of HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark & his [first wife Gunhild ---] ([960]-Gainsborough, Lincolnshire 3 Feb 1014, bur in England, later removed to Roskilde Cathedral). Adam of Bremen names "Suein Otto, filius magni Haroldi regis Danorum" when recording that he deposed and expelled his father[180]. Converted to Christianity with his father, he was baptised "OTTO SVEND" in honour of Emperor Otto[181]. Snorre records that "Svein, King Harald's son" rebelled after his father refused to share the kingdom with him, but was forced to flee, although his father had been mortally wounded and Svend was chosen as king after he died[182]. He rebelled against his father, who had refused to divide the kingdom with him, and forced him to flee to Jomsburg (now Wolin)[183], succeeding in [early 987] as SVEND I "Tveskæg/Forkbeard" King of Denmark. King Svend immediately set about restoring the heathen religion in Denmark[184]. Adam of Bremen records that King Svend persecuted Christians in Denmark[185]. Sigvaldi Jarl at Jomsborg in Vindland captured King Svend and took him to Jomsborg, threatening to deliver him into the hands of the Wends unless he made peace[186]. Adam of Bremen records that "rex Sueonum Hericus" invaded Denmark and expelled King Svend, who was eventually received by "rex Scotthorum" with whom he stayed seven years until the death of King Erik, after which he returned to Denmark after 14 years exile[187], although his period of absence appears exaggerated. King Svend first attacked England in 994, in the company of Olav Tryggveson (who succeeded in [995] as Olav I King of Norway). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "came Anlaf and Swein to London with ninety-four ships and kept up an unceasing attack on the city" 8 Sep 994[188]. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "the isle of Man was devastated by Swain son of Harold" in 994[189]. At that time, Stenton suggests that there was some support to declare Svend as king of England from those who despaired of the government of King Æthelred "the Unready"[190]. Adam of Bremen records that Olof King of Sweden invaded Denmark and expelled King Svend, but allowed him to return to his kingdom because "matrem suam habuerit"[191]. Olav I King of Norway attempted to invade Denmark but was defeated by King Svend in a naval battle "inter Sconiam et Seland", during which King Olav was drowned, after which Svend imposed himself as king of Norway[192]. Danish raids on England intensified after King Æthelred ordered the massacre of Danes in England 13 Nov 1002, which included the death of King Svend's sister Gunhild sister of King Svend. A full-scale Danish invasion came in 1013 and by the end of the year Svend had become SVEIN de facto King of England. King Æthelred fled to Normandy after Christmas 1013[193], but after Svend's death in Feb 1014 he was invited back, but on condition he improve his rule. Adam of Bremen records that King Svend held England for only a short time before he died[194]. Guillaume of Jumièges records that “Danamarchæ...regique Sveno” invaded England but died “apud Lundoniam”, was buried “apud Danamarcham”, and succeeded by “filius eius...Chunutus” who launched a new invasion with “Lacman equidem Suauorum et Olavum Noricorum”[195].
     "m firstly ([988/90]) --- (-before [1000]). The name and identity of King Svend's first wife is uncertain, although she seems to have been known as GUNHILD in Denmark. According to Snorre, Gunhild died before King Svend's second marriage but no precise date is given[196]. Two possibilities emerge from the primary sources:
     "The matter is further complicated by the secondary sources. Brenner[200] names King Svend's first wife "Gunhild of Poland", stating that she was the widow of Erik "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden, which appears to confuse her with King Svend's second wife Sigrid (see below). According to Europäische Stammtafeln[201], King Svend had a single wife "Gunhild of Poland", widow of King Erik of Sweden. In another table, Europäische Stammtafeln[202] further confuses the issue by naming the second wife of King Erik of Sweden and King Svend as "Šwi?tos?awa [Gunhild] of Poland" (although the basis for proposing this Polish name is not known) and the first wife of King Erik as Sigrid Storrada.
     "The only safe conclusions are: firstly, that King Svend did marry before marrying Sigrid, as a first marriage at the age of about 35 after the death of Sigrid's first husband seems improbable; and secondly, that his first wife was probably of Slavic origin from the southern Baltic coastal area, confusion in the primary sources between Polish and Wendish in this context being understandable. According to Ronay[203], King Svend divorced his first wife who returned to Poland taking her son Knud with her, but he cites no primary source to support this statement.
     "m secondly ([1000]) SIGRID “Storråda/the Haughty”, widow of ERIK “Segersäll/the Victorious” King of Sweden, daughter of SKOGAR-Toste, a Swedish noble & his wife ---. There appears to be unanimity among the primary sources about the identity of King Svend's second wife. Snorre records the second marriage of King Svend with "Sigrid the Haughty, a daughter of Skoglartoste and mother of the Swedish king Olaf"[204]. Adam of Bremen records the marriage of Svend King of Denmark and "Herici relictam, matrem Olaph"[205]. The Fagrskinna names Sigrid, mother of King Olof, as daughter of Skoglar-Tosta[206]. Morkinskinna names "Sigridr en stórráda" as mother of “the lady Ástrídr…sister of two kings, Knútr the Great and Óláfr the Swede” who married “Jarl Úlfr sprakaleggr”[207]. Saxo Grammaticus states that King Svend married "Syritha" after she was unsuccessfully wooed by Olav I King of Norway, and also refers to Olof King of Sweden as King Svend's stepson[208].
     "Mistress (1): [AESA], daughter of ---. The primary source which confirms her name has not yet been identified."
Med Lands cites:
; Per Genealogy.EU (Piast 1): “B3. [2m.] Swietoslawa=Sygrida=Gunhild, *ca 970, +after 2.2.1014; 1m: 980/90 King Erik VIII of Sweden (+995); 2m: 998 King Sven I of Denmark (+1014)”.²⁰

; Per Med Lands:
     "GUNHILD (-before [1000]). Snorre names "Geira, Gunhild and Astrid" as the three daughters of "in Vindland…a king called Burizleif"[47]. In a later passage, he records Gunhild's marriage to Svend King of Denmark arranged as part of the peace deal brokered with the Wends by Sigvaldi (Jarl at Jomsborg) who was already married to another daughter of Burizlaw[48]. According to Snorre, Gunhild died before King Svend's second marriage but no precise date is given[49].
     "m ([988/90]) as his first wife, SVEND I "Tveskæg/Forkbeard" King of Denmark, son of HARALD I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" King of Denmark & his first wife Gunhild ([960]-Gainsborough 3 Feb 1014, bur in England, later removed to Roskilde)."
Med Lands cites: He was King of Norway between 985 and 995 at Norway.¹⁸ He was King of Denmark between 985 and 1014 at Denmark.¹⁸

; NB: There is uncertainty about the identity of the woman called Gunhild who was Svend I's 1st wife.
     Per Genealogics, she was the dau of Mieszko I of Poland. Genealogics cites:
     Per Med Lands:
     "m firstly ([988/90]) --- (-before [1000]). The name and identity of King Svend's first wife is uncertain, although she seems to have been known as GUNHILD in Denmark. According to Snorre, Gunhild died before King Svend's second marriage but no precise date is given[196]. Two possibilities emerge from the primary sources:
     "The matter is further complicated by the secondary sources. Brenner[200] names King Svend's first wife "Gunhild of Poland", stating that she was the widow of Erik "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden, which appears to confuse her with King Svend's second wife Sigrid (see below). According to Europäische Stammtafeln[201], King Svend had a single wife "Gunhild of Poland", widow of King Erik of Sweden. In another table, Europäische Stammtafeln[202] further confuses the issue by naming the second wife of King Erik of Sweden and King Svend as "Šwi?tos?awa [Gunhild] of Poland" (although the basis for proposing this Polish name is not known) and the first wife of King Erik as Sigrid Storrada.
     "The only safe conclusions are: firstly, that King Svend did marry before marrying Sigrid, as a first marriage at the age of about 35 after the death of Sigrid's first husband seems improbable; and secondly, that his first wife was probably of Slavic origin from the southern Baltic coastal area, confusion in the primary sources between Polish and Wendish in this context being understandable. According to Ronay[203], King Svend divorced his first wife who returned to Poland taking her son Knud with her, but he cites no primary source to support this statement."
Med Lands cites:
     Wikikpedia identified "Sigrid the Haughty" (Sigríð Storråda) as the wife of Eriak and of Svend I, but states that it is unclear as to whether she was real, a mythical amalgamation of several women, or completely fictional. Wikipedia cites as an example of modern scholarchip arguing that Sigrid is apocryphal: Birgitta Fritz (2004), "Sigrid Storråda", Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon, 32: https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5911 .
Conclusion: Burislaw of the Wends is known to have many links to the Scandinavian royal houses. His 2nd wife was the widow of Styrbjorn of Sweden and a dau. of Haral Bluetooth, Kingo Denmark. As his widow, she married Olav I king of Norway. Burislaw's dau. Gunhild Burislawsdatter (a 2nd Gunhild) married two important Norwegian Jarls. For the moment I have two women as wives of Svend I, one Gunhild|Swjatoslawa|Sygryda (dau. of Mieszko I), and a second Gunhild (dau. of Burislaw of the Wends and his 1st unnamed wife). However, I have assigned the children shown as the off-spring by Svend's marriage to a Gunhild/Sigurd to Gunhild, dau. of Burislaw. GA Vaut.^{7,14,12,13,21,20,22,15} He was King of Norway between 1000 and 1014 at Norway.¹⁸ He was Danish King of England, [Ashley, pp. 484-485] SWEIN, SWEYN or SVEN FORKBEARD King of Denmark, c985-1014; King of England, 25 December 1013-2 February 1014. Born: c960, Denmark. Died: Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, 2 February 1014, aged 54. Buried: Roeskild Cathedral, Denmark. Married: (1) c990, Gunhilda (d. c1015), dau. of Duke Mieszko I of Poland, divorced cl000: 4 or more children; (2) cl000, Sigrid the Haughty (d. c1013), widow of Eric VIII of Sweden: up to 3 children. Swein was the son of Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark. He won the throne of Denmark as the result of a rebellion in 985 when he was probably in his mid twenties. He did not consolidate his hold on Denmark until his father's death in 986. He then turned his attention to richer pickings and combined his forces with those of Olaf Tryggvason of Norway to regain lost ground in England. His raids were amongst a massive wave of Danish and Norse incursions, but those of Olaf and Swein were organized as politically motivated campaigns of conquest. Swein's early raids were in the period 993 to 995. He returned in 1003 after his sister Gunhilda was apparently one of those killed in the St Brice's Day massacre of 1002. He returned annually, his army devastating the countryside. In 1006 they advanced as far as the Berkshire Downs. In past generations this territory had been fiercely defended by the West Saxons under ALFRED and others, and it had passed into Danish legend that any Viking army reaching that territory would never again see the sea. But there was no Alfred to rebuff Swein and he returned unmolested. It was clear England was for the taking, but ATHELRED agreed a truce with Swein in 1007, paying him a massive danegeld, and Swein returned to Denmark. When he returned in 1013 he knew that the English could take no more, following the total devastation caused by the army of Thorkell the Tall. Even though Thorkell had sold his services to Athelred for further sizeable payments, the English fighting spirit had reached its nadir. Swein landed at the Humber in August 1013, and the northern English and Danes of Danelaw immediately submitted to him. He marched across Mercia to Oxford and down to Winchester, where Wessex submitted. Unable to take London he marched on Bath where the Mercians and British of the west country submitted. Swein returned to his base in Lindsey, and learned that Athelred had fled to Normandy. The final resistance in London collapsed and on Christmas Day 1013 Swein was recognized as king of England. 225 years since the first Danish raid on Devon, and thousands of lives later, the Danes had conquered England. Swein did not live long to enjoy his prize. In his mid-fifties he was ill and exhausted from his campaigns and died six weeks later, following a fall from his horse. His son CANUTE would later regain the kingdom. between 25 December 1013 and 2 February 1014 at England (now).^23,10,18

     Gunhilda/Swietoslawa/Sygrida (?) of Poland was born between 968 and 970; Genealogy.EU (Piast & Sweden) says b. ca 970; Genealogics says b. ca 968.^3,10,6 She married Erik VIII 'Segersäll/the Victorious' (?) King of Sweden, son of Bjorn 'the Old' Eriksson (?) King of Uppsala and Ingeborg (?), between 980 and 990
;
His 2nd wife; her 1st husband.^3,11,6 Gunhilda/Swietoslawa/Sygrida (?) of Poland married Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England, son of Harald I "Blåtand/Bluetooth" Gormsson (?) King of Denmark and Gunhilda (?), in 990
;
His possible 1st wife. Her identity is uncertain. Genealogy.EU (Denmark 1 page) says m. 998.^{1,4,12,3,13,6,14,15,16} Gunhilda/Swietoslawa/Sygrida (?) of Poland and Svend I Haraldsen Tveskæg/Forkbeard' (?) King of Denmark and England were divorced in 998.^4,3,17
Gunhilda/Swietoslawa/Sygrida (?) of Poland died after 2 February 1014; Ashely says d. ca 1015; Genealogy.EU (Piast 1 and Sweden pages) and Genealogics say d. after 2 Feb 1014.^4,3,10,6
     Gunhilda/Swietoslawa/Sygrida (?) of Poland was also known as Sigrid "the Haughty" (?)¹⁸

; Per Genealogy.EU (Piast 1): “B3. [2m.] Swietoslawa=Sygrida=Gunhild, *ca 970, +after 2.2.1014; 1m: 980/90 King Erik VIII of Sweden (+995); 2m: 998 King Sven I of Denmark (+1014)”.¹⁹
; NB: There is uncertainty about the identity of the woman called Gunhild who was Svend I's 1st wife.
     Per Genealogics, she was the dau of Mieszko I of Poland. Genealogics cites:
     Per Med Lands:
     "m firstly ([988/90]) --- (-before [1000]). The name and identity of King Svend's first wife is uncertain, although she seems to have been known as GUNHILD in Denmark. According to Snorre, Gunhild died before King Svend's second marriage but no precise date is given[196]. Two possibilities emerge from the primary sources:
     "The matter is further complicated by the secondary sources. Brenner[200] names King Svend's first wife "Gunhild of Poland", stating that she was the widow of Erik "Segersäll/the Victorious" King of Sweden, which appears to confuse her with King Svend's second wife Sigrid (see below). According to Europäische Stammtafeln[201], King Svend had a single wife "Gunhild of Poland", widow of King Erik of Sweden. In another table, Europäische Stammtafeln[202] further confuses the issue by naming the second wife of King Erik of Sweden and King Svend as "Šwi?tos?awa [Gunhild] of Poland" (although the basis for proposing this Polish name is not known) and the first wife of King Erik as Sigrid Storrada.
     "The only safe conclusions are: firstly, that King Svend did marry before marrying Sigrid, as a first marriage at the age of about 35 after the death of Sigrid's first husband seems improbable; and secondly, that his first wife was probably of Slavic origin from the southern Baltic coastal area, confusion in the primary sources between Polish and Wendish in this context being understandable. According to Ronay[203], King Svend divorced his first wife who returned to Poland taking her son Knud with her, but he cites no primary source to support this statement."
Med Lands cites:
     Wikikpedia identified "Sigrid the Haughty" (Sigríð Storråda) as the wife of Eriak and of Svend I, but states that it is unclear as to whether she was real, a mythical amalgamation of several women, or completely fictional. Wikipedia cites as an example of modern scholarchip arguing that Sigrid is apocryphal: Birgitta Fritz (2004), "Sigrid Storråda", Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon, 32: https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5911 .
Conclusion: Burislaw of the Wends is known to have many links to the Scandinavian royal houses. His 2nd wife was the widow of Styrbjorn of Sweden and a dau. of Haral Bluetooth, Kingo Denmark. As his widow, she married Olav I king of Norway. Burislaw's dau. Gunhild Burislawsdatter (a 2nd Gunhild) married two important Norwegian Jarls. For the moment I have two women as wives of Svend I, one Gunhild|Swjatoslawa|Sygryda (dau. of Mieszko I), and a second Gunhild (dau. of Burislaw of the Wends and his 1st unnamed wife). However, I have assigned the children shown as the off-spring by Svend's marriage to a Gunhild/Sigurd to Gunhild, dau. of Burislaw. GA Vaut.^{17,15,6,14,18,19,20,16}

     John Seymour died circa December 1552.¹
John Seymour was buried on 19 December 1552 .¹

     Harald II (?) King of Denmark was born circa 994.⁵
Harald II (?) King of Denmark died in 1019; Genealogy.EU (Denmark 1 page) says d. 1018.^1,5,2
     He was King of Denmark between 1014 and 1018.^5,2

     Sweyn (?) King of Norway was born circa 1015.²
Sweyn (?) King of Norway died in 1036.^1,3
     He was King of Norway, [Ashley, p. 741] Sweyn was appointed King of Norway by his father, Canute, and expelled. Elfgiva, his mother, was regent and was also expelled in 1035 after the death of Canute. between 1030 and 1035.^7,2,3

     Harold I Harefoot (?) King of England was born circa 1016 at Northampton, England.^1,2,3
Harold I Harefoot (?) King of England died on 17 March 1040 at Oxford, Oxfordshire, England.^1,2,3
     He was King of England: Ashley, p. 490] HAROLD (I) HAREFOOT ruled 1037 (regent from 1035)-17 March 1040. He was the son of CANUTE and his first wife Elfgiva. At the time of his succession some challenged his legitimacy, claiming that Elfgiva was only a handfast wife. He is believed to have been born in Northampton in 1016. The accepted heir to the throne was HARTHACANUTE, his half-brother, who was delayed in Denmark. Harold was accepted as regent, to rule alongside Harthacanute's mother Emma, and Earl Godwin, but with Harthacanute's continued absence, Harold was accepted as king and crowned in 1037 at Oxford. His authority may not have gone unchallenged. In 1036 Prince Alfred, one of the younger sons of ATHELRED and Emma, had returned from exile, ostensibly to visit his mother, but in all likelihood to test out support for a possible bid for the throne. However he and his supporters were captured and imprisoned. Alfred was blinded so brutally that he died from the wounds. His death is recorded as either 5 February 1036 or 1037, the ASC favouring 1036, though either are possible as uncertainty remained in England until Harold was crowned; a situation compounded when Earl Godwin changed sides and supported Harold. Emma fled into exile to Flanders for her own safety. Nothing is recorded of Harold's reign beyond a dispute with the church over the ownership of lands at Sandwich. Like many young sons of powerful kings, he was spoiled and ineffectual. He died at Oxford in 1040 and was buried at Westminster, though Harthacanute exhumed the body and had it beheaded and flung in the marshes. He was later reburied, probably at St Clement Dane's church in London. He had a young son, Elfwine, who was raised on the continent and later became a monk. between 1037 and 17 March 1040.^1,7,4

     Gunhilda (?) of England was born in 1019; Genealogy.EU says b. 1019; Med Lands says b. 1020.³ She married Heinrich III "The Black" (?) King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, son of Konrad II "the Salic" (?) Holy Roman Emperor and Gisela von Schwaben Queen of Germany, Holy Roman empress, Queen of Burgundy, circa 29 June 1036 at Nijmegen, Nijmegen Municipality, Gelderland, Netherlands,
;
His 1st wife.^1,3,4,9,10,5
Gunhilda (?) of England died on 18 July 1038 at Italy (now).^1,3,5
Gunhilda (?) of England was buried after 18 July 1038 at Kloster Limburg, Bad Durkheim, Landkreis Bad Dürkheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     1019
     DEATH     18 Jul 1038 (aged 18–19)
     Royalty. Born the only daughter of King Canute I and Emma of Normandy. She was betrothed to Heinrich of Germany in 1035 to strengthen a peace contract between their fathers. Even after Canutes death Konrad II upheld the contract to secure the borders to the north. Their wedding was celebrated in 1036 in Nijmwegen where she was also crowned German queen. She is described as frail and sickly but her marriage seems to have been happy. After spending the winter 1036/37 in Regensburg she traveled with her husband and his parents to Italy where Konrad had been asked to intervene in a territorial dispute between two nobles. During the campaign she gave birth to her only child Beatrix. On the way back to Germany the army was seized by an epidemic. Gunhild died not far away from Parma. Her embalmed body was brought to Germany by Heinrich and his mother. The emperor was already too sick to accompany them. It is possible that she was buried in Limburg instead of Speyer because she had not been crowned empress.
     Family Members
     Parents
          King Canute 995–1035
          Emma of Normandy 988–1052
     Spouse
          Heinrich III 1017–1056
     Siblings
          Harold Harefoot 1016–1040
          Hardicanute 1019–1042
     Half Siblings
          Edward the Confessor 1002–1066
          Goda Of England 1004–1047
          Alfred Atheling 1012–1037
          Svein Knutsson 1020–1035
     BURIAL     Kloster Limburg, Bad Durkheim, Landkreis Bad Dürkheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
     Created by: Lutetia
     Added: 11 Apr 2011
     Find a Grave Memorial 68212574.¹¹
     ; Per Genealogy.EU: "D1. Heinrich III "The Black", King of Germany (1027-46), King of Burgundy (1038-39), Duke of Swabia (1038-45), King of Italy (1039-56), Emperor (1046-56), *28.10.1017, +Bodfeld 5.10.1056; 1m: Nimeguen 1036 Gunnhilde of England (*1019 +18.7.1038); 2m: 21.11.1043 Agnes d'Aquitaine (*1024 +14.12.1077.)⁴"

; Per Med Lands:
     "GUNHILD [Æthelfryth] ([1020]-in Italy 18 Jul 1038, bur Limburg Klosterkirche). Guillaume of Jumièges records that, after the death of “Edelredus rex”, “Emmam reginam” married “rex...Chunutus...Christiano more”, and names their children “Hardechunutum postmodum regem Danorum et filiam...Gunnildem quæ nupsit Henrico Romanorum Imperatori”[2017]. Adam of Bremen records that the daughter of King Knud married "imperator filio suo"[2018]. Her parentage is stated by Orderic Vitalis, who also refers to her marriage[2019]. Wipo names "Chnutonis regis Anglorum filiam, nomine Chunehildem" as wife of "Heinricus rex, filius imperatoris" when recording their marriage in 1036[2020]. The Annalista Saxo records that the wife of King Heinrich III was "filiam Cnud regis Danorum", specifying that the marriage was arranged by Unwan Archbishop of Bremen[2021], although this seems unlikely as Archbishop Unwan died in 1029[2022]. Herimannus names "Chunihildem, Cnutonis Danorum et Anglorum regis filiam" when recording her marriage to "Heinricus rex, filius imperatoris" in 1036[2023]. She adopted the name KUNIGUND on her marriage. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines records that "uxor imperatoris Henrici Gunhildis imperatrix de Anglia" was accused of adultery, that she was defended in trial by combat, but that after her champion's victory she disdained the success and became a nun[2024]. William of Malmesbury also recounts that she was accused of adultery and retired to a convent[2025]. She died during her husband's expedition to Italy[2026], the death of "regina Conihild" being recorded in the Annalista Saxo "XV Kal Aug"[2027]. The necrology of Speyer records the death "XV Kal Aug" of "Cunehilt regina"[2028].
     "m (Nijmegen [29] Jun 1036) as his first wife, HEINRICH III King of Germany, Duke of Bavaria, son of Emperor KONRAD II & his wife Gisela of Swabia (Ostrebeck 28 Oct 1017-Burg Bodfeld im Harz 5 Oct 1056, bur Speyer Cathedral). Duke of Swabia 1038-1045. King of Burgundy Autumn 1038. Regent of the Duchy of Carinthia 1039-1047. He was crowned Emperor at Rome 25 Dec 1046."
Med Lands cites:

     Sir Henry Bourgchier Knt., KG, 1st Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Ewe married Mary Blount, daughter of William Blount 4th Lord Mountjoy and Elizabeth Say.¹⁰
Sir Henry Bourgchier Knt., KG, 1st Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Ewe was born in 1406.⁴ He married Isabel (?) of York, daughter of Richard (?) of Conisborough , 1st Earl of Cambridge and Anne Mortimer Countess of March and Ulster, in 1446.^3,4,1,2

Sir Henry Bourgchier Knt., KG, 1st Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Ewe died in 1483.^3,11,12
     He was 2nd Earl of Ewe (d'Eu) at Eu, Normandy, France (now).² Sir Henry Bourgchier Knt., KG, 1st Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Ewe was also known as Henry Bourchier 1st Earl of Essex.¹³ He was 1st Earl of Essex of the 1461 cr (see ESSEX, E, preliminary remarks); in 1461.¹³

     Margaret (?) Countess of Salisbury married Edward Plantagenet 2nd Earl of Warwick, son of George (?) Duke of Clarence and Isabel Neville.¹

Margaret (?) Countess of Salisbury died in 1541.¹