Person Page - 143

     Louis I "The Pious, The Fair, le Debonnaire" (?) King of Aquitaine, King of the Franks, Emperor of the West was born on 16 August 778 at Casseeuil-sur-Garonne, Departement du Lot-et-Garonne, Aquitaine, France (now); The Henry Project says b. "April×September 778, during his father's campaigns in Spain."^11,3,4,12,6 He married Ermengarde/Irmingard (?) of Hesbaye, Queen of the Franks, Empress, daughter of Ingram (Ingeramne) (?) Count of Hesbaye and Rotrude (?), circa 794
;
His 1st wife.^{13,14,3,4,15,6,16,17,18} Louis I "The Pious, The Fair, le Debonnaire" (?) King of Aquitaine, King of the Franks, Emperor of the West married Judith (?) von Altdorf, daughter of Welf I (?) Graf in Swabia and Heilwig/Hedwig/Eigilwich (?) of Saxony, in February 819 at Aachen (Aix La Chapelle), Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (now),
;
His 2nd wife.^{19,20,4,11,21,22,15,6}
Louis I "The Pious, The Fair, le Debonnaire" (?) King of Aquitaine, King of the Franks, Emperor of the West died on 20 June 840 at Mainz (Frankfurt am Main), Stadtkreis Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany (now), at age 61; Genealogy.EU (Carolin 1 page) says d. in Ingelheim.^23,3,4,12,6
Louis I "The Pious, The Fair, le Debonnaire" (?) King of Aquitaine, King of the Franks, Emperor of the West was buried after 20 June 840 at Saint Arnoul Royal Abbey, Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     Aug 778, Devillac, Departement du Lot-et-Garonne, Aquitaine, France
     DEATH     20 Jun 840 (aged 61), Mainz, Stadtkreis Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
     Louis I (Holy Roman Empire), called The Pious (778-840), Holy Roman emperor (814-840), king of France (814-840), king of Germany (814-840), and king of Aquitaine (781-840). He was the son and sole successor of Charlemagne. In 817 Louis made plans for an orderly succession among his sons: Lothair I, Louis II (Louis the German), and Pepin of Aquitaine. Later he wanted to include in the succession Charles II (Charles the Bald), his son by a second marriage. Dissatisfied, his older sons rebelled (830, 833) against him and fought among themselves for supremacy as well. Pepin died in 838, and in 843 the empire was divided among the three surviving brothers.
     Family Members
     Parents
      Charlemagne 742–814
      Hildegarde de Vintzgau Herstal 757–783
     Spouses
      Ermengarde of Hesbaye unknown–818
      Judith of Bavaria 805–843
     Siblings
      Pepin Carolingian of Italy 773–810
     Half Siblings
      Drogo of Metz
      Adeltrude du Maine 774–852
      Hugh l'Abbe de St Quentin 802–844
     Children
      Princess Adelaide Tours
      Princess Carolingian d'Auvergne
      Gisela De France Of Neustria
      Arnulf de Sens 794–841
      Alpaïs de Paris 795 – unknown
      Lothair Carolingian 795–855
      Rotrude de Aquitania d'Auvergne 802–860
      Ludwig II of East Francia 804–876
      Charles II Emperor of the Holy Empire 823–877
     BURIAL     Saint Arnoul Royal Abbey, Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Originally Created by: Jerry Ferren
     Added: 26 Jan 2012
     Find A Grave Memorial 84022206
     SPONSORED BY Billie Jasper.^4,12
      ; Per Genealogics:
     “Louis was born on 16 April 778, the son of Emperor Charlemagne and Hildegardis. About 794 he married Irmingard/Ermengard, daughter of Ingram, Graf in Haspengau. Between 795 and 806 they had three sons and a daughter, all of whom would have progeny. Irmingard died in 818, and in the following year he married Judith, daughter of Welf, Graf in Bayern und Schwaben, Graf von Altdorf. They had a son and daughter who would both have progeny.
     “As his father's only surviving son, Louis was crowned emperor by his father in 813 without assistance from the clergy. In 816 the pope anointed him. In 817 he issued the 'Ordinatio Imperii' that effectively divided the Empire between his three sons. However this was not the only reason for the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire. High offices had become hereditary and so less subject to the emperor's favour. As well, the Vikings began raiding the Empire more frequently.
     “Whereas Charlemagne had been a Frankish warrior, Louis saw himself as a servant of the Church. As a result, where the papal elections had previously required Imperial approval this was no longer the case under the rule of Louis.
     “In 817 he brutally suppressed his nephew Bernard of Italy. However an indication of his guilt over the brutality is that in 821 he pardoned those involved in the uprising, only to have this interpreted by the Frankish nobles in 822 as a sign of weakness.
     “By now he had lost control over both Church and nobility. With four sons he was also plagued by dynastic problems. His second wife, Judith, wanting the largest part of the empire for her son, joined forces with Louis' sons Ludwig 'the German' and Pippin, against Lothar the eldest son. Two factions developed in the empire, one wanting to keep it united and the other to continue the Frankish custom of dividing lands between all sons.
     “In 829 Judith persuaded Louis to set aside his settlement of 817 and include her son Charles in the partition of the Empire. However, Ludwig and Pippin, jealous of Charles' portion, joined forces with Lothar their eldest brother, and in 830 rebelled against their father.
     “The eldest three sons, supported by Pope Gregory IV, defeated their father in 833. Lothar was restored as emperor designate and Louis was forced to perform a humiliating penance. However, Ludwig and Pippin were still dissatisfied and again took up arms. In 838 Pippin died, followed in 840 by Louis. Finally in 843 at Verdun the Frankish tradition triumphed and the empire was divided between the three surviving sons.”.²⁴

; Per Enc. of World History:
     "Louis the Pious (emperor), educated at the Palace School, crowned in his father's lifetime. Sincerely religious, a reformer of his court, the Frankish Church, and the monasteries, he allowed himself to be crowned again by the pope (816). The influence of his ecclesiastical adviser Benedict of Aniane on an ideology of political Augustinianismto the detriment of traditional Frankish principlesincreased tension with the aristocracy. Louis was ineffectual as a soldier and ruler. He and his heirs concentrated on a long struggle (leading to civil war) over territorial questions, to the neglect of government, foreign policy, and defensea program that hastened the breakup of the empire.
     "A significant series of partitions involved Louis's sons: Lothair (d. 855), Louis the German (d. 876), Pepin (d. 838), and their half-brother, Charles the Bald (d. 877).
     "The division of 817: Aquitaine and parts of Septimania and Burgundy went to Pepin, as subking; Bavaria and the marches to the east were assigned to Louis the German as subking, undivided; Francia, German and Gallic, and most of Burgundy were retained by Louis and his eldest son, Lothair. Italy went to a third subking.
     "Lothair I (emperor). On the death of Louis the Pious, the three heirs contained their struggle, and after the indecisive battle of Fontenay (841), Carolingian prestige sank to a new depth. Charles the Bald and Louis the German formed an alliance against Lothair (who was supported by the clergy in the interests of unity) in the bilingual (Teutonic and Romance) Oaths of Strassburg (842), sworn by the rulers and their armies, each in their own vernacular. They then forced a family compact on Lothair at Verdun.“.²⁵ GAV-31 EDV-31 GKJ-32.

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; This is the same person as ”Louis "the Pious" (Louis le Pieux, Ludwig der Fromme, Hludowicus)” at The Henry Project.⁶

; Per Med Lands:
     "LOUIS [Hludowic], son of CHARLES I King of the Franks & his second wife Hildegard (Chasseneuil-du-Poitou [16 Apr/Sep] 778-island in the Rhine near Ingelheim 20 Jun 840, bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul[189]). He is named, and his parentage recorded, in the Gesta Mettensium, which specifies that he was his parents' third son, born a twin with his brother Hlothar[190]. Crowned King of the Aquitainians in Rome 15 Apr 781 by Pope Hadrian I. His armies occupied Girona, Urgel and Cerdanya in 785 and besieged Barcelona in 802, establishing the "March of Spain"[191]. At the partition of territories agreed at Thionville in 806, he was designated sovereign of Aquitaine, Gascony, Septimania, Provence and southern Burgundy. His father named him as his successor at Aix-la-Chapelle, crowning him as joint emperor 11 Sep 813[192]. On his father's death, he adopted the title Emperor LOUIS I “der Fromme/le Pieux” 2 Feb 814, and was crowned at Reims [Jul/Aug] 816 by Pope Stephen IV. He did not use the titles king of the Franks or king of Italy so as to emphasise the unity of the empire[193]. He promulgated the Ordinatio Imperii at Worms in 817, which established his eldest son as his heir, his younger sons having a subordinate status, a decision which was eventually to lead to civil war between his sons. His nephew Bernard King of Italy, ignored in the Ordinatio Imperii, rebelled against his uncle, but was defeated and killed. After his death, Italy was placed under the direct rule of the emperor. Emperor Louis crowned his son Lothaire as joint emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle in Jul 817, his primary status over his brothers being confirmed once more at the assembly of Nijmegen 1 May 821. In Nov 824, Emperor Louis placed Pope Eugene II under his protection, effectively subordinating the papal role to that of the emperor. The birth of his son Charles by his second marriage in 823 worsened relations with his sons by his first marriage, the tension being further increased when Emperor Louis invested Charles with Alemannia, Rhætia, Alsace and part of Burgundy at Worms in Aug 829, reducing the territory of his oldest son Lothaire to Italy. His older sons revolted in Mar 830 and captured their father at Compiègne, forcing him to revert to the 817 constitutional arrangements. However, Emperor Louis reasserted his authority at the assemblies of Nijmegen in Oct 830 and Aix-la-Chapelle in Feb 831, depriving Lothaire of the imperial title and relegating him once more to Italy. A further revolt of the brothers followed. Emperor Louis was defeated and deposed by his sons at Compiègne 1 Oct 833. He was exiled to the monastery of Saint-Médard de Soissons. His eldest son Lothaire declared himself sole emperor but was soon overthrown by his brothers Pépin and Louis, who freed their father. Emperor Louis was crowned once more at Metz 28 Feb 835. He proposed yet another partition of territories in favour of his son Charles at the assembly of Aix-la-Chapelle in 837, implemented at the assembly of Worms 28 May 839 when he installed his sons Lothaire and Charles jointly, setting aside the claims of his sons Pépin and Louis. This naturally led to revolts by Pépin in Aquitaine and Louis in Germany, which their father was in the process of suppressing when he died[194]. The Annales Fuldenses record the death "in insulam quondam Rheni fluminis prope Ingilenheim XII Kal Iul 840" of Emperor Louis and his burial "Mettis civitatem…in basilica sancti Arnulfi"[195]. The necrology of Prüm records the death "840 12 Kal Iul" of "Ludvicus imperator"[196]. The necrology of St Gall records the death "XII Kal Jul" of "Hludowicus imperator in insula Rheni quiæ est sita iuxta palatium Ingelheim"[197]. The Obituaire de Notre-Dame de Paris records the death "XII Kal Jul" of "Ludovicus imperator"[198]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XII Kal Jul" of "Ludovicus imperator"[199]. The necrology of Saint-Germain-des-Prés records the death 840 “XII Kal Jul” of “Hludovuici imperatoris”[200].
     "m firstly ([794]) ERMENGARD, daughter of ENGUERRAND Comte [de Hesbaye] & his wife --- ([775/80]-Angers 3 Oct 818[201], bur Angers). Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names the wife of Emperor Ludwig "filiam nobilissimi ducis Ingorammi…Irmingarda"[202]. The Gesta Francorum records the death "818 V Non Oct" of "Irmingardis regina"[203]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records the death "V Non Oct" of "Hirmingardis regina" three days after falling ill[204].
     "m secondly (Aix-la-Chapelle Feb 819) JUDITH, daughter of WELF [I] Graf [von Altdorf] & his wife Heilwig --- ([805]-Tours 19 Apr 843, bur Tours Saint-Martin). The Annales Xantenses record the marriage in Feb 819 of "Ludewicus imperator" and "Iudith"[205]. Thegan names "filiam Hwelfi ducis sui, qui erat de nobolissima progenie Bawariorum…Iudith…ex parte matris…Eigilwi nobilissimi generic Saxonici" as second wife of Emperor Ludwig, specifying that she was "enim pulchra valde"[206]. Einhard's Annales record that Emperor Louis chose "Huelpi comitis filiam…Judith" as his wife in 819 after "inspectis plerisque nobelium filiabus"[207]. Judith was influential with her husband, which increased the tensions with the emperor's sons by his first marriage. Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "quondam duce Bernhardo, qui erat de stirpe regali" was accused of violating "Iudith reginam" but comments that this was all lies[208]. Judith was exiled to the monastery of Sainte-Croix de Poitiers during the first rebellion of her stepsons in 830, was released in 831, but exiled again to Tortona in Italy in 833 from where she was brought back in Apr 834[209]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XIII Kal Mai" of "Judith regina"[210]. The Annales Xantenses record the death in 843 of "Iudhit imperatrix mater Karoli" at Tours[211]. The necrology of Saint-Germain-des-Prés records the death 843 “XIII Kal Mai” of “Judidh imperatricis”[212].
     "Mistress (1): ---. The name of Emperor Lothar's mistress or mistresses is not known. "
Med Lands Cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 1): “A5. [3m.] Louis I "the Fair", *Casseuil-sur-Garonne VIII.778, +Ingelheim 20.6.840, bur.St.Arnold (Ger), King of Aquitania (781-814), King of Franks and Italy (814-833)+(834-840), Holy Roman Emperor (814/16-840); 1m: 798 Empress Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingeramme of Hesbaye (*Hesbaye, Liege ca 778, +Angers 3.10.818); 2m: Aken II.819 Judith von Altdorf (*800 +Tours 19.4.843)”.²⁶

; Per Weis: “Louis I, the Fair, b. Aug. 778, d. near Mainz, 20 June 840. Emperor 814-840; m. (1) 794/5, Ermengarde, d. abt. 3 Oct. 818, dau. of Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye; m. (2) Feb. 819, Judith of Bavaria, d. 19 Apr. 843, dau. of Welf I, Duke of Bavaria. (CCN, 623).”.²⁷

; Per Med Lands:
     "JUDITH ([805]-Tours 19 Apr 843, bur Tours Saint-Martin). Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "filiam Hwelfi ducis sui, qui erat de nobilissima progenie Bawariorum…Iudith…ex parte matris…Eigilwi nobilissimi generic Saxonici" as second wife of Emperor Louis, specifying that she was "enim pulchra valde"[1790]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records the marriage of "Iudith filiam Welponis…comitis" and Emperor Louis I[1791]. The Annales Xantenses record the marriage in Feb 819 of "Ludewicus imperator" and "Iudith"[1792]. Judith was influential with her husband, which increased the tensions with his sons by his first marriage. Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "quondam duce Bernhardo, qui erat de stirpe regali" was accused of violating "Iudith reginam" but comments that this was all lies[1793]. Judith was exiled to the monastery of Sainte-Croix de Poitiers during the first rebellion of her stepsons in 830, was released in 831, but exiled again to Tortona in Italy in 833 from where she was brought back in Apr 834[1794]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XIII Kal Mai" of "Judith regina"[1795]. The Annales Xantenses record the death in 843 of "Iudhit imperatrix mater Karoli" at Tours[1796].
     "m (Aix-la-Chapelle Feb 819) as his second wife, Emperor LOUIS I, son of Emperor CHARLES I "Charlemagne" King of the Franks & his second wife Hildegardis (Chasseneuil-du-Poitou [16 Apr/Sep] 778-island in the Rhine near Ingelheim 20 Jun 840, bur bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul)."
Med Lands Cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Welfen 1): “A2. Judith, *800, +Tours 19.4.843; m.819 Emperor Louis I (*778 +840)”.²⁸

; Per Med Lands:
     "ERMENGARD ([775/80]-Angers 3 Oct 818, bur Angers). Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names the wife of Emperor Louis "filiam nobilissimi ducis Ingorammi…Irmingarda"[199]. The Gesta Francorum records the death "818 V Non Oct" of "Irmingardis regina"[200]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records the death "V Non Oct" of "Hirmingardis regina" three days after falling ill[201].
     "m ([794]) as his first wife, LOUIS King of the Aquitainians, son of CHARLES I "Charlemagne" King of the Franks & his second wife Hildegard (Chasseneuil-du-Poitou [16 Apr/Sep] 778-island in the Rhine near Ingelheim 20 Jun 840, bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul). He was crowned Emperor LOUIS I “der Fromme/le Pieux” in 816."
Med Lands cites:
; NB: There is no certainty about the parents of Rotrud. The discussion is complex and relies on few hard facts. I would refer readers to the comments in the sources cited here to develop their own opinions. I have chosen to follow the lineage proposed most recently by Christian Settipani, assigning Gerard two wives, and one of them (Rotrud) probably being the dau. of Pepin I King of Auvergne (son of Louis I "The Pious"). GA Vaut.^{29,30,31,6,32,33} He was King of Aquitaine between 781 and 814.^4,3,6 He was Holy Roman Emperor; Stone (2000) chart 30-2: "...he was the only surviving son when his father died." between 814 and 840.^34,23,5,6 He was King of the Franks and Italy between 814 and 840.⁴

     Judith (?) von Altdorf was born between 800 and 805 at Altdorf, Landkreis Eichstätt, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany (now).^2,8,6,9,10 She married Louis I "The Pious, The Fair, le Debonnaire" (?) King of Aquitaine, King of the Franks, Emperor of the West, son of Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West and Hildegardis (?) of Swabia, Countess of Vinzgau, Queen of the Franks, in February 819 at Aachen (Aix La Chapelle), Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (now),
;
His 2nd wife.^{1,11,8,12,6,9,13,14}
Judith (?) von Altdorf died on 19 April 843 at Tours, Departement d'Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France (now).^1,2,8,15,6,9
Judith (?) von Altdorf was buried after 19 April 843 at Abbey of St. Martin (Defunct), Tours, Departement d'Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     805, Altdorf, Landkreis Eichstätt, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany
     DEATH     19 Apr 843 (aged 37–38), Tours, Departement d'Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France
     Judith ensured that her son Charles received a share of the kingdom, just like his three half-brothers from Louis' first marriage. This contributed to the ensuing civil war among Louis and his sons. Rebels temporarily imprisoned Judith in the convent of Poitiers on allegations of adultery during 830. From 833 to 834, she was exiled in Tortona.
     Judith was the first member of the Elder House of Welf to have a leading role in the Frankish kingdom. Whether by coincidence or through Judith's influence, in the years following her marriage to Louis her mother and both of her brothers gained important offices in the kingdom. Her sister Hemma married Louis the German, a son of Louis the Pious from his first marriage, in 827. Judith was buried at the basilica of St. Martin in Tours.
     Family Members
     Parents
          Welf I of Bavaria
          Hedwig (Heilwig) von Sachsen 775–843
     Spouse
          Louis I of the Franks 778–840
     Siblings
          Emma of Bavaria of Altdorf
          Conrad de Bourgogne 800–862
     Children
          Gisela De France Of Neustria
          Charles II Emperor of the Holy Empire 823–877
     BURIAL     Abbey of St. Martin (Defunct), Tours, Departement d'Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France
     Maintained by: Blaine Barham
     Originally Created by: Jerry Ferren
     Added: 26 Jan 2012
     Find A Grave Memorial 84022876
     SPONSORED BY Blaine Barham.^9,10
     ; Per Med Lands:
     "LOUIS [Hludowic], son of CHARLES I King of the Franks & his second wife Hildegard (Chasseneuil-du-Poitou [16 Apr/Sep] 778-island in the Rhine near Ingelheim 20 Jun 840, bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul[189]). He is named, and his parentage recorded, in the Gesta Mettensium, which specifies that he was his parents' third son, born a twin with his brother Hlothar[190]. Crowned King of the Aquitainians in Rome 15 Apr 781 by Pope Hadrian I. His armies occupied Girona, Urgel and Cerdanya in 785 and besieged Barcelona in 802, establishing the "March of Spain"[191]. At the partition of territories agreed at Thionville in 806, he was designated sovereign of Aquitaine, Gascony, Septimania, Provence and southern Burgundy. His father named him as his successor at Aix-la-Chapelle, crowning him as joint emperor 11 Sep 813[192]. On his father's death, he adopted the title Emperor LOUIS I “der Fromme/le Pieux” 2 Feb 814, and was crowned at Reims [Jul/Aug] 816 by Pope Stephen IV. He did not use the titles king of the Franks or king of Italy so as to emphasise the unity of the empire[193]. He promulgated the Ordinatio Imperii at Worms in 817, which established his eldest son as his heir, his younger sons having a subordinate status, a decision which was eventually to lead to civil war between his sons. His nephew Bernard King of Italy, ignored in the Ordinatio Imperii, rebelled against his uncle, but was defeated and killed. After his death, Italy was placed under the direct rule of the emperor. Emperor Louis crowned his son Lothaire as joint emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle in Jul 817, his primary status over his brothers being confirmed once more at the assembly of Nijmegen 1 May 821. In Nov 824, Emperor Louis placed Pope Eugene II under his protection, effectively subordinating the papal role to that of the emperor. The birth of his son Charles by his second marriage in 823 worsened relations with his sons by his first marriage, the tension being further increased when Emperor Louis invested Charles with Alemannia, Rhætia, Alsace and part of Burgundy at Worms in Aug 829, reducing the territory of his oldest son Lothaire to Italy. His older sons revolted in Mar 830 and captured their father at Compiègne, forcing him to revert to the 817 constitutional arrangements. However, Emperor Louis reasserted his authority at the assemblies of Nijmegen in Oct 830 and Aix-la-Chapelle in Feb 831, depriving Lothaire of the imperial title and relegating him once more to Italy. A further revolt of the brothers followed. Emperor Louis was defeated and deposed by his sons at Compiègne 1 Oct 833. He was exiled to the monastery of Saint-Médard de Soissons. His eldest son Lothaire declared himself sole emperor but was soon overthrown by his brothers Pépin and Louis, who freed their father. Emperor Louis was crowned once more at Metz 28 Feb 835. He proposed yet another partition of territories in favour of his son Charles at the assembly of Aix-la-Chapelle in 837, implemented at the assembly of Worms 28 May 839 when he installed his sons Lothaire and Charles jointly, setting aside the claims of his sons Pépin and Louis. This naturally led to revolts by Pépin in Aquitaine and Louis in Germany, which their father was in the process of suppressing when he died[194]. The Annales Fuldenses record the death "in insulam quondam Rheni fluminis prope Ingilenheim XII Kal Iul 840" of Emperor Louis and his burial "Mettis civitatem…in basilica sancti Arnulfi"[195]. The necrology of Prüm records the death "840 12 Kal Iul" of "Ludvicus imperator"[196]. The necrology of St Gall records the death "XII Kal Jul" of "Hludowicus imperator in insula Rheni quiæ est sita iuxta palatium Ingelheim"[197]. The Obituaire de Notre-Dame de Paris records the death "XII Kal Jul" of "Ludovicus imperator"[198]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XII Kal Jul" of "Ludovicus imperator"[199]. The necrology of Saint-Germain-des-Prés records the death 840 “XII Kal Jul” of “Hludovuici imperatoris”[200].
     "m firstly ([794]) ERMENGARD, daughter of ENGUERRAND Comte [de Hesbaye] & his wife --- ([775/80]-Angers 3 Oct 818[201], bur Angers). Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names the wife of Emperor Ludwig "filiam nobilissimi ducis Ingorammi…Irmingarda"[202]. The Gesta Francorum records the death "818 V Non Oct" of "Irmingardis regina"[203]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records the death "V Non Oct" of "Hirmingardis regina" three days after falling ill[204].
     "m secondly (Aix-la-Chapelle Feb 819) JUDITH, daughter of WELF [I] Graf [von Altdorf] & his wife Heilwig --- ([805]-Tours 19 Apr 843, bur Tours Saint-Martin). The Annales Xantenses record the marriage in Feb 819 of "Ludewicus imperator" and "Iudith"[205]. Thegan names "filiam Hwelfi ducis sui, qui erat de nobolissima progenie Bawariorum…Iudith…ex parte matris…Eigilwi nobilissimi generic Saxonici" as second wife of Emperor Ludwig, specifying that she was "enim pulchra valde"[206]. Einhard's Annales record that Emperor Louis chose "Huelpi comitis filiam…Judith" as his wife in 819 after "inspectis plerisque nobelium filiabus"[207]. Judith was influential with her husband, which increased the tensions with the emperor's sons by his first marriage. Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "quondam duce Bernhardo, qui erat de stirpe regali" was accused of violating "Iudith reginam" but comments that this was all lies[208]. Judith was exiled to the monastery of Sainte-Croix de Poitiers during the first rebellion of her stepsons in 830, was released in 831, but exiled again to Tortona in Italy in 833 from where she was brought back in Apr 834[209]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XIII Kal Mai" of "Judith regina"[210]. The Annales Xantenses record the death in 843 of "Iudhit imperatrix mater Karoli" at Tours[211]. The necrology of Saint-Germain-des-Prés records the death 843 “XIII Kal Mai” of “Judidh imperatricis”[212].
     "Mistress (1): ---. The name of Emperor Lothar's mistress or mistresses is not known. "
Med Lands Cites:
; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 1): “A5. [3m.] Louis I "the Fair", *Casseuil-sur-Garonne VIII.778, +Ingelheim 20.6.840, bur.St.Arnold (Ger), King of Aquitania (781-814), King of Franks and Italy (814-833)+(834-840), Holy Roman Emperor (814/16-840); 1m: 798 Empress Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingeramme of Hesbaye (*Hesbaye, Liege ca 778, +Angers 3.10.818); 2m: Aken II.819 Judith von Altdorf (*800 +Tours 19.4.843)”.¹⁶
; Per Weis: “Louis I, the Fair, b. Aug. 778, d. near Mainz, 20 June 840. Emperor 814-840; m. (1) 794/5, Ermengarde, d. abt. 3 Oct. 818, dau. of Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye; m. (2) Feb. 819, Judith of Bavaria, d. 19 Apr. 843, dau. of Welf I, Duke of Bavaria. (CCN, 623).”.¹⁷

; Per Genealogics:
     "Judith was born about 800, the daughter of Welf, Graf in Bayern und Schwaben, Graf von Altdorf, and his wife, a Saxon noblewoman named Eigilwich/Heilwig. In Aachen in 819 she became the second wife of Emperor Louis 'the Pious', son of Emperor Charlemagne and his wife Hildegardis. Of their two children their son Charles would have progeny.
     "Judith ensured that Charles received a share of the kingdom, like his three half-brothers from Louis' first marriage. This contributed to the ensuing civil war between Louis and his sons. Rebels temporarily imprisoned Judith in the convent of Poitiers on allegations of adultery in 830. From 833 to 834 she was exiled in Tortona, Piedmont.
     "Judith was the first member of the Elder House of Welf to have a leading role in the Frankish kingdom. Whether by coincidence or through Judith's influence, in the years following her marriage to Louis her mother and both her brothers gained important offices in the kingdom. In 827 her sister Emma/Hemma married Ludwig II 'the German', king of the East-Franks, a son of Louis from his first marriage. Judith died at Tours on 19 April 843. She was buried at the Basilica of St. Martin in Tours."⁶

; This is the same person as ”Judith of Bavaria (died 843)” at Wikipedia, as ”Judith de Bavière (797-843)” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Judith (Kaiserin)” at Wikipedia (DE).^18,19,20

Reference: Genealogics cites: GAV-31 EDV-31 GKJ-32.

; Per Med Lands:
     "JUDITH ([805]-Tours 19 Apr 843, bur Tours Saint-Martin). Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "filiam Hwelfi ducis sui, qui erat de nobilissima progenie Bawariorum…Iudith…ex parte matris…Eigilwi nobilissimi generic Saxonici" as second wife of Emperor Louis, specifying that she was "enim pulchra valde"[1790]. The Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records the marriage of "Iudith filiam Welponis…comitis" and Emperor Louis I[1791]. The Annales Xantenses record the marriage in Feb 819 of "Ludewicus imperator" and "Iudith"[1792]. Judith was influential with her husband, which increased the tensions with his sons by his first marriage. Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris records that "quondam duce Bernhardo, qui erat de stirpe regali" was accused of violating "Iudith reginam" but comments that this was all lies[1793]. Judith was exiled to the monastery of Sainte-Croix de Poitiers during the first rebellion of her stepsons in 830, was released in 831, but exiled again to Tortona in Italy in 833 from where she was brought back in Apr 834[1794]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XIII Kal Mai" of "Judith regina"[1795]. The Annales Xantenses record the death in 843 of "Iudhit imperatrix mater Karoli" at Tours[1796].
     "m (Aix-la-Chapelle Feb 819) as his second wife, Emperor LOUIS I, son of Emperor CHARLES I "Charlemagne" King of the Franks & his second wife Hildegardis (Chasseneuil-du-Poitou [16 Apr/Sep] 778-island in the Rhine near Ingelheim 20 Jun 840, bur bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul)."
Med Lands Cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Welfen 1): “A2. Judith, *800, +Tours 19.4.843; m.819 Emperor Louis I (*778 +840)”.²¹ She was Carolingian empress of the Franks between 819 and 840.¹⁸

     Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West was born on 2 April 747 at Aachen (Aix La Chapelle), Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany (now); "leovdpas@bigpond.com ("Leo van de Pas") wrote:
>> "Someone pointed out I may have the wrong date of birth for Charlemagne.
>> Hereby the sources I have. Can anyone tell what it should be?
>> Many thanks, Leo van de Pas
>> ** Erich Brandenburg, "Die Nackommen Karls des Grossen" published in 1935 and republished in 1995, page 1 Charlemagne is born 2 April 742
>> ** Siegfried Roesch, "Caroli Magni Progenies" published in 1977, page 56 Charlemagne born 742 (?) 2 April (?) (in Ingelheim?)
>> ** Prince W. K. von Isenburg Europaische Stammtafeln, Volume I published 1936, republished 1975 by Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, Tafel 2 Charlemagne born 2 April 747 (!!!! different year!!)
>> ** Editor Detlev Schwennicke, "Europaische Stammtafeln" Neue Folge Band I.1 published 1998, Tafel 4 Charlemagne born (2 April 747)
>> It seems 2 April is accepted but not the year."

Per Stewart:
     "Leo is right about the acceptance, but I think this is the wrong way round and the year should be fixed on rather than the alleged date.
     "The year traditionally given until the mid-20th century was 842, supposedly before his parents' marriage, since the emperor was reputed to be in his seventy-second year at his death in January 814 (Thegan in _Vita Hludowici_ wrote: "in senectute bona plenus dierum perrexit in pace...anno aetatis suae 72").
     "As to 2 April for the date, KF Werner ['La date de naissance de Charlemagne', _Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires, 1972_ (Paris, 1975) p. 116] quoted a document from Lorsch abbey, supposedly written in the first half of the ninth century, catalogued as ms Phillips 1869 in Staatsbibliothek, Berlin: "IIII Non. Apr. Nativitas domni et gloriosissimi Karoli imperatoris et semper Augusti".
     "However, it appears that the date and even the year of his birth were not remembered accurately in Charlemagne's lifetime within his own entourage: Einhard reported that the emperor at his death in 814 was in his seventy-second year, placing his birth before 28 Jan 743. This is not plausible for several reasons, mainly from the extant records of his parents' marriage (variously in 744 and 749) along with the reasonable deduction - from papal blessing of his associate kingship in childhood - that he had been born in recognised wedlock; and from records of his own and his siblings' births (ranging from 747 to 758/9) along with the simultaneous gift of countships to Charlemagne and his younger brother Carloman in 763, after they first accompanied their father on campaign in 762, indicating that they were close enough in age for common treatment in these respects (see Werner (1975) p. 119 note 2 for references).
     "Given this, the date of 2 April may well have been a polite fiction, invented later as a mark of honour to the emperor due to the fact that Easter Sunday had fallen on this date in 747. Christian Settipani [_La préhistoire des Capétiens 481–987_ (Villeneuve d'Ascq, 1993) p. 191 note 3] suggested that the silence of contemporaries about a coincidence between the emperor's birth and the most joyful day of the religious year actually excluded the possibility of his having been born in 747 - relying on the putative exact date rather than the whole calendar year. The safer conclusion appears to me that Charlemagne was indeed born in 747, as reported by a good source, and _perhaps_ after 15 August in that year when his uncle Carloman evidently attested a charter before leaving to take monastic orders in Rome, since his departure was related ahead of the birth. (However, the order of reporting in medieval annals is not always a trustworthy guide to the actual order of events).
     "The precise date of 2 April 748 was determined by Matthias Becher ['Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Grossen', _Francia_ 19/1 (1992) - a minor reservation on this is given by Janet Nelson ['La cour impériale de Charlemagne', _La royauté et les élites dans l'Europe carolingienne (du début du IXe aux environs de 920_, edited by Régine le Jan (Lille, 1998) p. 182 note 25]. Christian Settipani (op cit p. 191) agreed with Becher.
     "For the year, _Annales Laubacenses_ in MGH SS vol. I p. 10 under 747 records "Nativitas regis magni Caroli". NB this entry was dependant on the following and both seem to have been written before Charlemagne became emperor: _Annales Petaviani_, MGH SS I p. 11 (747) "Et ipso anno fuit natus Karolus rex". Werner (1975) pp. 135-6 suggested that this entry and other notes about the Pippinid family were written before the death of Carloman in December 771, because no annalist after that time would have bothered to record the birth of the latter's son Pippin in 770. Charlemagne's birth in 747 is recorded here following mention of his uncle Carloman's departure for Italy, which possibly did not take place until after 15 August in that year (Settipani p. 191 note 3, citing _Recueil des chartes de l'abbaye de Stavelot-Malmédy_ (Brussels, 1909) pp. 51 et seq no 18). However, Carloman's tonsuring at Monte Cassino took place in 746 according to _Annales Xantenses_ and _Annales regni Francorum_, at variance with some other sources but possibly reliable - the Stavelot-Malmédy charter may have been misdated, or the precise order of the two events may not have been known when the entries were made in _Annanles Petaviani_.
     "I think it's reasonable on the evidence to accept that Charlemagne was born in 747, possibly on 2 April or after 15 August but with little chance now of recovering any certainty about the date.
Peter Stewart.^7,8,9,2 He married Desiderata (?) of the Lombards, daughter of Desiderius (?) Duke of Spoleto, King of the Lombards and Ansa (?), in 770
;
His 1st wife.^10,2,11 Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West and Desiderata (?) of the Lombards were divorced in 771; Repudiated. Geneagraphie says: "Vluchtte 771 met haar kinderen naar haar vader die boos was omdat Karel zijn huwlijk met zijn dochter ontbond om de 13 jarige Hildegard te trouwen." (Translation by Google: "771 fled with her children to her father who was angry because Charles dissolved his marriage with his daughter to marry 13-year-old Hildegard.")^10,2,11 Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West married Hildegardis (?) of Swabia, Countess of Vinzgau, Queen of the Franks, daughter of Gerold/Geroud I (?) Graf in Kraichgau, Vintzgau and Imma/Emma (?) of Allemania, on 30 April 771
;
His 2nd wife.^12,1,2,13,14 Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West married Fastrada (?) Queen of the Franks, daughter of Rodolfo/Radulf III (?) Graf of Franconia, in October 783
;
His 3rd wife.^1,2,15 Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West married Luitgard (?) von Alemania, Queen of the Franks in 794
;
His 4th wife. Geneagraphie says m. 796.^1,2,16,17
Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West died on 28 January 814 at Aachen (Aix La Chapelle), Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, at age 66.^8,1,2
Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West was buried after 28 January 814 at Cathedral of Aachen, Aachen (Aix La Chapelle), Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; From Find A Grave:
     ORIGINAL NAME     Karl der Grosse
     BIRTH     c.742, Aachen, Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
     DEATH     28 Jan 814 (aged 71–72), Aachen, Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
     Frankish Emperor. Born Karolus, the eldest son of Pepin III and his wife Bertrada (Berthe) Broadfoot of Laon. When Pepin died in 768, both Karolus and his brother, Carloman, were jointly proclaimed king, and were intended to rule the kingdom together, though their relationship was never easy. In the year 769, after his brother refused to participate, he led armies to put down a rising of the Aquitaines and Gascons. In 770, he made a political marriage with a Lombard princess. Carloman died unexpectedly in 771, leaving him sole ruler of the kingdom. He then repudiated his wife, and married Hildegard of Vinzgau with whom he had at least four children; one of whom became known to history as Louis I, King of the Franks. In 772, he began a brutal and drawn out war with the Saxons, and he attacked and defeated the Lombards. In 781, after a pilgrimage to Rome, he had his son proclaimed King of Italy. In 787, he issued orders that bishops were to open schools supported by their orders. The following year he took control of Bavaria. Between 791 and 795, he crushed the Slavic Avars (Huns) and added their territory to his own. Since he had long sworn himself protector of the Roman Church, the pope rewarded him by crowning him Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in the year 800. By 804, the Saxon war ended and his kingdom, Francia, absorbed the Saxon territory. He married at least twice more and had at least one more legitimate son, though there were at least fifteen illegitimate children, all of whom he reportedly acknowledged and educated. At its greatest, his empire included the Spanish March in northern Spain, and what is today France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Italy, and Luxembourg. He ruthlessly crushed all Teutonic resistance and extended Christianity to his entire realm. He attempted to create unity within the empire, and built a central capital. He divided his empire under the rule of his three legitimate sons, two, however, predeceased him, leaving Louis his sole heir upon his death at about age 71. In the early 12th century, he was canonized. The modern church, however, does not recognized him as a saint. A Frankish scholar and contemporary of his, Einhard, wrote a biography of the emperor after his death entitled “Vita Karoli Magni (The Life of Charles the Great). He has been known as Karolus Magnus, Karl den store, Charlemagne, Carlos Magno, Karl der Grosse, and Charles the Great. Bio by: Iola
     Family Members
     Parents
          Pepin The Short 714–768
          Berthe de Laon 726–783
     Spouse
          Hildegarde de Vintzgau Herstal 757–783
     Siblings
          Chrothias Carolingian
          Adelais Carolingian
          Bertbelle Martel de Vere
          Carloman I 751–771
     Children
          Pepin Carolingian of Italy 773–810
          Adeltrude du Maine 774–852
          Louis I of the Franks 778–840
          Hildegard (none) 783–783
          Drogo of Metz 801–855
          Hugh l'Abbe de St Quentin 802–844
     BURIAL     Cathedral of Aachen, Aachen, Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
     PLOT     The Shrine of Karl der Große
     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Added: 11 Oct 1999
     Find a Grave Memorial 6623.¹⁸
      ; This is the same person as ”Carolus pr?mus d? Franciæ” at Royaume Europe, as "Emperor Charlemagne" at Geneagraphie, and as "Charlemagne (Karolus Magnus, Charles the Great, Karl der Große)" at The Henry Project.^19,20,21

; Per Weis [2004:57]: "Charlemagne, b. 2 Apr. 747, d. Aix la Chapelle, 28 Jan. 813/4, King of France 768-814, crowned Holy Roman Emperor 25 Dec. 800; m. (2) bef. 30 Apr. 771, Hildegarde (182-5), b. 758, d. 30 Apr. 783, dau. Of Gerold of Swabia, Ct. on Linzgau, Prefect in Bavaria (For their descendants see Lines 50 to 169 inclusive).


Per Weis [2004:172]: "Hildegarde, of Swabia, b. 758, d. 30 Apr. 783; m. 771 as 2nd wife, the Emperor Charlemagne (50-13); pares of Pepin (50-14), King od Italy, and of Louis I, "the Fair," (140-16) Emperor. Their descendants are given in Lines 50-169 inclusive. (Christian Settipani, Les Ancestres de Charlemagne (1989), Update (1990) pp. 8-10; ES XII/24; Gaston Sirjean, Encyclopédie Génélogigue des maisons Souverianes du Monde, II:Les Carolingiens, p. 40; Chaume, Les Origines du Duche de Bourgogne I:550-551)."^12,22

; Per Enc. of World History:
     "Charles the Great (Charlemagne), a reign of the first magnitude in European history. Charles was well over six feet tall, a superb swimmer, with an athletic frame, large expressive eyes, and a merrydisposition. He understood Greek, spoke Latin, but did not learn to write. He preferred the Frankish dress. In general he continued the Frankish policies: (1) expansion of Frankish rule to include all the Germans was completed (omitting only Scandinavia and Britain); (2) a close understanding with the papacy; (3) support of Church reform (which settled the foundations of medieval Christian unity).
     "Charlemagne conquered Lombard Italy and became king of the Lombards, whose kingdom was absorbed into the Frankish Empire. Charlemagne also established his rule in Venetia, Istria, Dalmatia, and Corsica.
     "At Roncesvalles near Pamplona, on a pass in the western Pyrenees, the Basques destroyed the rear guard of Charlemagne's army as it was returning to France. The battle inspired the late 11th-century poem The Song of Roland, the most famous of the chansons de geste, or medieval epics. The poem celebrates Roland as the perfect chivalric knight and Charlemagne as the ideal Christian king. The poem was popular in French, Spanish, and Italian literature of the later Middle Ages; the values expressed are those of the 11th, not the 8th century.
     "Reform of the Church along Roman lines had, for Charlemagne, three purposes: (1) the establishment of peace throughout the empire by means of a uniform Roman ritual (replacing the Gallican) that would win divine favor; (2) development of an educated clergy capable of effective pastoral and missionary work; (3) the creation of a body of literate clerics who could serve as instruments of his administration. The Capitulary (a royal-administrative order divided into capitula, or articles) of Herstal (779) advanced these goals by providing secular assistance to local clergy and assisting in the expansion of a parish system with regular services into rural areas throughout the empire. Charlemagne presided at synods, settled dogmatic questions, established schools for the education of the clergy, made ecclesiastical appointments, and, above all, insisted that all clericsbishops, abbots, parish priestsproperly discharge their religious duties; thus, he subordinated the institutional Church to the king as the divinely appointed head of Christendom. The Church was strengthened and tied closely to the monarchy.
     "The political and religious turmoil in the Byzantine Empire, especially during the iconoclastic controversy [>]; Charlemagne's behavior as leader of the West in his relations with the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad [>] and with the patriarch of Jerusalem; the removal of the Byzantine emperor's name from papal documents during the reign of Pope Adrian (771-95); and the difficulties Pope Leo III (795-816) experienced with both the emperor at Constantinople and the Roman nobility, leading to the pope's increasing dependence on Charlesthese developments form the background to the imperial coronation.
     "According to Charlemagne's biographer, Einhard, on Christmas Day 800, at the beginning of Mass, the pope crowned Charles emperor, the Romans acclaimed him as emperor, and the pope performed the (Byzantine) proskynesis (obeisance) due an emperor. Eventually the Frankish chancery adopted the description “the most serene, august, pacific great emperor crowned by God governing the Roman Empire, who is, by the mercy of God, King of the Franks and the Lombards” as an integral part of Charles's title. For Alcuin and the political theorists at Charles's court, the image implied a return to the model of the biblical King David and to the images of Theodoric and Constantine, not to the image of the Byzantine emperor. While the imperial style conferred dignity and some political advantage in Italy, and the imperial motto Renovatio romani imperii (Renewal of the Roman Empire) suggested a revival of the Roman Empire in the West, still, for the aristocratic families in the rest of the Carolingian world, the title was meaninglesshis Frankish supporters considered him a Frankish king. The Greeks regarded Charlemagne as a usurper and the papal coronation as an act of rebellion; that event marked a decisive break between Rome and Constantinople.
     "GOVERNMENT. (1) In the Frankish kingdom: centralization continued; taxation in the Roman sense (which survived only under local and private auspices) was replaced by services in return for land grants (the economic basis of Carolingian society). Such services included labor on public works among the lower ranks, the provision of food for the court and public officials on duty, and judicial and military obligations (primarily among the upper ranks). Charlemagne's continuous campaigns reduced the small farmers, accentuating the tendency to serfdom. Charlemagne tried to offset this tendency by allowing groups of poorer farmers to cooperate in sending a single soldier, and by excusing the poorest from ordinary field service. Systematization of the army and of military service was also begun. Commendation and immunity continued, and the basis of later feudal development was firmly established.
     "Education and learning. To advance his religious and educational reforms, Charlemagne drew scholars from across Europe: Alcuin of York (England); Peter of Pisa, and Paul the Deacon of Aquileia (Italy); Theodulf of Orleans and Einhard of Fulda to his court at Aachen, where Alcuin set up the Palace School, which became a center for the study of liberal arts and the copying of manuscripts. (Other scriptoria were at the monasteries of Corbie, St. Denis, St. Wandrille, St. Martin of Tours, Metz, Verona, Lucca.) Scholars at these centers expanded literacy, developed the Carolingian minuscule script (so called because it has lowercase letters; the Romans had only capitals), and copied and preserved classical, patristic, and early medieval texts. Using minuscule meant that a sheet of vellum (lambskin or calfskin) could contain more letters, which illustrates how a small technological change had broad cultural consequences. Though the scriptoria showed little creativity, many manuscripts were preserved and the foundation was laid for later study.
     "The disintegration of the Carolingian Empire. Such efficiency as the Carolingian government possessed under Charlemagne derived from his personality rather than from permanent institutions. The empire's vast size, the poor communication among the parts, the great ethnic diversity, and the lack of adequate administrative machinery (bureaucracy) sped disintegration. Local administration was carried on by unpaid officials whose compensation was a share of the revenue. Local offices tended to become hereditary. The tentative partitions of the empire in Charlemagne's lifetime followed Frankish tradition. Only one son, Louis the Pious, survived, and the empire was passed on to him undivided. The decisive stage in the partition of the empire came under Louis and his heirs.
     "Political and social consequences. The pressures of Muslim, Magyar, and Viking invasions, combined with the civil wars among Charlemagne's descendants who could do little to halt those invasions, accelerated the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire and hastened the development of what modern students call feudalism and manorialism. As regional aristocracies assumed responsibility for defense and the protection of the weak, aristocratic authority accordingly increased. Strong men governed virtually independent territories in which weak and distant kings could not interfere. “Political power became a private, heritable property for great lord and counts,” in the apt words of Joseph R. Strayer. Feudalism concerned the rights, powers, and lifestyle of the military elite; manorialism involved the services and obligations of the peasant classes. Since the economic power of the military elite rested on estates worked by peasants, feudalism and manorialism were inextricably linked. During the great invasions, peasants needed protection, and lords demanded something in return for their protection. Thus, free peasants surrendered themselves and their land to the lords' jurisdiction. The land was given back to them, but the peasants were then tied to the land by various kinds of payments and services. Local custom determined what those services were, but everywhere in the old Carolingian world peasants became part of the lord's permanent labor force and were obliged to turn over to him a portion of their annual harvestusually in produce, sometimes in cash. In entering a relationship with a feudal lord, free farmers lost status and became servile, or serfs. They were subject to the lord's jurisdiction and were bound to the land and could not leave it without his permission. The unstable conditions created by the Viking assaults on Europe led to a great loss of personal freedom.“.²³

; Per Genealogics:
     “Charles was born about 747, the son of Pippin 'the Short', king of the Franks, and his wife Bertrada. He came to be known as Charles The Great or Charlemagne for good reasons. His long reign changed the face of Europe politically and culturally, and he himself would remain in the minds of people in the Middle Ages as the ideal king. Many historians have taken his reign to be the true beginning of the Middle Ages. Yet in terms of territorial expansion and consolidation, of Church reform and entanglement with Rome, Charlemagne's reign merely brought the policies of his father Pippin to their logical conclusions.
     “Charlemagne became the subject of the first medieval biography of a layman, written by Einhard, one of his courtiers. Using as his literary model, the word portrait by Suetonius of the Emperor Augustus, Einhard described Charlemagne's appearance, his dress, his eating and drinking habits, his religious practices and intellectual interests, giving us a vivid if not perhaps entirely reliable picture of the Frankish monarch. He was strong, tall, and healthy, and ate moderately. He loved exercise: riding and hunting, and perhaps more surprising, swimming. Einhard tells us that he chose Aachen as the site for his palace because of its hot springs, and that he bathed there with his family, friends and courtiers. He spoke and read Latin as well as his native Frankish, and could understand Greek and even speak it a little. He learned grammar, rhetoric, and mathematics from the learned clerics he gathered around him, but although he kept writing-tablets under his pillow for practice (he used to wake up several times in the night) he never mastered the art of writing. He was able to make such a mark upon European history because he was a tireless and remarkably successful general. He concluded Pippin's wars with Aquitaine, and proclaimed his son Louis king in 781; the one serious defeat he suffered was in these wars, at Roncevaux in the Pyrenees, a defeat one day immortalised in 'The Song of Roland' and later 'chansons de geste'.
     “He added Saxony to his realm after years of vicious campaigning. Towards the end of his reign he moved against the Danes. He destroyed the kingdom of the Avars in Hungary. He subdued the Bretons, the Bavarians, and various Slav people. In the south he began the reconquest of Spain from the Arabs and established the Spanish March in the northeast of the peninsula.
     “But perhaps his most significant campaigns were south of the Alps, in Italy. Pope Hadrian appealed to Charlemagne for help against Desiderius of the Lombards. The campaign in the winter of 773-4 was short and decisive. Desiderius was exiled, and Charlemagne, 'King of the Franks', added 'and the Lombards' to his title. Later he appointed his son Pepin as King of Italy.
     “Popes were still not free of all their enemies. In 799 a rival party of Roman aristocrats ambushed Leo III, intending to gouge out his eyes and cut off his tongue. Leo fled to Charlemagne, who was at Paderborn preparing for another war against the Saxons. Charlemagne ordered Leo III to be restored, and in 800 he came to Rome himself. On Christmas Day 800, in St. Peter's, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans.
     “Charlemagne married three times. In 769 he married a daughter of Desiderius, king of The Longobards. They had no progeny and were divorced in early 771. On 30 April that year he married Hildegardis, daughter of Gerold I, count in the Kraichgau and Vintzgau, and his wife Imma/Emma. They had nine children, of whom Pippin I, Louis I, Rotrud and Bertha would have progeny. Hildegardis died in 783, and later that year he married Fastrada, with whom he had two daughters of whom Hiltrud would have progeny. He also had children by several mistresses, including Drogo and Hugo by a mistress Regina, who would both become distinguished churchmen, Drogo becoming archbishop and bishop of Metz, and Hugo becoming abbot of St. Quintin and chancellor to his half-brother Emperor Louis 'the Pious'.
     “Charlemagne died at Aachen on 28 January 814, and was succeeded by his son Louis.”.¹

Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, Band IV, Frank Baron Freytag von Loringhoven, 1975, Isenburg, W. K. Prinz von.¹

; This is the same person as ”Charlemagne” at Wikipedia, as ”Charlemagne” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Karl der Große” at Wikipedia (DE).^24,25,26 GAV-31 EDV-32.

; See attached diagram of Charlemagne's ancestry, by Settipani [2000].²⁷

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2): “E2. Charlemagne, *Ingelheim 2.4.742, +Aachen 28.1.814, King of Franks (754-814) -cr St.Denis 28.7.754, King of Lombards (774-814), Holy Roman Emperor (800-814) -cr Aachen 25.12.800; 1m: ca 768 Himiltude; 2m: 770 Desideria (+776), dau.of Didier, King of Lombards; 3m: Aix-la-Chapelle 771 Hildegarde of Vinzgau, daughter of Duke Gerold I and Imma (*757 +30.4.783); 4m: 783 Fastrada (+794), dau.of Rodolpho III, Ct of Franconia; 5m: 794 Luitgarde (+800); for his descendants see http://genealogy.euweb.cz/carolin/carolin1.html”.²⁸

; Per Med Lands:
     "CHARLES, son of PEPIN "le Bref" King of the Franks & his wife Bertrada [Berta] "au Grand Pied" ([near Aix-la-Chapelle[57]] 2 Apr [747/48]-Aix-la-Chapelle 28 Jan 814, bur Aix-la-Chapelle, Chapelle Sainte-Marie). He is named first son of King Pépin and Bertrada in the Cartulaire of Saint-Bertin[58]. A calendar from Lorsch records the birth “IV Non Apr” of “Karoli imperatoris et semper augusti”[59]. The year of his birth is open to debate. The Annales Fuldenses record his death in 814 at the age of about 71[60], which would suggest [742/43] which is inconsistent with the suggested marriage date of his parents (see above). The Annalium Petavianorum Continuatio record the birth in 747 of “Karolus rex”[61]. Settipani suggests that this date should be considered “Old Style”. This assumes (1) that the Lorsch calendar correctly records the day of his birth, (2) that the order of entries for that year in the Annalium Petavianorum Continuatio is chronological (the preceding sentence records Carloman’s departure for Rome which is dated to after 15 Aug 747[62]), and (3) that 2 Apr 747 was Easter Sunday which he suggests would have been noted in sources if it had been the emperor’s date of birth[63]. It seems preferable to indicate [747/48] as Charles’s possible date of birth. The conjectures about Charles’s place of birth were discussed at length by Hahn in the mid-19th century[64]. At the coronation of his father in 754, Charles was also anointed by Pope Stephen III [II][65]. On the death of his father, he received the larger part of Austrasia, Neustria and western Aquitaine, succeeding as CHARLES I joint King of the Franks, jointly with his brother Carloman, and was crowned 9 Oct 768 at Noyon. He suppressed the revolt of Hunald in Aquitaine in 769, over which he quarrelled with his brother Carloman[66]. On the death of his brother in 771, he set aside the rights of his nephew and became sole king of the Franks. He defended the Pope against the Lombards, conquering their kingdom in 773. He is recorded in charters as having used the title "rex Francorum et Langobardorum" from 5 Jun 774, adding "atque patricius Romanorum" from 16 Jul 774[67]. He accepted the submission of Saxony at Paderborn in 777. During his campaign in Spain in 778, he captured Pamplona, while Zaragoza, Huesca, Barcelona and Girona swore allegiance to him. He had his sons crowned king of the Lombards and king of the Aquitainians by Pope Adrian I at Rome 15 Apr 781. He incorporated Bavaria and Carinthia into his kingdom in 787, followed by Thuringia, Hessen and Alemannia, by 797. He re-established Pope Leo III after the latter was ambushed by the Romans in 799, and was crowned CHARLES I “Charlemagne” Emperor of the Romans in St Peter's Rome 25 Dec 800, which the Pope justified technically on the basis of an alleged vacancy of the imperial throne, which could not be occupied by a woman, during the reign at Constantinople of Empress Eirene. At the assembly of Thionville 6 Feb 806, Emperor Charles decided the division of territories between his sons. Byzantine ambassadors from Emperor Mikhael I finally recognised Charlemagne as emperor (although not "Roman Emperor") at Aix-la-Chapelle in 812[68]. After the death of his two older sons, he crowned his son Louis as associate emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle 11 Sep 813. The necrology of Prüm records the death "814 V Kal Feb" of "Karolus imperator"[69]. The Annales Fuldenses record the death "814 V Kal Feb" of "Karolus imperator" at Aachen at the age of about 71[70]. The necrology of Saint-Germain-des-Prés records the death 814 “V Kal Feb” of “domni Karoli imperatoris”[71].
     "m firstly (769, repudiated [770/early 771]) --- of the Lombards, daughter of DESIDERIUS King of the Lombards & his wife Ansa ---. Einhard calls King Charles's first wife "filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum"[72]. The Annales Fuldenses record that "Berhta regina" brought "filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum" back from Italy as the wife for "Karolo filio suo"[73]. Her husband sent her back to her father after repudiating her.
     "m secondly (Aix-la-Chapelle 771 before 30 Apr) HILDEGARD, daughter of GEROLD Graf im Kraichgau [Udalrichinger] & his wife Imma (758-Thionville, Moselle 30 Apr 783[74], bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul[75]). Einhard refers to Hildegard as "de gente Suavorum"[76]. Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names her "Hildigardam quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was the daughter of Imma[77]. The Annales Laurissenses record the death "783 pridie Kal Mai" of "Hildegardis regina" and her burial "iuxta urbem Mettensem in basilica apostolorum et beati Arnulfi"[78]. She died from the after effects of childbirth, according to the epitaph of her daughter Hildegard[79]. Paulus Diaconus wrote an epitaph to "Hildegardis regina"[80].
     "m thirdly (Worms Oct 783[81]) FASTRADA, daughter of RADULF Graf & his wife --- (-Frankfurt-am-Main 10 Oct 794, bur Mainz, St Alban[82]). The Annales Laurissenses record the marriage in 783 at Worms of King Charles and "domne Fastradæ regina"[83]. Einhard's Annals record the king's marriage in 783 to "filiam Radolfi comitis natione Francam, nomine Fastradam"[84]. Fastrada, wife of King Charles, is referred to as "de Orientalium Francorum, Germanorum videlicet" by Einhard[85]. Her cruelty triggered the revolt of her husband's illegitimate son Pépin "le Bossu" in 792[86]. The Annales Xantenses record the death in Frankfurt in 794 of "Fastrada regina"[87]. Einhard records the death in 794 of "Fastrada regina" at Frankfurt and her burial "Mogontiaci apud sanctum Albanum"[88]. Theodulf wrote the epitaph of "Fastradæ reginæ"[89].
     "m fourthly ([794/autumn 796]) LIUTGARD, daughter of --- (-Tours 4 Jun 800, bur Tours, église Saint-Martin[90]). Einhard names "Liudgardam Alamannam" as King Charles's fourth wife, specifying that she died childless[91]. Angilbert's poem Ad Pippinum Italiæ regum names "Liutgardis" as the wife of King Charles[92]. The Annales Laurissenses Continuatio records the death "II Non Iun 800" at Tours of "domnæ Liutgardæ coniugis" and her burial at Tours[93].
     "Mistress (1): HIMILTRUD, daughter of ---. "Himiltrude nobili puella" is named mother of "Pippinum" in the Gesta Mettensium[94].
     "Mistress (2): ---. Einhard refers to "Ruodhaidem" as the daughter of King Charles and an unnamed concubine[95].
     "Mistress (3): [MADELGARD] , daughter of ---. Settipani names Madelgardis as the mistress of King Charles, and mother of Rothildis abbess of Faremoutiers[96]. However, he cites no primary source on which this is based, apart from a reference to an early 9th century list of nuns at Faremoutiers which includes the name. No reference has been found to her in any of the sources so far consulted.
     "Mistress (4): GERSWINDA, daughter of ---. Einhard names King Charles's concubine "Gersuindam Saxonici generis", and her daughter Adaltrud[97].
     "Mistress (5): REGINA, daughter of ---. 800. Einhard names King Charles's concubine "Reginam", and her sons "Drogonem et Hugum"[98].
     "Mistress (6): ADELINDIS, daughter of ---. 806. Einhard names King Charles's concubine "Adallindem", and her son "Theodricum"[99]."
Med Lands cites: He and Madelgarda (?) were associated; Mistress of Charlemagne.² Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West and Gerswinde (?) von Sachsen were associated; Mistress of Charlemagne.²
; See Settipani's discussion of the ancestors of Charlemagne, including the question of Rotrude's parentage (copy attached). Original paper is at http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~medieval/addcharlENG.pdf.²⁷

; Per Royaume Europe:
     “Hildegardis d? Vintzgau, Hildegarde de Vintzgau, Hildegard von Anglachgau née le 4 mai 758 à Aachen et décédée le 30 avril 783 à Thionville. Épouse avant le 30 avril 783 Carolus pr?mus d? Franciæ né le 2 avril 748 et décédé le 28 janvier 814 à Aachen fils de Pippinus tert?us d? Franciæ et de Bertradis d? Laudunum“.¹³

; Per Med Lands:
     "HILDEGARD (758-Thionville, Moselle 30 Apr 783, bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul). Einhard refers to Hildegard as "de gente Suavorum"[773]. Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names her "Hildigardam quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was the daughter of Imma[774]. The Annales Laurissenses record the death "783 pridie Kal Mai" of "Hildegardis regina" and her burial "iuxta urbem Mettensem in basilica apostolorum et beati Arnulfi"[775]. She died from the after effects of childbirth, according to the epitaph of her daughter Hildegarde[776]. Paulus Diaconus wrote an epitaph to "Hildegardis regina"[777].
     "m (Aix-la-Chapelle 771 before 30 Apr) as his second wife, CHARLES I King of the Franks, son of PEPIN "le Bref" King of the Franks & his wife Bertrada [Berta] "au Grand Pied" ([near Aix-la-Chapelle] 2 Apr [747/48]-Aix-la-Chapelle 28 Jan 814, bur Aix-la-Chapelle, Chapelle Sainte-Marie). He was crowned CHARLES I “Charlemagne” Emperor of the Romans in 800."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "daughter. Einhard calls King Charles's first wife "filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum"[602]. The Annales Fuldenses record that "Berhta regina" brought "filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum" back from Italy as the wife for "Karolo filio suo"[603]. Her husband sent her back to her father after repudiating her. She may have been the unnamed daughter who was recorded as having accompanied her parents into exile at the monastery of Corbie (see above).
     "m (769, repudiated [770/early 771]) as his first wife, CHARLES I King of the Franks, son of PEPIN "le Bref" King of the Franks & his wife Bertrada [Berta] "au Grand Pied" ([near Aix-la-Chapelle] 2 Apr [747/48]-Aix-la-Chapelle 28 Jan 814, bur Aix-la-Chapelle, Chapelle Sainte-Marie). He defended the Pope against the Lombards, conquering their kingdom in 773. He adopted the title "rex Francorum et Langobardorum atque patricius Romanorum" 5 Jun 774. He was crowned CHARLES I “Charlemagne” Emperor of the Romans in Rome 25 Dec 800."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Royaume Europe:
     “Desiderada d? Longobardiæ, Désirée des Lombards née en 747 et décédée en 776. Épouse le 25 décembre 769 à Mainz am Rhein Carolus Ier des Francs né le 2 avril 748 et décédé le 28 janvier 814 à Aachen fils de Pippin IIIème des Francs et de Bertrada de Laon“.³⁰ Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West and Unkown (?) were associated; Unknown mistress of Charlemagne.² Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West and Himiltrude (?) were associated circa 768; Mistress of Charlemagne. Med Lands identifies her as a mistress. Geneagraphie says that she married Charlemagne ca 768.^2,20,31 Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West was King of the Franks
See attached map of Charlemagne's Empire between 768 and 814.^32,33 He was King of Lombards between 774 and 814.¹⁰ He and Regina (?) were associated in 800; Mistress of Charlemagne.² Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West was Holy Roman Emperor between 25 December 800 and 814.^32,7,33 He and Adallind (?) were associated in 806; Mistress of Charlemagne.²

     Pepin III "The Short" (?) King of the Franks was born in 714 at Jupille (near Liège), Arrondissement de Liège, Wallonia, Belgium (now); Med Lands says b. 715; Genealogics says b. 714.^2,8,1,3 He married Bertha/Bertrade 'au grand pied' (?) of Laon, daughter of Heribert/Caribert (?) Count of Laon and Gisèle de Laon, between 743 and 744
; Med Lands says m. 743/44.^2,9,1,10,3
Pepin III "The Short" (?) King of the Franks died on 24 September 768 at Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France (now).^2,11,1,3
Pepin III "The Short" (?) King of the Franks was buried after 24 September 768 at Basilique Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France (now); From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     714
     DEATH     24 Sep 768 (aged 53–54), Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
     Frankish King. The son of Charles Martel, he reigned as King of the Franks from 751 to 768.
     Family Members
     Parents
      Charles of the Franks 676–741
      Chrotrudis de Treves 690–724
     Spouse
      Berthe de Laon 726–783
     Siblings
      Carloman Unknown
      Aude (Aldana) d'Austrasia d'Autun 720–804
      Bernard duc de St Quentin d'Herstal 724–784
     Children
      Bertbelle Martel de Vere
      Chrothias Carolingian
      Adelais Carolingian
      Charlemagne 742–814
      Carloman I 751–771
     BURIAL     Saint Denis Basilique, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Added: 2 Apr 2001
     Find A Grave Memorial 21102.^11,3
     GAV-32 EDV-33 GKJ-34.

; Per The Enc. of World History:
     "Pepin was elected king by the Frankish magnates. Both the house of Pepin and the papacy (in the process of securing independence from the emperor at Constantinople) needed each other's support. The immediate need of the popes was for protection against the expanding Lombard monarchy. Aistulf, king of the Lombards, had taken Ravenna (751), the seat of the exarch, besieged Rome, and exacted tribute.
     "Pope Stephen II arrived in Gaul, anointed Pepin, and by conferring the title Patricius Romanorum (which could legally come only from Constantinople), designated him in a sense regent and protector of Italy. The result was to give some authority to Pepin's new title as king of the Franks.
     "Pepin marched into Italy, defeated the Lombards, and required them to hand over the exarchate and Pentapolis to the pope. The Lombards failed to do so. Pepin returned and, after defeating the Lombards again, made his famous Donation. The Donation of Pepin established the Franks, a distant, non-Italian power, as the allies and defenders of the papacy.
     "Pepin conquered Septimania, disciplined Aquitaine, and so brought effective Frankish rule to the Pyrenees. On his death his lands were given to his sons, Charles receiving Austrasia, Neustria, and northern Aquitaine; Carloman, southern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, Septimania. The brothers ruled together, 768-71; Charles alone, 771-814.
     "Administration. Modern scholarship stresses that Carolingian political power and effective administration rested on the cooperation of the Frankish aristocracy, the dominant social class. The great comital landlords held real power at the local level. Their loyalty to the monarchy was acquired and maintained by grants of land and war booty. Aristocratic families gradually improved their economic position, and countships often became hereditary in one family, “though not usually in patrilinear succession.” With the help of the aristocracy, Pepin III and Charlemagne were able to wage wars of expansion and to suppress rebellion. To limit local abuses, the missi dominici (usually a bishop and count) were introduced (802) as officers on circuit in a given district. The missi held their own courts, had power to remove a count for cause, and were charged with the supervision of financial, judicial, and clerical administration. They formed an essential link between the local and central governments. Under the counts were viscounts and vicars (centenarii). Margraves (Mark Grafen) were set over the marks, with extended powers to meet the needs of their position. Local administration of justice was reformed by the introduction of scabini, local landowners appointed by the counts to sit as permanent judiciary officers.“.¹²

; Per Genealogics:
     “Pippin was born in 714, the son of Charles Martel and Chrodtrud. With his wife Bertrada, daughter of Heribert/Caribert, count of Laon, he had two sons Charles and Carloman, of whom Charles would have progeny.
     “Pippin inherited the joint right with his brother Carloman to rule the kingdom of the Franks. In 747 he became sole ruler when Carloman retired to the monastery of Monte Casino. In 751 he asked Pope Zacharias to end the nominal rule of the Merovingians and give him sole power, together with the title 'King of the Franks'. The pope agreed and King Childeric III was placed in a monastery.
     “Boniface, Apostle of the Germans (later canonised as St. Boniface) anointed Pippin as King of The Franks at Soissons, possibly in 751. Two years later Pippin saved the next pope, Stephen II, from the Lombards. The pope himself again anointed Pippin at the Abbey of St. Denis, together with his two young sons. Pippin proved a much more able king than the Merovingian 'Rois faineants' (do nothing kings). The Franks descended on Italy to support the pope, and they defeated Astolfo, king of the Lombards. Pippin was made a senator of Rome though he could neither read nor write.
     “After the pope was attacked again, Pippin again defeated Astolfo and made a gift to the pope of Lombard lands near Rome. This bequest was the beginning of the pope's status as a temporal sovereign. Pippin died at the Abbey of St. Denis in 768. His sons Charles and Carloman divided the Frank domains. Carloman soon died, leaving Charles, as the sole ruler of the kingdom of the Franks, to become the most important ruler ever to have 'the Great' added to his name. Charles The Great, or Carolus Magnus, became better known as Charlemagne.”.¹

; This is the same person as ”Pepin the Short” at Wikipedia and as ”Pépin le Bref” at Wikipédia (FR).^13,14

Reference: Genealogics cites: Caroli Magni Progenies Neustadt an der Aisch, 1977. , Siegfried Rosch, Reference: 53.¹

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolingians 2): “D5. Pipin III "the Short", Maiordomus in Neustria, Provence and Bourgogne (741-751), King of Franks (751-768), *Jupille 714, +St.Denis, Neustria 24.9.768; m.740 Bertrade/Bertha (*ca 720/730, +Choisy-au-Bac 12.7.783), dau.of Cte Charibert de Laon”.¹⁵

; Per Med Lands:
     "PEPIN, son of CHARLES "Martel" & his first wife Chrothrudis ([715]-Saint-Denis 24 Sep 768, bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). Einhard names "Karlomannum…et Pippinum atque Grifonem" as the three sons of "Karlus maior domus" when recording the latter's death[1]. He succeeded his father as maior domus jointly with his brother Carloman. They deprived their half-brother Grifo of his inheritance and defeated him after he rebelled against them. In the division of territories agreed with his brother Carloman, Pépin governed Neustria, Burgundy, Provence, Metz and Trier. The brothers were faced with revolts in Frisia, Bavaria, Alemannia and Aquitaine. As a symbolic assertion of their authority, they nominated Childeric III as Merovingian king in 743. In 745, Pépin appropriated the province of Alemannia for himself. The Royal Frankish Annals record that Pepin deposed King Childeric III at Soissons in Nov 751, with approval from Pope Zacharius[2], and succeeded as PEPIN “le Bref” King of the Franks. He was anointed king at Saint-Denis 28 Jul 754 by Pope Stephen III [II], who had come to France to seek Pépin's help against the Lombards[3]. During his expedition to Italy the following year, Pépin obliged the Lombards to accept the independence of Rome, marking the beginning of the Papal State. He recaptured Narbonne from the Muslim invaders in [759], and finally conquered Aquitaine after the death of Duke Waifar in 768. The necrology of Prüm records the death "768 VIII Kal Oct" of "Pippinus vir illuster"[4]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "VIII Kal Oct" of "Pipinus rex"[5]. The necrology of Saint-Germain-des-Prés records the death 768 “VIII Kal Oct” of “Pippini regis”[6]. The Annales Metenses record the death "VIII Kal Oct" of "Pippinus" and his burial "in basilica beati Dionysii"[7]. His burial place is confirmed by the Annales Laurissenses which record that the body of "domna Berta regina" was transferred to "ecclesia sancti Dionysii martiris" next to her husband[8].
     "m ([743/44]) BERTRADA [Berta] "au Grand Pied", daughter of CHARIBERT Comte de Laon & his wife --- ([720]-Choisy-au-Bac, near Compiègne 12 Jul 783[9], bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). The Annales Laurissenses record the marriage in 749 of "Bertradem cognomine Bertam, Cariberti Laudunensis comitis filiam" and "Pippinus"[10]. "Pippinus rex Francorum" donated property to found Kloster Prüm by charter dated 13 Aug 762 which names "coniux mea Bertrada…genitor suus Heribertus"[11]. Pépin planned to divorce his wife, but was convinced otherwise by Pope Paul I in 762. After the death of her husband, she assumed a prominent role in government. She tried unsuccessfully to reconcile her two sons, meeting with Carloman at Seltz and also travelling to Italy in 770[12]. The Annales Fuldenses record that "Berhta regina" brought "filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum" back from Italy as the wife for "Karolo filio suo"[13]. The Annales Laurissenses record the death "783 IV Id Jul" of "domna Berta regina", her burial "in Cauciaco", and the subsequent transfer of her body to "ecclesia sancti Dionysii martiris" next to her husband[14]. The necrology of Argenteuil Priory records the death "IV Id Jul" of "Bertrada regina"[15]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "BERTRADA [Berta] "au Grand Pied" ([720]-Choisy-au-Bac, near Compiègne 12 Jun 783[605], bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). The Annales Laurissenses record the marriage in 749 of "Bertradem cognomine Bertam, Cariberti Laudunensis comitis filiam" and "Pippinus"[606]. "Pippinus rex Francorum" donated property to found Kloster Prüm by charter dated 13 Aug 762 which names "coniux mea Bertrada…genitor suus Heribertus"[607]. Pépin planned to divorce his wife, but was convinced otherwise by Pope Paul I in 762. After the death of her husband, Bertrada assumed a prominent role in government. She tried unsuccessfully to reconcile her two sons, meeting with Carloman at Seltz and also travelling to Italy in 770[608]. The necrology of Argenteuil Priory records the death "IV Id Jul" of "Bertrada regina"[609].
     "m ([743/44]) PEPIN maior domus, son of CHARLES "Martel" maior domus of Austrasia and Neustria [Carolingian] & his first wife Chrothrudis (715-Saint-Denis 24 Sep 768, bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). He succeeded in 751 as PEPIN “le Bref” King of the Franks."
Med Lands cites: He was Mayor of the Neustria, deposed the last of the Merovingian Kings and became the first Kind of the Franks of the second race between 741 and 751.^16,17,2 He was King of the Franks between 751 and 768.^18,2

     In Joshua Hudson Sr.'s will dated 5 January 1799 at Amherst Co., Virginia, USA, Rachel Wills was named as an heir; (Transcript of will provided by reddynj@juno.com)
Will of Joshua HUDSON
     Jan.5, 1799 - Apr. 20, 1801
     Will Book 4, pp.6-8, Amherst Co, VA.
     "In the name of God Amen I Joshua HUDSON of the County of Amherst being weake of Body but of sound mind and memory, do make and Ordain this my last will and Testament in name and form following.
     To wit: It is my Will & desire that after my Decease my Body be intered in a decent and Christian like manner at the discretion of my Executors hereafter named. My soul I recommend to Almighty God hoping to find Mercy & forgiveness at his hands and as touching such worldly goods as it hath Pleased Almighty God to bless me I dispose of in manner following vist:
     Item: I give and bequeath to my Daughter Sarah WRIGHT five Shillings to be paid by my Executors out of my Estate having formerly giving her what I intended for her.
     Item: I give and Bequeath unto my son Rush HUDSON Eight Acres of Land on the End of Turkey Mountain adjoining the Tract he now lives on to complement my Old Peach Orchard and as much more as will make up the Quantity to him & his heirs forever.
Item: I give & Bequeath to my Daughter Mary DAWSON the Sum of ten Pounds Per annum to be paid her by Reuben HUDSON her heirs & assigns during her Natural Life for her Maintainence.
     Item: I give and bequeath unto my Daughter Elizabeth DENNIS and the heirs of her body a good sound Title in the Negro formerly taken away by her named Jude and five Shillings Current Money.
     Item: I give and bequeath unto Horatio HUDSON and Nancy HUDSON Infant Children of my son Joshua HUDSON dec'd the Sum of seventy five Pounds Current Money in Consideration of their fathers Estate which fell into my hands on his decease which Sum my Executors are directed to receive out of my Estate and put out to Interest for the said Children until they come of Age or get married and that the Principal & Interest be Equally divided between them share & share alike and in Causes Either of them should Depart this Life before that time my desire is that the Survivor have the - - - of the said Seventy five Pounds & Interest and my Executors bring against the sd Children no further - - - and for Bedding or Clothing so as to receive the sd Seventy five Pounds & Interest.
     Item: It is my Will and desire that the Tract of land whereon I now live be sold by my Executors on Twelve Months Credit for the best Price can be had and the money Owing from such Sale to be Equally divided between my two Sons Reuben & George HUDSON to them & their heirs upon Reuben's paying to my Daughter Mary DAWSON ten Pounds p- Annum during her natural Life for her maintainence.
     Item: I give and bequeath to my Daughter Frances TATE five Shillings and no more.
     Item: I give unto my Daughter Ann GITTERSON five Shillings and no more having formerly given her a Negro Girl.
     Item: I give unto the heirs of Robert HUDSON dec'd the Sum of five Shillings.
     Item: I give and bequeath unto my Daughter Lucy SANDRIDGE the Sum of fifty Pounds to be paid equally divided between the heirs of her Body share and share alike to be received out of my Estate and paid into the hands of Pullom SANDRIDGE for the purpose aforesaid and to be paid by him to the Children as they come of age or get married.
     Item: I give and bequeath unto my Daughter Peggy CHILDRESS five Shillings and not more.
     Item: I give unto my Daughter Molly BALLINGER five Shillings & no more;
I give unto the Heirs of my Daughter Rachel MILES the sum of five Shillings.
     Item: I give unto the legal representative of my Daughter Patsy RUCKER dec'd the sum of five Shillings & no more.
I give unto my Gran Daughter Rachel HUDSON MILES the Sum of Seventy five Pounds to be put out to Interest for her maintainence and the balance paid her when she comes of age or gets married and the said Sum to be raised by my Executor from my Estate.
     Item: I give and bequeath unto my Son George HUDSON one Negro man Andrew and to him and his heirs forever.
     Item: I give and bequeath unto my Grand Daughter Molly DAWSON the Sum of fifty Pounds current money to be raised out of my Estate by my Executors and put out to Interest for her until she comes of age or gets married.
     Item: I give and bequeath unto my Grand Son Flemming DAWSON the Sum of fifty Pounds to be raised out of my Estate and put out to Interst for him by my Executors until he comes of age.
     Item: It is my Will and desire that all my just debts be fully paid and that all my Estate Desposed of be sold by my Executors for the best Price can be had on Twelve Months Credit and after complying with the aforesaid legacys the balance of the said Sale to the Equally Divided between my Son Reuben HUDSON and the lawful begotten Heirs of Robert HUDSON dec'd One moiety to the said Reuben and his heirs and the other moiety to the said Heirs of Robert HUDSON dec'd
     Item: Lastly I appoint my friend Rellson SANDRIDGE & my Son Reuben HUDSON my Executors to this last Will & Testament in Witness whereof I have hereunto set my Hand & fixed my Seal this 5 day of January, One thousand Seven hundred & Ninty Nine - - -
     Joshua HUDSON
     Signed Sealed & Acknowledged
     in Presence of
      Sharrod X BUGG
      John X HUDSON
      Rush X HUDSON"
(evident codicil)
     " September 18th 1800 My Will and desire is that fifty Pounds directed to be paid to Fleming DAWSON in consequence of his misconduct I wish the same to be withdrawn from him & paid by my Executors to my Son Rush HUDSON.
      Joshua HUDSON
      Wit: Rush HUDSON, Jr.
      D.S. GARLAND"
(evident codicil)
     "Whereas by my last Will & Testament executed the fifth day of January, 1799, I directed my Executors to Receive out of my Estate the Sum of Seventy five Pounds & Pay the same to Horatio & Nancy HUDSON Infant Children of Joshua HUDSON Dec'd in lieu of their father's Estate which fell into my hands which Estate has lately been demanded by the Executors of the said Children & delivered to them. It is therefore my Will & desire that the said Children do receive nothing further from my Estate than what they have already rec'd and that my Executors do receive from my Estate in manner aforesaid the said Seventy five Pounds and Pay the same to my Son Rush HUDSON - - Given under my hand & Seal this 16 day of November, 1800.
     his Joshua X HUDSON mark
     Sig'd Sealed in presence of us
      Isaac RUCKER
      Bennett HUDSON
      George WILLIS."¹

     Nebi (?) Duke of Alemannia, Count in the Linzgau married Hereswinde (?)^6,1,3
Nebi (?) Duke of Alemannia, Count in the Linzgau was born circa 695 at Baden-Württemberg, Germany (now); Genealogics says b. ca 695; Wikipedia says b. ca 710.^1,6,7
Nebi (?) Duke of Alemannia, Count in the Linzgau died circa 747 at Baden-Württemberg, Germany (now); Genealogics says d. 747; Wikipedia says d. ca 789.^1,6,7
      ; This is the same person as ”Hnabi” at Wikipedia and as ”Hnabi” at Wikipedia (IT).^6,8 GAV-34 EDV-34 GKJ-35.

; Per Genealogics:
     "Nebi/Hnabi, duke of The Allemans, count in the Linzgau, was born about 695, a son of Nebi-Huoching, duke of The Allemans, and perhaps a grandson of the Gottfried of the Allemans, which would make him a scion of the Agilolfing dynasty of Bavaria. He was the founder of the 'old' line of the Ahalolfings. Around 724 he was one of the joint founders of the monastery of Reichenau.
     "By his wife Hereswinde/Hersuinda, Nebi left at least two children, Ruadbert, who was count in the Hegau, and Imma or Emma, who married Gerold I, Graf in Kraichgau und Vintzgau, and was the mother of Hadrian, count of Orléans, Ulrich I, Graf in der Argengau und Linzgau, and Hildegardis, wife of Charlemagne. Ruadbert, son of Nebi, is mentioned in a St. Gall document dated 770. Emma is mentioned in documents of Lorsch, Fulda and St. Gall between 779 and 804.
     "The genealogy of Hildegardis is recorded in the ninth-century _Vita Hiudowici_ by Thegan of Trier: 'the duke Gottfried begat Huoching, Huoching begat Nebi, Nebi begat Emma, Emma herself the most blessed queen Hildegardis' (Gotfridus dux genuit Huochingum, Huochingus genuit Nebi, Nebi genuit Immam, Imma vero Hiltigardem beatissimam reginam). Scholars have cast doubt on Huoching being the son of Gottfried, comparing the father-and-son pair of Huoching and Nebi to that of Hoc and Hnaef in Anglo-Saxon tradition.
     "Nebi died about 747."¹

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Weis: "Nebi, b. 700, d. abt. 775, Count in Alemania."² Nebi (?) Duke of Alemannia, Count in the Linzgau was also known as HnabiNebi (?) Duke of Alamannia. He was Count in the Linzgau.⁹

; Per Med Lands:
     "NEBE [Hnabi] . "Nebe" son of "Huochingus" is named by Thegan[26].
     "m HERESWINT, daughter of --- & his wife [Williswint] ---. Hereswint is named as wife of Nebe[27]."
Med Lands cites:

     Imma/Emma (?) of Allemania was born in 726 at Baden-Württemberg, Germany (now); Genealogics says b. ca 726; Weis says b. 735.^1,8,9 She married Gerold/Geroud I (?) Graf in Kraichgau, Vintzgau, son of Hado (?) de Vintzgau and Gerniu (?) de Suevie/Souabe, in 749.^{10,1,11,12,2,9}

Imma/Emma (?) of Allemania died between 786 and 789 at Baden-Württemberg, Germany (now).^1,8,9
Imma/Emma (?) of Allemania was buried between 786 and 789 at Lorsch Abbey, Lorsch, Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (now); From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     726, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
     DEATH     783 (aged 56–57), Baden-Württemberg, Germany
     Duchess of Swabia, Countess of Vinzgau, Grevinna, Dutchess & Countess of Swabia, of Alemannia
     Family Members
     Parents
          Hnabi von Alemannen 710–788
          Hereswintha von Sachsen 710–747
     Spouse
     Photo     
          Gerold I von Vinzgau 725–799
     Children
          Adrian d'Orleans unknown–820
          Gerold II In der Baar
          Ermentrude von Schwaben
          Hildegarde de Vintzgau Herstal 757–783
     BURIAL     Lorsch Abbey, Lorsch, Kreis Bergstraße, Hessen, Germany
     Created by: Memerizion
     Added: 8 May 2015
     Find A Grave Memorial 146206323
     SPONSORED BY Christian H. F. Riley.⁸
     Reference: Genealogics cites: GAV-35. Imma/Emma (?) of Allemania was also known as Emma (?) von Alemannen.⁸ Imma/Emma (?) of Allemania was also known as Imma (?) d’Alémanie.¹¹

; Per Med Lands:
     "IMMA . "Imma" daughter of "Nebe" is named by Thegan[31]. Her marriage is suggested by Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris which names "Hildigardam [wife of Charles I King of the Franks] quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was Imma's daughter[32]. "Geroldus comes et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Creichgowe in villa Ziuternheim et in Odenheim" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 30 Jun 779[33]. "Geroldus et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Wormat. in Eichinen et Mettenheim…" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 1 Jul 784[34]. The Annales Alamannici record the death in 798 of "Imma"[35].
     "m GEROLD Graf im Kraichgau [Udalrichinger], son of ---."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Weis: "Emma, b. 735, d. abt. 788, m. Gerold of Swabia, d. abt. 795. Count in Linzgau and Prefect in Bavaria."⁹

; Per Med Lands:
     "GEROLD [I] (-after 1 Jul 784). Graf im Kraichgau: "Geroldus comes et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Creichgowe in villa Ziuternheim et in Odenheim" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 30 Jun 779[737]. "Geroldus comes" donated property "in loco…Stainbura" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 1 Jul 779[738]. "Geroldus et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Wormat. in Eichinen et Mettenheim…" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 1 Jul 784[739].
     "m IMMA, daughter of NEBE [Hnabi] Duke of Alemannia & his wife Hereswint --- (-798). "Imma" daughter of "Nebe" is named by Thegan[740]. Her marriage is suggested by Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris which names "Hildigardam [wife of Charles I King of the Franks] quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was Imma's daughter[741]. "Geroldus comes et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Creichgowe in villa Ziuternheim et in Odenheim" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 30 Jun 779[742]. "Geroldus et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Wormat. in Eichinen et Mettenheim…" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 1 Jul 784[743]. The Annales Alamannici record the death in 798 of "Imma"[744]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Racines et Histoire (Angoulême): "Gérard comte en Vintzgau ép. Imma d’Alémanie."¹¹

     Charles Martel "the Hammer" (?) King of the Franks was born on 23 August 688 at Heristal, Arrondissement de Liège, Wallonia, Belgium (now).^8,9,1,10,2 He married Chrotrud/Rotrou/Rotrude (?) of Austrasia, daughter of Lantbertus II (Lambert) (?) of Hesbaye and Chrotlind (?), in 713
;
His 1st wife.^1,11,2,3 Charles Martel "the Hammer" (?) King of the Franks married Suanhilde/Suanachildis (?), daughter of Tassilo II (?) Herzog von Bayern, in 725
;
His 2nd wife.^12,13,2,3,14
Charles Martel "the Hammer" (?) King of the Franks died on 22 October 741 at Quiercy-sur-Ouse, Aisne, Picardie, France (now), at age 53.^1,10,2
Charles Martel "the Hammer" (?) King of the Franks was buried after 22 October 741 at Basilique Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     23 Aug 676, Belgium
     DEATH     22 Oct 741 (aged 65), Picardie, France
     Frankish Monarch. The grandfather of Charlemagne, he is best remembered for winning the Battle of Tours in 732, which prevented Moslem advance from getting any farther into Europe than Spain. His Frankish army defeated an Arab and Berber army fighting to spread Islam, which had swept through southern Asia and north Africa, before conquering most of the Iberian peninsula and much of southern France. Although it took another two generations for the Franks to drive all the Arab garrisons out of what is now France and across the Pyrenees, Charles Martel's halt of the invasion of French soil turned the tide of Islamic advance, and the unification of the Frankish kingdom under him, his son Pippin the Short, and his grandson Charlemagne prevented the Ummayad kingdom from expanding over the Pyrenees. He was the son of Pippin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, and his concubine Alpaida. On Pippin's death in 714, the succession passed to an infant grandson, Theodoald. The faction of Austrasian nobles who supported Theodoald was led by his stepmother, Pippin's widow, Plectrude. Charles, who was already an adult, led a rival faction and prevailed in a series of battles against both invading Neustrian Franks and the forces of Plectrude. Between 718 and 723, he secured his power through a series of victories and by winning the loyalty of several important clerics. This he accomplished in part by donating lands and money for the foundations of abbeys such as Echternach. In the subsequent decade, he led the Frankish army against the eastern duchies, Bavaria and Alemannia, and the southern duchies, Aquitaine and Provence. He dealt with the ongoing conflict with the Saxons to his northeast with some success, but full conquest of the Saxons and their incorporation into the Frankish empire would have to wait for his grandson Charlemagne. Bio by: Mongoose
     Family Members
     Parents
      Pepin II of Herstal 635–714
      Alpaïdis d'Austrasia 654–714
     Spouses
      Chrotrudis de Treves 690–724
      Swanahild
     Siblings
      Childébrand I de Perracy d'Autun 670–751
     Half Siblings
      Drogo of Champagne
     Children
      Carloman Unknown
      Pepin The Short 714–768
      Aude (Aldana) d'Austrasia d'Autun 720–804
      Bernard duc de St Quentin d'Herstal 724–784
     BURIAL     Saint Denis Basilique, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Originally Created by: Mongoose
     Added: 14 Dec 2003
     Find A Grave Memorial 8183688.^9,1,10
     Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Enc. of World History:
     "Charles Martel (i.e., the Hammer), Pepin's son, an ally of the Lombards. Decline of royal power under the last Merovingians and feudal decentralization. Feudalism implies a kind of politically decentralized society in which public powerto raise an army, to hold courts that administer some form of law or justice, to coin money, and to negotiate with outside powerspasses into private hands. Feudal decentralization was characterized by the breakdown of the old class and Germanic tribal organizations without an effective system to replace it, which led to the personal and economic dependence on private individuals; by the increasing concentration of land in the hands of a few (i.e., a landed “aristocracy” of which the mayors of the palace were representative; and perhaps by the increasing importance of the possession of a horse and the ability to fight on horseback. (This was due in part to the arrival of the stirrup, an Asian invention, that attached rider to horse, enabling him to use the force of his galloping animal to strike and cripple his enemy.) However, although Charles Martel used some cavalry in his wars against the Muslims, the infantry was the typical and decisive unit in all Carolingian warfare, and so the stirrup's importance has been downplayed. Warriors who attached themselves to strong “lords” were at first supported in the lord's own household; they were later rewarded, sometimes with land, sometimes with cash, with which they maintained themselves. In the lord's household, the wife frequently had responsibility for the dispersal of cash and goods.
     "Invasion of Spain (al-Andalus) by the Muslims under the command of the Berber Tariq ibn Ziyad [>]. The peninsula was subdued by 716. Raids across the Pyrenees began in the next year and culminated at Poitiers in 732, where Arab forces were defeated by Charles Martel [>]. The battle retrospectively retained far greater significance in European annals than in Islamic accounts, where it is described only as a skirmish.
     "Martel's victory at Tours arrested the advance of the Muslims in the west, and was followed by their final retreat over the Pyrenees (759).
     "Missionary activities of St. Boniface (Winfrid, Wynfrith), Apostle of Germany. With the support of Charles Martel and Pope Gregory II, Boniface worked to establish a centralized and episcopal church in Germany under Carolingian supervision. He founded dioceses, made Mainz a metropolitan see, established several monasteries, including Fulda, and encouraged the observance of the Rule of St. Benedict in all houses of men and women.
     "Pope Gregory III, threatened by the Lombards, sent an embassy to Martel, and offered the title of consul in return for protection. Charles, an ally of the Lombard king, ignored the appeal. At the end of his life, Martel, like a true sovereign, divided the Merovingian lands between his sons, Austrasia and the German duchies going to Carloman, Neustria and Burgundy to Pepin. Carloman and Pepin ruled together, 741-47; Pepin ruled alone, 747-68.”.¹⁵ GAV-33 EDV-34 GKJ-35.

; This is the same person as ”Charles Martel” at Wikipedia, as ”Charles Marte” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Karl Martell” at Wikipedia (DE).^16,17,18

; This is the same person as "Carolus Francicus, Karl der Francken, Charles des Francs" at Royaume Europe.¹⁹

; Per Genealogics:
     "Charles Martel ('the Hammer') was born in Herstal (in modern Belgium) on 23 August 688, the son of Pippin II by his mistress Alpais. He was proclaimed Mayor of the Palace and ruled the Franks in the name of a titular king, Clothaire IV. Late in his reign he proclaimed himself duke of the Franks (over the last four years of his reign he did not even bother with the façade of a king) and by any name he was de facto ruler of the Frankish realms. In 739 he was offered an office of Roman consul, which he rejected. He expanded his rule over all three of the Frankish kingdoms: Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy. He was described by Louis Gustave and Charles Strauss, in their book _Muslem and Frank: or Charles Martel and the rescue of Europe,_ as a tall, powerfully built man who was more agile than his size would lead men to believe.
     "His first battles were with the Saxons, Alemanni and Bavarians. However, his importance was established when he rolled back the Saracens in a desperate battle between Tours and Poitiers in 732. This has traditionally been characterised as an event that halted the Islamic expansion in Europe that had conquered Iberia. Prior to the battle, Abdul Rahman, the Arab governor of Spain, had won a great battle near Bordeaux. This Muslem threat united the Burgundians and the Gauls of Provence, who then acknowledged the sovereignty of Charles Martel, recognising him as their saviour from the Muslem conquests. Charles finished his work by driving the Saracens out of Burgundy and the Languedoc in 737.
     "In addition to being the leader of the army that prevailed at Tours, Charles Martel was a truly giant figure of the Middle Ages. A brilliant general, he is considered the forefather of western heavy cavalry, chivalry, founder of the Carolingian empire (which was named after him), and a catalyst for the feudal system, which would see Europe through the Middle Ages. Although some recent scholars have suggested he was more of a beneficiary of the feudal system than a knowing agent for social change, others continue to see him as the primary catalyst.
     "When Charles died on 22 October 741, his sons Carloman and Pippin, still joint mayors of the palace, shared power over the kingdom of the Franks with the Merovingian king, Childeric III of the Franks.”.⁹

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2): “C3. Charles Martell, Maiordomus in Austrasia (719-741), Duke of Franks (737-741), *689, +Quiercy-sur-Oise 22.10.741, bur St.Denis; 1m: Chrotrude (*ca 690 +ca 724), dau.of Leutwinus, Bp of Trier; 2m: Suanahilde/Sonichilde N”.¹ He and Ruodhaid/Chrothais (?) were associated; Mistress of Charles Martel.^2,20,3,19

; Per Med Lands:
     "SUANACHILDIS [Suanhilde] (-after 17 Sep 741). The precise parentage of Suanachildis is not known. The Continuator of Fredegar records that "matrona quondam…Beletrude et nepta sua Sunnichilde" were captured and taken to Austrasia by Charles "Martel" in [724/25][79]. Einhard names "Swannhilde neptem Odilonis ducis Baioariorum" as the mother of Grifo[80]. The precise relationship between Suanhilde and Pilitrude, who was the wife in turn of the brothers Grimoald and Theodoald, has not been identified. She instigated the marriage of her stepdaughter to Odilo Duke of Bavaria according to the Continuator of Fredegar[81]. After the death of her husband, she incited her son to rebel against her stepsons. She was defeated and sent to the monastery of Chelles, Seine-et-Marne. "Karlus maiorum domus filius Pippini quondam" donated property "villa Clippiacum in pago Parisiaco" to the abbey of St Denis by charter dated 17 Sep 741, subscribed by "Radberti comitis, Raygaubaldi comitis, Salaconis comitis, matrone Sonechildis, Grifonis filii sui"[82].
     "m (725) as his second wife, CHARLES “Martel” maiordomus of Austrasia and Neustria, son of PEPIN "le Gros" or "d'Herstal" & his second wife Chalpais [Alpais] ([690]-Quierzy-sur-Oise, Aisne 22 Oct 741, bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). "
Med Lands cites:
; NB: The relationship between Buvinus Comte de Metz and Boson l'Ancien has been explored by Settipani [1993] and is summarized by Wikipédia (Fr.) as follows:
Hypothèse actuelle
     "Mais cette reconstitution est en contradiction avec les Annales de Saint-Bertin, qui indiquent que la reine Teutberge est la tante maternelle de Boson3. Il en ressort que Bivin ne peut pas être frère de Teutberge, mais marié à une des sœurs de cette dernière.
     "Deux autres documents permettent d'envisager une autre piste pour l'origine de Bivin :
** un diplôme de l'empereur Lothaire Ier confirme en 842 une donation faite par Richard, comte et ostiaire de Louis le Pieux à la demande des exécuteurs testamentaires dont son frère Bivin.
** l'historien Richer, parlant de Charles Constantin, comte de Vienne et arrière-petit-fils de Bivin, le dit de famille royale, mais entachée de bâtardise au niveau de son tritavus, c'est-à-dire son ancêtre à la sixième génération.
     "À partir de ces données, Christian Settipani propose la reconstitution suivante4,5,6 :
1. il considère que la famille royale dont Charles Constantin est membre est la famille carolingienne, et que le terme de « famille » concerne dans ce contexte exclusivement la lignée masculine.
2. il considère que, chronologiquement, le tritavus est un fils bâtard de Charles Martel.
3. les seuls fils bâtards connus de Charles Martel sont Remi, évêque de Rouen, qui n'a pas eu de descendance, et le comte Jérôme. Pour Settipani, le tritavus de Charles Constantin est le comte Jérôme.
4. Les prénoms de Richard, porté par un frère et un fils de Bivin, sont peu fréquents au viiie siècle et la seconde épouse du comte Jérôme est une princesse gothe. Il rapproche le prénom de Richard avec celui de Reccared porté par deux rois des Wisigoths (Reccared Ier et Reccared II) et identifie les générations intermédiaires avec les quelques Richard connus."
See the attached diagram of the ancestry as proposed by Settipani [1993], from Wikipédia (Fr.)
Conclusion: Settipani's proposals a certainly speculative, and Med Lands offers a critique and some counter-proposals (which are noted in my Med Lands Notes for the individuals concerned. For now, I have chosed to try to reconstruct the lineage as outlined by Settipani (see attached chart). GA Vaut.^21,22,23 Charles Martel "the Hammer" (?) King of the Franks was Mayor of Austrasia and Neustria. (See attached map of Frankish Kingdoms) between 714 and 741.²⁴

; Victor at the Battle of Tours, stopping the Saracen invasion insuring the sruvival of "our Western Christian civilization"...
(See attached map of military campaigns.)⁸

     Pepin II "le Gros/d'Herstal" (?) of Heristal was born circa 645 at Herstal, Liège, Wallonia, Belgium.^5,8 He married Plectrudis (?), daughter of Hugobert (?) Seneschal, Pfalzgraf and Irmina (?) of Oeren/Trier, in 673
;
His 1st wife.^{3,4,5,10,11,12} Pepin II "le Gros/d'Herstal" (?) of Heristal married AlpaisChalpaida/AlpaidaAlpaïdis (?) of Saxony, daughter of Childebrand (?), in 688
;
His 2nd wife (bigamous)y.^13,4,5,11,14
Pepin II "le Gros/d'Herstal" (?) of Heristal died on 15 November 714 at Jupille (near Liège), Arrondissement de Liège, Wallonia, Belgium (now); Per stewart:
     "The date given by almost every modern historian for the death of Charlemagne's great-grandfather Pippin (the Fat) of Heristal is 16 December 714.
     "For instance, this is stated - without a source - by Eduard Hlawitschka in 'Die Vorfahren Karls des Grossen', _Karl der Grosse: Lebenswerk und Nachleben_, Band I, Persönlichkeit und Geschichte (Düsseldorf, 1965) p. 62 and table. Christian Settipani in _La préhistoire des Capétiens 481-987_, (Villeneuve d'Ascq, 1993), p. 154, describes this date as traditional, also giving no source. Neither of these authors refers to any other date or discusses the matter further.
     "The annals of many monasteries record Pippin's death in 714, and the source for 16 December is 'Annales Mettenses priores', edited by Bernhard von Simson, MGH SSrG 10 (Hanover & Leipzig, 1905) p. 19: "Pippinus princeps...in pace obiit XVII. Kal. Ian.". The same month, without a specific date, is given in 'Annales Petaviani', edited by Georg Heinrich Pertz, MGH SS I p. 7: "domnus Pippinus mortuus est in mense Decembrio".
     "Although more definite than "tradition", these apparently derive from a copied record of his burial rather than his death, as suggested by 'Annales Sancti Amandi', edited by Georg Heinrich Pertz, MGH SS I p. 6: "depositio Pippino in mense Decembrio".
     "Pippin died at Jupille near Heristal & was buried at Saint-Arnoul in Metz, the church dedicated to his grandfather. In the necrology of Saint-Arnoul, most likely to be accurate, his death was placed on 15 November: "XVII kalendas Decembris. Pipinus dux" [see Joseph Depoin, 'Obits mémorables tirés de nécrologes luxembourgeois, rémois et messins', _Revue Mabillon_ 6 (1910-1911) p. 265.
     "I don't know why this information should have been overlooked. Peter Stewart“.^15,4,5,8
Pepin II "le Gros/d'Herstal" (?) of Heristal was buried on 16 December 714 at Notre-Dame de Chèvremont, Liège, Arrondissement de Liège, Liège, Belgium; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     635
     DEATH     16 Dec 714 (aged 78–79)
     Frankish Nobility. He was born around 635 as the son of Ansegisel, a son of Saint Arnulf of Metz and Begga, a daughter the of Austrasian majordomo (mayor of the palace) Pepin of Landen. With the fall and execution of his uncle, the Frankish majordomo Grimoald, the family had seemingly come to an end. After spending several years fighting, he finally gained the rule over the whole realm after the Battle of Terty in 687. From then on he de facto ruled Francia as the majordomo of Austrasia, Neustria (from 688) and Burgundy. He secured his power by leaving his opponent Berchar in office as majordomo of Neustria. In addition he left the Merovingian kings on the throne. Around 696 he named his son Grimoald majordomo of Neustria and his eldest son Drogo Dux of Burgundy, but retained the real power in the kingdom. Even before his death a conflict over his succession broke out. His wife Plectrudis supported her grandsons interests against Pepins sons by his mistress Chalpaida. He died after a long illness on December 16th, 714. Plectrude was defeated by his son Charles Martel a few years later. During his reign he was able to establish his family, the Arnulfings, as the strongest in Francia and initiated the rise of the Carolingians. Bio by: Lutetia
     Family Members
     Parents
          Ansegisel of Metz
          Begga 615–693
     Spouses
          Alpaïdis d'Austrasia 654–714
          Plectrude of Bavaria unknown–718
     Siblings
          Martin de Laon 647 – unknown
          Clotilda d'Herstal de Neustria 650–699
     Children
          Drogo of Champagne
          Childébrand I de Perracy d'Autun 670–751
          Charles of the Franks 676–741
     BURIAL     Notre-Dame de Chèvremont, Liège, Arrondissement de Liège, Liège, Belgium
     Maintained by: Find a Grave
     Originally Created by: Lutetia
     Added: 13 Jun 2014
     Find a Grave Memorial 131325529.^15,16
     GAV-34 EDV-36 GKJ-36.

; Per Enc. of World History: "Pepin II (of Heristal), grandson of Pepin I, gained supremacy in Austrasia and Neustria by his victory at Tertry. The kingdom was on the verge of dissolution (ducal separatism), and Pepin began an effort to reduce the landed aristocracy from which he himself had sprung."¹⁷

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Genealogics:
     "Pippin was born about 635, the grandson and namesake of Pippin I 'the Elder' from the marriage of Pippin's daughter Begga and Ansegisel, son of Arnulf, bishop of Metz. That marriage united the two houses of the Pippinids and the Arnulfings which created what would be called the Carolingian dynasty. Pippin II was probably born in Herstal (Héristal), in modern Belgium (where his centre of power lay), whence his epithet (he is sometimes called 'of Heristal').
     "As _major domus_ (mayor) of Austrasia, Pippin and Martin, duke of Laon, fought the Neustrian mayor Ebroin, who had designs on all Frankland. Ebroin defeated the Austrasians at Lucofao (Bois-du-Fay, near Laon) and came close to uniting all the Franks under his rule; however he was assassinated in 681, the victim of a combined attack by his numerous enemies. Pippin immediately made peace with his successor, Waratton.
     "However, Waratton's successor Berthar, and the Neustrian king Theuderic III, who since 679 was nominal king of all the Franks, made war on Austrasia. The king and his mayor were decisively defeated at the Battle of Tertry (Textrice) in the Vermandois in 687. Berthar and Theuderic withdrew themselves to Paris, where Pippin followed and eventually forced on them a peace treaty with the condition that Berthar leave his office. Pippin was created mayor in all three Frankish kingdoms (Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy) and began calling himself Duke and Prince of the Franks (_dux et princeps Francorum_). In the ensuing quarrels, Berthar killed his mother-in-law Ansfled and fled. His wife Anstrude married Pippin's eldest son Drogo, duke of Champagne, and Pippin's place in Neustria was secured.
     "Over the next several years, Pippin subdued the Alemanni, Friesians and Franconians, bringing them within the Frankish sphere of influence. He also began the evangelisation of Germany. In 695 he placed Drogo in the Burgundian mayorship and his other son Grimoald in the Neustrian one.
     "Around 670 Pippin had married Plektrudis, who had inherited substantial estates in the Moselle region. She was the mother of Drogo of Champagne and Grimoald, both of whom died before their father. However, Pippin also had a mistress named Chalpaida/Alpais who bore him two more sons: Charles and Childebrand. Just before Pippin's death, Plektrudis convinced him to disinherit his bastards in favour of his grandson Theudoald, the son of Grimoald, who was still young (and amenable to Plektrudis' control).
     "Pippin died suddenly at an old age on 15 November 714, at Jupille near Herstal. His legitimate grandchildren claimed themselves to be Pippin's true successors and, with the help of Plektrudis, tried to maintain the position of Mayor of the Palace after Pippin's death. However, Charles had gained favour among the Austrasians, primarily for his military prowess and ability to keep them well supplied with booty from his conquests. Despite the efforts of Plektrudis to silence her rival's child by imprisoning him, Charles Martel became the sole mayor of the palace and de facto ruler of Francia after a civil war which lasted for more than three years after Pippin's death."²

; This is the same person as:
”Pepin of Herstal” at Wikipedia and as
”Pépin de Herstal” at Wikipédia (Fr.)^18,11 Pepin II "le Gros/d'Herstal" (?) of Heristal was also known as Pippin "the Fat" of Heristal.

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2): “B1. Pipin II of Heristal, Maiordomus in Austrasia and Neustria and Bourgogne 680, King of Franks, *635, +Jupille nr Liege 16.12.714; m.673 Alpais N (+after 714), dau.of Childebrand N /OR Plectrudis N”.¹⁹

; Per Med Lands:
     "PEPIN [II] "le Gros" or "d'Herstal", son of ANSEGISEL & his wife Begga ([645/50]-Jupille, near Liège 16 Dec 714, bur Metz, basilique de Saint-Arnoul). The Gesta Episcoporum Mettensis names "Anschisus" as father of "Pippinum"[115]. "Pippinus" declares himself "filius Ansegisili" in his charter dated 20 Feb 691, which also names "matrona mea Plectrudis"[116]. The estimated birth date attributed to Pépin [II] is consistent with the general chronology of this family, but can only be approximate. The Annales Xantenses name "Pippinus" as son of "Anchisus dux" when recording that he succeeded on the death of his father in 685[117], although this is misdated. "Pipinum secundum" is named as son of Ansegisel and Begga in the Chronicon Sancti Huberti[118]. Duke in Austrasia [676/80]: the Liber Historiæ Francorum records that, after the death of "Vulfoaldo de Auster", "Martinus et Pippinus iunior filius Anseghiselo quondam…duces" were dominant in Austrasia ("decedentibus regibus, dominabantur in Austria") and led the Austrasian army against "Theudericum regem et Ebroinum" but were defeated at "loco…Lucofao", adding that "Martinus" found refuge at Laon where he was later killed by emissaries from Ebroin while "Pippinus" escaped[119]. The passage can be dated to [676/80]. Civil war with Neustria broke out, until Pépin defeated the Neustrians at Tertry, Somme in Jun 687 before becoming maior domus of Austrasia in [688/90]. Fredegar (Continuator) records that he became maior domus of Neustria in 688 after the murder of maior domus Berchar[120]. "Pippinus filius Ansegisili quondam necnon…matrone mea Plectrudis" donated property to the church of St Arnulf at Metz by charter dated 20 Feb 691[121]. "Childebertus rex Francorum" names "Pippino maiorem domus nostro" in his charter dated 14 Mar 697[122]. Fredegar (Continuator) records that he defeated Radbod Duke of the Frisians at Duurstede in [692/97][123]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum records the death of "Pippinus" after ruling for 27 years[124]. The Chronicon Sancti Medardi Suessionensis records the death in 714 of “Pippinus senior Princeps Francorum et Dux, Præfectus Palatii et Major-domus” and the accession of “Carolus dictus Martellus in loco patris”[125]. The Annales Metenses record the death "XVII Kal Ian 714" of "Pippinus princeps"[126].
     "m firstly ([670/75]) PLECTRUDIS, daughter of HUGOBERT & his wife [Irmina ---] (-after 717, bur Köln, St Maria im Kapitol). "Pippinus" names "matrona mea Plectrudis, filia Huogoberti quondam" in his two charters dated 13 May 706[127]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum names "Pippino…uxor nobilissima…Plectrudis" but does not give her origin[128]. After the death of her husband, she "took everything under her control" according to Fredegar (Continuator)[129]. The Monumenta Epternacensia records that "Raginfredum maiorem domus" married "Plectrudem"[130], but this is not corroborated by other sources. She was regent for her grandson Theodebald, but opposed by her stepson Charles "Martel" whom she imprisoned. Charles escaped, and defeated the forces of Plectrudis at Vinchy, near Cambrai, 28 May 717. She founded St Maria im Kapitol at Köln.
     "[m] secondly (bigamously) CHALPAIS [Alpais], sister of DODO, daughter of ---. The Liber Historiæ Francorum records that Pépin had "filium ex alia uxore…Carlo" but does not name the child’s mother[131]. Fredegar (Continuator) records that Pépin married another wife ("aliam duxit uxorem") "nobilem…Chalpaida" by whom he had "filium…Carlo"[132]. Sigeberto's Vita Landiberto episcopi Traiectensis names "puellam nobilem…Alpaidem" as second wife of Pépin, specifying that she was "soror…Dodonis qui domesticus Pippini principis erat"[133]. The mid-12th century Genealogica ex Stirpe Sancti Arnulfi names "Alpade, sorore Dodonis, qui sanctum Lambertum episcopum Leodinensem martyrisavit" as second wife of Pépin[134]. Settipani does not support the theory that Alpais was the sister of Bertrada, mother of Charibert, whose daughter married Pépin King of the Franks, the hypothesis being based on King Pépin and his wife inheriting property from their respective fathers[135]. The Chronicle of St Bèze records that "Dodone comite" killed "sanctus Lambertus Tungrorum Episcopus"[136].
     "Mistress (1): ---. The name of Pépin's mistress is not known.
     "Pépin & his first wife had two children:
     "Pépin & his second [wife] had one child:
     "Pépin had [one illegitimate son by Mistress (1)]:
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "PLECTRUDIS (-after 717, bur Köln, St Maria im Kapitol). "Pippinus" names "matrona mea Plectrudis, filia Huogoberti quondam" in his two charters dated 13 May 706[477]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum names "Pippino…uxor nobilissima…Plectrudis" but does not give her origin[478]. After the death of her husband, she "took everything under her control"[479]. The Monumenta Epternacensia records that "Raginfredum maiorem domus" married "Plectrudem"[480]. She was regent for her grandson Theodebald, but opposed by her stepson Charles "Martel" whom she imprisoned. He escaped, and defeated the forces of Plectrudis at Vinchy, near Cambrai, 28 May 717. She founded St Maria im Kapitol at Köln.
     "m ([670/75]) as his first wife, PEPIN [II] "le Gros" or "d'Herstal", son of ANSEGISEL & his wife Begga ([645/50]-Jupille, near Liège 16 Dec 714, bur Metz, basilique de Saint-Arnoul)."
Med Lands cites: He was Maiordomus in Austrasia and Neustria and Bourgogne between 687 and 714.^1,20,3

     AnsegiselAnguiseAnchises (?) Mayor of Austrasia was born circa 610 at France; Charlemagne Desc. says b. 602; Royaume Europe says b. 615/616.^1,2,8 He married Saint Begga (?) of Landen, daughter of Pepin I "the Elder" (?) of Landen, Major Domus of the palace of Austrasia and Itta/Iduburga/Ittaberga (?), before 639
; Emergence of the Carolingians in Austrasia. The son of Arnulf married the daughter of Count Pepin I (of Landen, d. 640), mayor of the palace, founding the line later called Carolingian; Med Lands says m. 643/644.^{1,9,5,3,10,11,12,4,8}
AnsegiselAnguiseAnchises (?) Mayor of Austrasia was buried in 675 at Saint Begga's Collegiate Church, Andenne, Arrondissement de Namur, Namur, Belgium (now); From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown, Metz-en-Couture, Departement du Pas-de-Calais, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France
     DEATH     unknown, France
     Ansegisel (also Ansgise, Ansegus, or Anchises) (c. 602 or 610 – murdered before 679 ) was the son ofSaint Arnulf Of Metz, bishop of Metz and his wife Saint Doda, (whose great grandmother was (Saint Dode of Reims) and grandson of Saint Gondolfus. He served King Sigbert III of Austrasia (634-656) as a duke (Latin dux, a military leader) and domesticus. He was killed sometime before 679, slain in a feud by his enemy Gundewin. His wife was Saint Begga. Ansegisen and Begga were the grandparents of Charles Martel and were second great grandparents of Charlemagne
     Family Members
     Parents
          Saint Arnulf of Metz 582–640
     Spouse
          Begga 615–693
     Children
          Pepin II of Herstal 635–714
          Martin de Laon 647 – unknown
          Clotilda d'Herstal de Neustria 650–699
     BURIAL     Saint Begga's Collegiate Church, Andenne, Arrondissement de Namur, Namur, Belgium
     Created by: Mad
     Added: 26 Aug 2010
     Find a Grave Memorial 57756130
     SPONSORED BY Christian H. F. Riley.¹³
AnsegiselAnguiseAnchises (?) Mayor of Austrasia died on 21 February 679; Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2 page) says d. 694; Genealogics says d. ca 675; Royaume Europe says assassinated 21 Feb 679.^3,2,8
      ; Per Genealogics:
     “Ansegisel was born about 610, the son of the powerful Austrasian nobleman Arnulf, bishop of Metz. Ansegisel served King Sigbert III of Austrasia (634-656) as a duke (Latin _dux_, a military leader). Ansegisel's brother Chlodulf became bishop of Metz.
     “Some time after 639 Ansegisel married Begga, the daughter of Pippin 'the Elder', also a powerful Austrasian nobleman and lifelong friend of Arnulf of Metz. They had several children of whom their son Pippin II is known to have progeny.
     “Ansegisel was killed in a feud sometime after 675 but before 679, by his enemy Gundewin. Begga lived until 693.”.²

Reference: Genealogics cites: Caroli Magni Progenies Neustadt an der Aisch, 1977. , Siegfried Rosch, Reference: 52.²

; This is the same person as ”Ansegisel” at Wikipedia and as ”Ansegisel” at Wikipédia (FR).^14,15 GAV-35 EDV-36 GKJ-36.¹⁶

; Per Royaume Europe:
     "Anchisus d? M?d??matr?c?rum, Anseghisel de Metz, Anségisel de Metz il est né entre 615-616 à Metz et assassiné le 21 février 679 fils de Arnouldus d? M?d??matr?c?rum et de Doda d? Scaldis. Il a la charge de :? — P?l?t?um maiores ad-Austrasiææ? ? Lire la suite
     "Épouse circa 643-644 Begga von Hespengau née entre 612 et 616 à Landen et décédée le 17 décembre 693 à Andennes fille de Pippinus pr?mus d? Heristalium et de Induberge de Metz

; Per Med Lands:
     "ANSEGISEL ([612]-killed [655/65]). The Vita Sancti Arnulfi records that Arnulf and his wife had two sons but gives no further details[84]. The Gesta Episcoporum Mettensis names (in order) "duos filios Anschisum et Chlodolfum" as sons of Arnulf "iuventutis suæ tempore ex legitimi matrimonii copula" but does not name their mother[85]. A 9th century genealogy names "Flodolfum et Anschisum" as the children of "domnus Arnulfus"[86]. The Vita Chrodegangi Episcopi Mettensis names "Anchisæ" as second son of "Arnulfum sanctum"[87]. His birth date is estimated on the basis that Ansegisel was younger than his brother Chrodulf, but also born before his father’s nomination as bishop in [613]. Domesticus at the royal palace: “…necnon et domesticorum Flodulfi, Ansigisili, Bettelini, Gariberti” consented to a donation to the monastery of Stabulo and Malmédy by King Sigebert III in a charter dated to [648][88]. "Childericus rex Francorum, Emnehildis et Bilihildis…reginæ…Gundoino duce et Hodone domestico" confirmed the property of the monastery of Stablo and Malmedy on the advice of "Grimoaldo, Fulcoaldo, Adregisilo, Bobone ducibus, Chlodulfo, Ansegisilo, Gariberto domesticis" by charter dated 6 Sep 667[89]. The document is presumably misdated as explained above under Ansegisel’s brother Chlodulf. The Vita Beggæ (dated to [1080/90]) records that “Duci magno Ansegiso” adopted “Gonduinum” like his own child, but that “Gonduinus” killed “Ducem”[90]. Settipani dates Ansegisel’s death to [655/65][91]. More specifically, he suggests that Gundoen was related to Otto, who had challenged the succession of Ansegisel’s brother-in-law Grimoald as maior domus and had been killed as a result, and concludes that Ansegisel’s murder was part of a wider vendetta led by a rival family. If that is correct, according to Settipani, the death can be dated more precisely to [662], following the overthrow of King Childebert (III) who was Grimoald’s son and Ansegisel’s nephew[92].
     "m ([643/44]) BEGGA, daughter of PEPIN [I] "l'Ancien" or "de Landen", maior domus of King Clotaire II & his wife Itta --- (-[693, 698 or 709]). The Vita Beggæ (dated to [1080/90]) names “duarum filiarum...unam...Beggam, alteram...Gertrudem” as the children of “Dux Pipinus Regni Francorum” and his wife “Yduberga”[93]. Sigebert's late 11th century Chronica records in 649 that "Ansigisus filius sancti Arnulfi" had married “Begga soror Grimoaldi”[94]. Settipani highlights that other events in the same paragraph of Sigebert can be dated to [643/44], but also that Werner has dated the marriage to [630/40] (Settipani adds “sans bonne raison à notre sens”)[95]. Both estimates appear to be little more than guesswork. Sigeberto's Vita Landiberto episcopi Traiectensis names "Pippinus…principes Francorum…sanctæ Beggæ matris eius"[96]. The Vita Beggæ (dated to [1080/90]) records that Begga retired to “monasterio germanæ suæ Gertrudis”[97]. This event can be dated to [689/97] if it is correct, as reported by Ghesquière, that a biography of St Gertrude records that Begga retired to her monastery 33 years after her sister died (her death is recorded variously between [656/64])[98]. The Annales Xantenses record the death in 698 of "Sancta Begga mater Pippini ducis"[99]. The Annales Laubienses record the death in 709 of “Begga sanctæ Gertrudis germana”[100]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2): “A2. Ansegisel, Maiordomus of Austrasia, +694; m.St.Begga, dau.of Pipin I of Landen, Maiordomus of Chlothar II of Austrasia”.¹⁷

; Per Med Lands:
     "BEGGA (-[693, 698 or 709]). The Annales Xantenses name "Begga" as the second daughter of Pépin and record her marriage with "Anchisus dux egregius filius Arnulfi epicopi Mettensium"[25]. Her position in this source as junior to her sister Gertrudis may be due to the latter’s standing as a religious figure. The Vita Beggæ (dated to [1080/90]) names “duarum filiarum...unam...Beggam, alteram...Gertrudem” as the children of “Dux Pipinus Regni Francorum” and his wife “Yduberga”[26]. Sigebert's late 11th century Chronica records in 649 that "Ansigisus filius sancti Arnulfi" had married “Begga soror Grimoaldi”[27]. Settipani highlights that other events in the same paragraph of Sigebert can be dated to [643/44], but also that Werner has dated the marriage to [630/40] (Settipani adds “sans bonne raison à notre sens”)[28]. Both estimates appear to be little more than guesswork. Sigeberto's Vita Landiberto episcopi Traiectensis names "Pippinus…principes Francorum…sanctæ Beggæ matris eius"[29]. The Vita Beggæ (dated to [1080/90]) records that Begga retired to “monasterio germanæ suæ Gertrudis”[30]. This event can be dated to [689/97] if it is correct, as reported by Ghesquière, that a biography of St Gertrude records that Begga retired to her monastery 33 years after her sister died (her death is recorded variously between [656/64])[31]. The Annales Xantenses record the death in 698 of "Sancta Begga mater Pippini ducis"[32]. The Annales Laubienses record the death in 709 of “Begga sanctæ Gertrudis germana”[33].
     "m ([643/44]) ANSEGISEL, son of ARNOUL Bishop of Metz & his wife [Doda] (-killed [655/65])."
Med Lands cites: He was Mayor (maiordomus) of the Palace of Austrasia between 632 and 638.^1,9,10

     Saint Arnulf (Arnould) (?) Bishop of Metz was born circa 13 August 582 at Heristal, Liège, Wallonia, Belgium; Med Lands says b. 580/85; Genealogy.EU says d. ca 582; Weis says b. abt 13 Aug 582; Genealogics says b. ca 582.^10,4,11,12 He married Dode (Clothilde) Heristal, daughter of Arnoldus (?) Bishop of Metz, circa 596
; Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2 page) says m. 611.^13,11
Saint Arnulf (Arnould) (?) Bishop of Metz died on 18 July 640 at Remiremont, Departement des Vosges, Lorraine, France; Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2 page) says d. 641; Med Lands and Genealogics say d. ca 18 July 640.^13,1,3,14,11
Saint Arnulf (Arnould) (?) Bishop of Metz was buried after 18 July 640 at Saint Arnoul Royal Abbey, Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     unknown
     DEATH     unknown, Remiremont, Departement des Vosges, Lorraine, France
     Saint Arnold of Metz, Bishop of Metz and Catholic saint, buried here about 640-641. His son Ansegisel was the father of Pépin de Herstal, which makes him an ancestor of Charlemagne.
     BURIAL     Saint Arnoul Royal Abbey, Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France
     Created by: K. C. Mellem
     Added: 3 Jun 2014
     Find a Grave Memorial 130797322.^1,15,11
     GAV-35 EDV-37 GKJ-37.

; This is the same person as ”Arnulf of Metz” at Wikipedia, as ”Arnoul de Metz” at Wikipédia (FR), and and as "Bishop St. Arnoul de Metz" at Geneagraphie.^16,8,17

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Catholic Encyclopedia:
     "St. Arnulf of Metz - Statesman, bishop under the Merovingians, born c. 580; died c. 640. His parents belonged to a distinguished Frankish family, and lived in Austrasia, the eastern section of the kingdom founded by Clovis. In the school in which he was placed during his boyhood he excelled through his talent and his good behaviour. According to the custom of the age, he was sent in due time to the court of Theodebert II, King of Austrasia (595-612), to be initiated in the various branches of the government. Under the guidance of Gundulf, the Mayor of the Palace, he soon became so proficient that he was placed on the regular list of royal officers, and among the first of the kings ministers. He distinguished himself both as a military commander and in the civil administration; at one time he had under his care six distinct provinces. In due course Arnulf was married to a Frankish woman of noble lineage, by whom he had two sons, Anseghisel and Clodulf. While Arnulf was enjoying worldly emoluments and honours he did not forget higher and spiritual things. His thoughts dwelled often on monasteries, and with his friend Romaricus, likewise an officer of the court, he planned to make a pilgrimage to the Abbey of Lérins, evidently for the purpose of devoting his life to God. But in the meantime the Episcopal See of Metz became vacant. Arnulf was universally designated as a worthy candidate for the office, and he was consecrated bishop of that see about 611. In his new position he set the example of a virtuous life to his subjects, and attended to matters of ecclesiastical government. In 625 he took part in a council held by the Frankish bishops at Reims. With all this Arnulf retained his station at the court of the king, and took a prominent part in the national life of his people. In 613, after the death of Theodebert, he, with Pepin of Landen and other nobles, called to Austrasia Clothaire II, King of Neustria. When, in 625, the realm of Austrasia was entrusted to the kings son Dagobert, Arnulf became not only the tutor, but also the chief minister, of the young king. At the time of the estrangement between the two kings, and 625, Arnulf with other bishops and nobles tried to effect a reconciliation. But Arnulf dreaded the responsibilities of the episcopal office and grew weary of court life. About the year 626 he obtained the appointment of a successor to the Episcopal See of Metz; he himself and his friend Romaricus withdrew to a solitary place in the mountains of the Vosges. There he lived in communion with God until his death. His remains, interred by Romaricus, were transferred about a year afterwards, by Bishop Goeric, to the basilica of the Holy Apostles in Metz.
     "Of the two sons of Arnulf, Clodulf became his third successor in the See of Metz. Anseghisel remained in the service of the State; from his union with Begga, a daughter of Pepin of Landen, was born Pepin of Heristal, the founder of the Carlovingian dynasty. In this manner Arnulf was the ancestor of the mighty rulers of that house. The life or Arnulf exhibits to a certain extent the episcopal office and career in the Merovingian State. The bishops were much considered at court; their advice was listened to; they took part in the dispensation of justice by the courts; they had a voice in the appointment of royal officers; they were often used as the king's ambassadors, and held high administrative positions. For the people under their care, they were the protectors of their rights, their spokesmen before the king and the link uniting royalty with its subjects. The opportunities for good were thus unlimited; and Arnulf used them to good advantage.“.²

; Per Genealogics:
     "Arnulf (Arnoul or Arnoulf in French) was born of an important Frankish family at an uncertain date around 582. His father may have been Arnoald, who was dux of the Scheldt before becoming bishop of Metz.
     "Arnulf was married to a woman believed to have been called Doda, and to have had children by her. Chlodulf of Metz was his eldest son, but more important is his second son Ansegisel, who married Begga, daughter of Arnulf's lifelong friend Pippin 'the Elder' (Pippin of Landen).
     "In Arnulf's younger years he was called to the Merovingian court to serve King Theudebert II of Austrasia (in what is now France) and as dux of the Scheldt. After the death of Theudebert in 612, Arnulf was made bishop of Metz. The rule of Austrasia came into the hands of Brunichilde, the grandmother of Theudebert, who also ruled in Burgundy in the name of her great-grandchildren. In 613 Arnulf joined with Pippin 'the Elder' and led the opposition of Frankish nobles against Queen Brunichilde. The revolt led to her overthrow, torture and eventual execution, and the subsequent reunification of Frankish lands under Chlotar II.
     "From 623 (with Pippin of Landen, then the major domus of the palace), Arnulf was an advisor to Dagobert I, son of Chlotar II. He retired around 629 to a hermitage at a mountain site in the Vosges, to implement his lifelong resolution to become a monk and a hermit. His friend Romaric, whose parents had been killed by Brunichilde, had preceded him in the mountains and, together with Amatus, had already and begun the monastic community at Habend later called Remiremont. Arnulf settled there, and remained until his death twelve years later, about 18 July 640.
     "Arnulf was canonised as a saint by the Catholic Church. In iconography he is portrayed with a rake in his hand and is often confused in legend with Arnold of Soissons, who is a patron saint of brewing."

; Per Stone (2000) Chart 50-8: "...a counselor of King Chlothar II and of the young Dagobert I."¹⁸
He and Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks were Maiordomus of Dagobert I of Austrasia.³

; NB: The parents of St. Arnulf are uncertain. For example:
     Weis [2008:178] shows Arnulf as the son of Bodegeisel II.
     Genealogics: shows no parents directly connected to Arnulf, but states: "His father may have been Arnoald, who was dux of the Scheldt before becoming bishop of Metz."
     Wikipedia states:
          "Shortly after 800, most likely in Metz, a brief genealogy of the Carolingians was compiled, with no verifiable historical basis. It was modelled in style after the genealogy of Jesus in the New Testament. According to this source, Arnulf's father was a certain Arnoald, who in turn was the son of Ansbertus and Blithilt (or Blithilde), an alleged and otherwise unattested daughter of Chlothar I. This claim of royal Merovingian descent is not confirmed by the contemporary reference in the Vita. Under Salic Law no children of Blithilde would be recognized as legitimate heirs to the dynasty, so an event like this would hardly be recorded, least remembered after many centuries.
     "J. Depoin observed that Arnulf was identified as a Frank in contemporary documents, whereas Arnoald was identified by Paul the Deacon as a Roman.[2] Based on the Vita Gundolphi Arnulf's father was Bodegisel, a Frankish noble. David Humiston Kelley then proposed that Arnoald was likely an ancestor of the Carolingians through a daughter Itta, wife of Pepin of Landen. Christian Settipani revisited and expanded upon the work of Depoin and Kelley, and concurred in Arnulf's descent from Bodegisel instead of Arnoald, but noting that there was a connection between the Ripuarian Frankish royal house and the Carolingians. He argued (without dismissing the possibility of Itta's being Arnoald's daughter) that there was a connection through Arnulf's wife Doda, whom he posited as a daughter of Arnoald. Kelly then considered probable Settipani's proposed connection between the Carolingians and Arnoald."
The work by Christian Settipani referred to by Wikipedia is from:
     Wikipédia (FR) states:
[Translation by Google:
An image of the hypothetical descendance proposed by Wikipédia (FR) is attached.
Wikipédia (FR) cites: Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire des institutions politiques de l’ancienne France, vol. 6, livre II, Paris, Hachette, 1907 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 149.
     Med Lands shows Arenulf/Arnoul, son of Arnold, son of Ansbert, but then states: "Another genealogy from the same period does not attempt to trace Arnoul's ancestors further than naming "Buotgisus" as father of "Arnulfum…episcopum urbis Metensium", although the editor of the Monumenta Germaniæ in which this is published cites another source which names "Burtgisus, qui a multis cognominatur Arnoaldus" although the dating of the latter is unclear [417].
Med Lands cites: [417] Genealogiæ Karolorum III, MGH SS XIII, p. 246, footnote 1 citing Meurisse Hist. de Metz, p. 85.
Conclusion: I have chosen to follow the lineage proposed by Settipani and laid out in the Wikipédia (FR) article. GA Vaut.^5,4,16,8

; Per Med Lands:
     "ARNOUL [Arnulf], son of [ARNOLD & his wife ---] ([580/85]-Remiremont 18 Jul [640], bur Remiremont, later transferred to Metz, basilique de Saint-Arnoul). The origins of Arnulf are unknown. The Vita Sancti Arnulfi names "Arnulfus episcopus prosapia genitus Francorum" but gives no further details of his ancestry[51]. The Gesta Episcoporum Mettensis names "Arnulfus…ex nobilissimo fortissimoque Francorum stemmate ortus", with no further information on his parentage, as ninth bishop of Metz and "palatii moderator"[52]. A 9th century genealogy names "beatum Arnulfum episcopum" as the son of Arnold[53]. Settipani points out that this genealogy forms part of a series compiled at Metz, from the late 8th century onwards, which glorify the ancestry of the Carolingian dynasty by establishing descent from the early Merovingians as well as from a family of Roman senatorial origin[54]. Further confusion is added by the Gesta Episcoporum Mettensis which names "Agiulfus" as sixth bishop of Metz, stating that "patre ex nobili senatorum familia orto, ex Chlodovei regis Francorum filia procreatus", and that "nepos ipsius…Arnoaldus" succeeded him as bishop[55], the alleged senatorial and Merovingian ancestry appearing to provide the basis for the 9th century genealogy although the latter assigns the descent to what appears to be a different Arnold. The Gesta Episcoporum Mettensis makes no family connection between Arnulf and his predecessor bishops. Another genealogy from the 8th/9th century names "Buotgisus" as father of "Arnulfum…episcopum urbis Metensium", although the editor of the Monumenta Germaniæ in which this is published cites another source which names "Burtgisus, qui a multis cognominatur Arnoaldus" although the dating of the latter is unclear[56]. Arnulf entered the service of Theodebert King of Austrasia, becoming intendant of the royal domains. Together with Warnachar, maior domus of the palace of Burgundy, he helped King Clotaire II defeat King Sigebert II and the latter's great-grandmother Queen Brunechildis in 613[57]. Sigeberto's Vita Landiberto episcopi Traiectensis names "Pippinus…principes Francorum…paterni avi eius Arnulfi", specifying that he was "primo maior domus regis post Mettensis episcopus"[58], although no other document has yet been identified which indicates that Arnulf held the position of maior domus in Austrasia. He was elected Bishop of Metz, dated to [613]: the Vita Sancti Arnulfi records that "Arnulfum domesticum adque consiliarium regis" was appointed as bishop of Metz[59]. Arnulf retired to the monastery of Remiremont, Vosges, dated to [629]. A charter dated 20 Feb 691 of "Pippinus filius Ansegisili quondam necnon…matrone mea Plectrudis" donating property to the church of St Arnulf at Metz specifies that "domnus et avus noster Arnulphus" was buried in the church[60]. A list of bishops of Metz records "Arnulfus" as 29th bishop, that he held the position for 10 years, and that he died "XVII Kal Sep"[61]. Sigebert's late 11th century Chronica records the death of "Sanctus Arnulfus ex maiore domus Mettensium episcopus, et ex episcopo solitarius" in 640[62].
     "m [DODA], daughter of --- (-after [640]). The Vita Sancti Arnulfi records that Arnulf married "inclitam et nobilissimam...puellam" but gives no further details about her[63]. The 11th century Vita Chlodulfi Episcopi names “mater…Chlodulfi Doda”[64]. Settipani suggests that this source is “de médiocre valeur”[65]. Sigebert's late 11th century Chronica records that "Doda mater...Clodulfi" retired to Trier as a nun, based on the same source[66]. "
Med Lands cites:

; Per Weis (Line 190-8, p. 178): “St. Arnulf, b. abt. 13 Aug. 582. Mayor of the Palace and tutor of Dagobert, Bishop of Metz, d. 16 Aug. 640; m. abt. 596, Dode (180-8), who became a nun at Treves 612. (They were also the parents of St. Clodulf, Bishop of Metz abt. 650, d. 690)."


Per Weis (Line 180-8, p. 171): “Dode (clothilde); m. St. Arnulf (190-8). (Gens. 1-8: Don C. Stone, Some Ancient and Medieval Descents of Edward I of England, (Philadelphi, PA, 2003) Chart 50:"Descent from Flavius Afranius Syagrius)."^12,19

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2): “St.Arnulf, Bp of Metz (612-627), Maiordomus of Dagobert I of Austrasia, *ca 582, +641; m. 611 Dode/Ode (Clothilde)”.²⁰ Saint Arnulf (Arnould) (?) Bishop of Metz was Bishop of Metz between 613 and 629.¹⁸

     Baderic/Baderich/Balderich/Boderic (?) Co-King of the Thuringii. was born circa 480.¹
Baderic/Baderich/Balderich/Boderic (?) Co-King of the Thuringii. died in 529.¹
      ; From Wikipedia:
     "Baderic, Baderich, Balderich or Boderic (ca. 480 – 529), son of Bisinus and Menia, was a co-king of the Thuringii. He and his brothers Hermanfrid and Berthar succeeded their father Bisinus. After Hermanfrid defeated Berthar in battle, he invited King Theuderic I of Metz to help him defeat Baderic in return for half of the kingdom. Theuderic I agreed and Baderic was defeated and killed in 529. Hermanfrid became the sole king.
     "Baderic is known to have two daughters: Ingund and Aregund, who became the 3rd and 4th wives respectively of Clothar I, King of the Franks.
Notes
** Victor Duruy (1918). A Short History of France. J. M. Dent. p. 86."¹

     Chrotrud/Rotrou/Rotrude (?) of Austrasia was born in 690 at Treves, Departement du Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France (now).^2,7 She married Charles Martel "the Hammer" (?) King of the Franks, son of Pepin II "le Gros/d'Herstal" (?) of Heristal and AlpaisChalpaida/AlpaidaAlpaïdis (?) of Saxony, in 713
;
His 1st wife.^2,7,8,9
Chrotrud/Rotrou/Rotrude (?) of Austrasia died on 22 October 724 at Trier, Stadtkreis Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany (now).^3,10,2,5,7
Chrotrud/Rotrou/Rotrude (?) of Austrasia was buried after 22 October 724 at Saint Arnoul Royal Abbey, Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     690, Treves, Departement du Gard, Languedoc-Roussillon, France
     DEATH     22 Oct 724 (aged 33–34), Trier, Stadtkreis Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
     Married 713 in Moselle, Austrasia. Duchess of Austrasia
     Rotrude (Chrodtrudis) (died 724) was the first wife of Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace and de facto ruler of Francia from 718 to 741. She was the mother of Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, and therefore the grandmother of Charlemagne. Rotrude is believed to be the daughter of Lambert, Count of Hesbaye, although this designation is not without controversy, as discussed below. She is also referred to as Rotrude of Treves.
     Traditionally, the information available about the family background of Rotrude was the indication that Wido (Guy), Count of Hornbach and Lay Abbot of Fontenelle, was a propinquus of Martel. This kinship term, vague enough, means a close relationship with women: a brother, a cousin by women or a cousin by marriage. Wido is the brother of Milo, Bishop of Trier, and son of Saint Leudwinus, Bishop of Trier.
     Christian Settipani, in his seminal work on the ancestors of Charlemagne, details an analysis by Anton Halbedel, first issued in 1915, and echoed by historians Jean Depoin, Maurice Chaume and Szabolcs Vajay. According to this analysis, the word propinquus implies "brother", so that Wido was Rotrude’s brother. Rotrude has therefore often been identified as the daughter of Saint Leudwinus.
     However, in Settipani’s Addendum to the Ancestors of Charlemagne, he returns to this problem, reflecting thinking that of medieval history professor Richard Gerberding, who believed that Rotrude’s background was related directly to the Robertians. He noted that Charles Martel had three wives and that Wido may be a relative of the other two.
     Settipani concludes that Rotrude was the daughter of Lambert, Count of Hesbaye, and so sister of Robert I, Duke of Neustria. In addition, Rotrude’s sister was named Landrada and was married to Sigramnus, Count of Hesbaye. Landrada and Sigramnus were parents of Saint Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz. Note that Rotrude and Charles had daughter also named Landrade, who is often erroneously identified as the wife of Sigramnus. Wikipedia
     Family Members
     Parents
          Saint Leudwinus
          Willigarde von Bayern de Treves 670–732
     Spouse
          Charles of the Franks 676–741
     Siblings
          Gui de Treves 689 – unknown
     Children
          Carloman Unknown
          Pepin The Short 714–768
          Aude (Aldana) d'Austrasia d'Autun 720–804
          Bernard duc de St Quentin d'Herstal 724–784
     BURIAL     Saint Arnoul Royal Abbey, Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France
     Created by: Memerizion
     Added: 8 Apr 2015
     Find A Grave Memorial 144753240.⁷
      ; See attached diagram of Charlemagne's ancestry, by Settipani [2000].⁶

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2): “C3. Charles Martell, Maiordomus in Austrasia (719-741), Duke of Franks (737-741), *689, +Quiercy-sur-Oise 22.10.741, bur St.Denis; 1m: Chrotrude (*ca 690 +ca 724), dau.of Leutwinus, Bp of Trier; 2m: Suanahilde/Sonichilde N”.²

Reference: Genealogics cites: Caroli Magni Progenies Neustadt an der Aisch, 1977. , Siegfried Rosch, Reference: 53.³

; See Settipani's discussion of the ancestors of Charlemagne, including the question of Rotrude's parentage (copy attached). Original paper is at http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~medieval/addcharlENG.pdf.⁶

; This is the same person as ”Rotrude of Hesbaye” at Wikipedia, as ”Rotrude (femme de Charles Martel)” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Chrodtrud” at Wikipedia (DE)


This is also the same person as ”Chrodtrudis d? Wormatiensis” at Royaume Europe, and as "Rotrud d' Austrasia" at Geneagraphie.^{5,11,12,13,14} GAV-34 EDV34 GKJ-35. Chrotrud/Rotrou/Rotrude (?) of Austrasia was also known as Rotrude (?) of Hesbaye.⁵ Chrotrud/Rotrou/Rotrude (?) of Austrasia was also known as Chrotrudis (?) de Treves.⁷

     Saint Leutwinis (Lievin) (?) Bishop of Treves married Willigard (?) of Bavaria, daughter of Theodebert/Theudbert (?) Herzog von Bayern and Folchaide von Salzburg.³

Saint Leutwinis (Lievin) (?) Bishop of Treves died in 713.⁴
      .⁴ GKJ-36. Saint Leutwinis (Lievin) (?) Bishop of Treves was also known as St. Luitwin (?) Bishop of Treves.² Saint Leutwinis (Lievin) (?) Bishop of Treves was also known as Saint Lievin (?) Bishop of Treves.⁵ He was Bishop of Treves between 685 and 704.⁶

     Count Warinus (?) Count of Poitiers, Count of Paris married Gunza (?) de Metz, daughter of Clodoule/Chlodulf (?) Bishop of Metz and Childa (?) de Landen, before 670.³

Count Warinus (?) Count of Poitiers, Count of Paris died in 677 at near Arras, Pas-de-Calais, Hauts-de-France, France.⁴
     GKJ-37.

; Count Guerin (or Warin), brother of St. Leger, Bishop of Autun; described as being descended from the ancient Burgundian Kings.⁵

; Weis AR 50-9.^6,7

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Warinus of Poitiers (also Warin, Guerin, Gerinus, Varinus; died 677 AD) was the Franco-Burgundian Count of Poitiers and Count of Paris and later Saint Warinus, Martyr of the Franks.[1][2][3] He was the son of Saint Sigrada of Sainte-Marie de Soissons and the brother of Saint Leodegarius.[1][4] He was the father of Saint Leudwinus.[2][4]
     "In 677 AD, Warinus was stoned to death near Arras because of a feud between his brother Leodegarius and Ebroin, the Frankish Mayor of the Palace of Neustria.[1][3][4]
Life
     "Warinus was born in Autun, Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy.[1][4] He was the son of Bodilon, a Count of Poitiers and Sigrada of Alsace, and Sainte-Marie de Soissons.[1][4] He was the founder of the famous noble family of the Guideschi.[citation needed]
     "As a nobleman, Warinus spent his childhood at the court of Clotaire II.[1]
     "He married Gunza von Treves, a Frankish noblewoman in France.[1][4] His wife came from an influential Frankish family and was the sister of Saint Basinus of Treves. They had three children:
* Doda of Poitiers (born c. 659 AD - died c. 678 AD)
* Leudwinus, Count of Poitier (born 660 AD - died 722 AD)
* Grimgert, Count of Paris (born c. 667 AD)
References
* Watkins, Basil (ed) (2002). Book of Saints (Reference) (7th ed.) A&C Black. p. 655. ISBN 0713653000.
* Weiner, Dr. Andreas. "Holy Lutwinus Pray for Us! (Heiliger Lutwinus bitte für uns!)". www.lutwinuswerk.de. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
* "Saints & Angels: St. Warinus". Catholic Online. catholic.org. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
* Margaret R Bunson, Matthew Bunson, Stephen Bunson (2003). Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia Of Saints - Revised. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 1008. ISBN 1-931709-75-0.⁴

     Gunza (?) de Metz was born circa 640 at Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France (now).^2,1 She married Count Warinus (?) Count of Poitiers, Count of Paris, son of Bodlion (?) and Sigrada (?), before 670.¹

Gunza (?) de Metz died in 700 at Stadtkreis Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany (now).¹
     GKJ-37.

; Weis AR7 [2002:51].⁵ Gunza (?) de Metz was also known as Kunza (?)

     Ida J. Hudson was born on 3 September 1864.¹ She married George H. Luster on 2 December 1885 at Davidson Co., Tennessee, USA,
; his 1st wife.²
Ida J. Hudson died on 20 October 1888 at age 24.¹
Ida J. Hudson was buried after 20 October 1888 at Spring Hill Cemetery, Nashville, Davidson Co., Tennessee, USA; from Find A Grave:
     Birth:      Sep. 3, 1864
     Death:      Oct. 20, 1888
     George Luster married Ida J Hudson Dec 02 1885 in Davidson CO TN.
     Family links: Parents: Isaac M. Hudson (____ - 1906)
     Spouse: George H. Luster (1857 - 1935)*
     Children: Turner Hudson Luster (1887 - 1957)*
     Burial: Spring Hill Cemetery, Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee, USA
     Created by: James Hill
     Record added: Nov 27, 2008
     Find A Grave Memorial# 31754660.¹
     Ida J. Hudson was listed as a resident in Isaac M. "Ike" Hudson and Ann E. Singleton's household in the census report on 22 July 1870 at District 19, Davidson Co., Tennessee, USA; p. 84-A, lines 11-18, dwelling 42, family 44
     11 HUDSON, Isaac 31 [1839] M W Farmer $1000 KY
     12 " , Anna 28 [1842] F W Keeping house TN
     13 " , Aratia 8 [1862] M W At home TN
     14 " , Ida 5 [1865] F W At home TN
     15 BEELEY, William 23 [1847] M W At home TN,
     16 MAY, Francis 40 [1830] F W Domestic Servant TN Cannot read Cannot write
     17 " , Anna 13 [1857] F W At home TN Cannot read Cannot write
     18 HAYES, pAULINE 5 [1865] F Black At home TN.³

Ida J. Hudson was listed as a resident in Isaac M. "Ike" Hudson and Ann E. Singleton's household in the census report on 16 June 1880 at District 19, Davidson Co., Tennessee, USA; pp. 305-D & 306-A, lines 47-50, 1, dwelling 196, family 207
     47 HUDSON, Isaac W M 40 [1840] Self Married Farmer KY KY KY
     48 " , Anna W F 35 [1845] Wife Married Keeping House TN TN TN
     49 " , Aratia W M 18 [1862] Son Single Laborer TN KY TN
     50 " , Ida W F 15 [1865] Daughter Single At School TN KY TN
     1 " , Ellouise W F 6 [1874] Daughter Single TN KY TN
     2 HARRIS, Tilomon Black Male 7 [1873] Servant Single TN TN TN.⁴
     

     Sir Thomas Blount of Kinlet married Anne Croft, daughter of Sir Richard Croft Knt., of Croft Castle and Eleanor Cornwall.^1,6
Sir Thomas Blount of Kinlet was born in 1456.²
Sir Thomas Blount of Kinlet died in 1524.^1,2
     ; Per Taylor:
     "Jeff, thanks for this. This is the 'Complete Peerage' entry on the Blounts, lords Mountjoy, enhanced with scans of arms as engraved in Croke's _Blount_ (1823). The site as a whole is an excellent collection of material on the apparent ancestry of colonial immigrant James Blount of North Carolina.
     "This James (d. 1686) may well be the nephew ["my cozen James Blount one of the Sonnes of my late brother James Blount Esquire deceased"] referred to as "beyond the seas", in the 1655 PCC will of Charles Blount, gent., of Astley, Worcestershire. The Blounts of Astley are a traceable branch of the Blounts of Kinlet, Shropshire. If we accept the North Carolina James Blount's place in the Astley family (and its place below the Blounts of Kinlet), we can tease out royal descents via Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and elsewhere. This one is notable for having only one female link:

     Bertha/Bertrade 'au grand pied' (?) of Laon was born in 720 at Laon, Aisne, France; Genealogics says b. c 720; Wikipedia says b. 710-727.^1,6,3 She married Pepin III "The Short" (?) King of the Franks, son of Charles Martel "the Hammer" (?) King of the Franks and Chrotrud/Rotrou/Rotrude (?) of Austrasia, between 743 and 744
; Med Lands says m. 743/44.^2,3,7,1,8
Bertha/Bertrade 'au grand pied' (?) of Laon died on 12 July 783 at Choisy-au-Bac, Departement de l'Oise, Picardie, France (now); Genealogics says d. 12 Jun 783; Med Lands says d. aft 23 Jun 720.^2,9,6,1,10,3
Bertha/Bertrade 'au grand pied' (?) of Laon was buried after 17 July 783 at Basilique Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     726, Laon, Departement de l'Aisne, Picardie, France
     DEATH     12 Jun 783 (aged 56–57), Choisy-au-Bac, Departement de l'Oise, Picardie, France
     Frankish Queen. The daughter of Count Charibert de Laon and Gisele of Aquitaine, she was well educated and spoke Latin. She met Pippin in 741 and they fell in love, but he was already married to Princess Leutburga with whom he had five children. Another obstacle to their marriage was their close blood relationship. She lived by his side as his mistress for several years. After she gave birth to their first child, Charlemagne around 743, he convinced Leutburga to separate and retire to the monastery of Lorsch. Pippin married Berthe probably in 749. Pippin had succeeded his father Charles Martel as majordomos in 741 and ousted King Childeric III. from power in 751 and sent him also to a monastery. In the same year she gave birth to a second son, Carloman. A few months later the nobles of the kingdom elected him as King and soon after that he went to Narbonne to fight against the Saracen. She accompanied him on this and other campaigns. In later years the marriage became much cooler and they nearly separated. Only the intervention of the Pope prevented that. After Pippin's death in 768 she became more involved in the politics in her son's kingdoms. She mediated between Charles and his brother and they stopped fighting with each other. In 770 she traveled to Bavaria where she met her nephew Duke Tassilo. She lived for several years at Charles' court at Aachen. She later moved to the Abbey of Choisy sur Aisne where she spend the last decade of her life. It's not sure that she is buried in St. Denis as some say she might be buried in the Val de Meuse. Bio by: Lutetia
     Family Members
     Parents
          Charibert de Laon 690–747
          Gisele d'Aquitaine      Spouse
Photo     
          Pepin The Short 714–768
     Siblings
          V de Laon d'Herstal
          Gerberge de Laon 730 – unknown
     Children
          Bertbelle Martel de Vere
          Chrothias Carolingian
          Adelais Carolingian
          Charlemagne 742–814
          Carloman I 751–771
     BURIAL     Saint Denis Basilique, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Added: 2 Apr 2001
     Find A Grave Memorial 21069.¹⁰
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "PEPIN, son of CHARLES "Martel" & his first wife Chrothrudis ([715]-Saint-Denis 24 Sep 768, bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). Einhard names "Karlomannum…et Pippinum atque Grifonem" as the three sons of "Karlus maior domus" when recording the latter's death[1]. He succeeded his father as maior domus jointly with his brother Carloman. They deprived their half-brother Grifo of his inheritance and defeated him after he rebelled against them. In the division of territories agreed with his brother Carloman, Pépin governed Neustria, Burgundy, Provence, Metz and Trier. The brothers were faced with revolts in Frisia, Bavaria, Alemannia and Aquitaine. As a symbolic assertion of their authority, they nominated Childeric III as Merovingian king in 743. In 745, Pépin appropriated the province of Alemannia for himself. The Royal Frankish Annals record that Pepin deposed King Childeric III at Soissons in Nov 751, with approval from Pope Zacharius[2], and succeeded as PEPIN “le Bref” King of the Franks. He was anointed king at Saint-Denis 28 Jul 754 by Pope Stephen III [II], who had come to France to seek Pépin's help against the Lombards[3]. During his expedition to Italy the following year, Pépin obliged the Lombards to accept the independence of Rome, marking the beginning of the Papal State. He recaptured Narbonne from the Muslim invaders in [759], and finally conquered Aquitaine after the death of Duke Waifar in 768. The necrology of Prüm records the death "768 VIII Kal Oct" of "Pippinus vir illuster"[4]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "VIII Kal Oct" of "Pipinus rex"[5]. The necrology of Saint-Germain-des-Prés records the death 768 “VIII Kal Oct” of “Pippini regis”[6]. The Annales Metenses record the death "VIII Kal Oct" of "Pippinus" and his burial "in basilica beati Dionysii"[7]. His burial place is confirmed by the Annales Laurissenses which record that the body of "domna Berta regina" was transferred to "ecclesia sancti Dionysii martiris" next to her husband[8].
     "m ([743/44]) BERTRADA [Berta] "au Grand Pied", daughter of CHARIBERT Comte de Laon & his wife --- ([720]-Choisy-au-Bac, near Compiègne 12 Jul 783[9], bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). The Annales Laurissenses record the marriage in 749 of "Bertradem cognomine Bertam, Cariberti Laudunensis comitis filiam" and "Pippinus"[10]. "Pippinus rex Francorum" donated property to found Kloster Prüm by charter dated 13 Aug 762 which names "coniux mea Bertrada…genitor suus Heribertus"[11]. Pépin planned to divorce his wife, but was convinced otherwise by Pope Paul I in 762. After the death of her husband, she assumed a prominent role in government. She tried unsuccessfully to reconcile her two sons, meeting with Carloman at Seltz and also travelling to Italy in 770[12]. The Annales Fuldenses record that "Berhta regina" brought "filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum" back from Italy as the wife for "Karolo filio suo"[13]. The Annales Laurissenses record the death "783 IV Id Jul" of "domna Berta regina", her burial "in Cauciaco", and the subsequent transfer of her body to "ecclesia sancti Dionysii martiris" next to her husband[14]. The necrology of Argenteuil Priory records the death "IV Id Jul" of "Bertrada regina"[15]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolingians 2): “D5. Pipin III "the Short", Maiordomus in Neustria, Provence and Bourgogne (741-751), King of Franks (751-768), *Jupille 714, +St.Denis, Neustria 24.9.768; m.740 Bertrade/Bertha (*ca 720/730, +Choisy-au-Bac 12.7.783), dau.of Cte Charibert de Laon”.¹¹

; Per Genealogics:
     "Bertrada of Laon, also called Bertrada 'au grand pied' and Bertha Broadfoot, was born about 720 in Laon, in today's Aisne, France, the daughter of Heribert/Caribert of Laon. In 740 she married Pippin 'the Short', the son of Charles Martel, the Frankish Mayor of the Palace, although the union was not canonically sanctioned until several years later. Eleven years later, in 751, Pippin and Bertrada became King and Queen of the Franks, following Pippin's successful coup against the Frankish Merovingian monarchs.
     "Bertrada and Pippin are known to have had four children, three sons and one daughter; of these, Charles (Charlemagne), Carloman and Gisela survived to adulthood, while Pippin died in infancy. Charlemagne and Carloman would inherit the two halves of their father's kingdom when he died, and Gisela became a nun.
     "Bertrada lived at the court of her elder son Charles, and according to Einhard their relationship was excellent. She recommended that he marry his first wife Desiderata, a daughter of the Lombard king Desiderius, but he soon divorced her. Einhard claims that this was the only episode that ever strained relations between mother and son. Bertrada lived with Charlemagne until her death on 12 June 783. The king buried her with great honours in the Basilica of Saint Denis."¹

; This is the same person as ”Bertrada of Laon” at Wikipedia and as ”Bertrade de Laon” at Wikipédia (FR).^6,12

Reference: Genealogics cites: GAV-32 EDV-33 GKJ-34.

; Per Med Lands:
     "BERTRADA [Berta] "au Grand Pied" ([720]-Choisy-au-Bac, near Compiègne 12 Jun 783[605], bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). The Annales Laurissenses record the marriage in 749 of "Bertradem cognomine Bertam, Cariberti Laudunensis comitis filiam" and "Pippinus"[606]. "Pippinus rex Francorum" donated property to found Kloster Prüm by charter dated 13 Aug 762 which names "coniux mea Bertrada…genitor suus Heribertus"[607]. Pépin planned to divorce his wife, but was convinced otherwise by Pope Paul I in 762. After the death of her husband, Bertrada assumed a prominent role in government. She tried unsuccessfully to reconcile her two sons, meeting with Carloman at Seltz and also travelling to Italy in 770[608]. The necrology of Argenteuil Priory records the death "IV Id Jul" of "Bertrada regina"[609].
     "m ([743/44]) PEPIN maior domus, son of CHARLES "Martel" maior domus of Austrasia and Neustria [Carolingian] & his first wife Chrothrudis (715-Saint-Denis 24 Sep 768, bur église de l'abbaye royale de Saint Denis). He succeeded in 751 as PEPIN “le Bref” King of the Franks."
Med Lands cites:

     Marriage banns for Heribert/Caribert (?) Count of Laon were published; Per Med Lands:
     "CHARIBERT [Heribert] (-after 23 Jun 720). "Bertrada seu Berta et filius meus Chairibertus" donated property to Prüm by charter dated 23 Jun 720[603], although the charter is probably spurious as it predates the foundation of the abbey. The Monumenta Epternacensia record a donation by "Berta, filiis meis Chardradus et Harbertus"[604]. Comte de Laon.
     "m ---. The name of Charibert’s wife is not known."
Med Lands cites: He married Gisèle de Laon.⁷
Heribert/Caribert (?) Count of Laon was born circa 690 at Laon, Departement de l'Aisne, Picardie, France (now).^8,1
Heribert/Caribert (?) Count of Laon was buried after April 747 at Basilique Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     690, Laon, Departement de l'Aisne, Picardie, France
     DEATH     Apr 747 (aged 56–57), Laon, Departement de l'Aisne, Picardie, France
     Count of Laon. Charibert (also spelled Caribert and Heribert), Count of Laon, was the maternal grandfather of Charlemagne. He was the father of Charles's mother, Bertrada of Laon. Only his mother is known from contemporary records. In 721, Charibert signed, with his mother Bertrada of Prüm the foundation act of the Abbey of Prüm. The same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the Abbey of Echternach. By 744, his daughter Bertrada of Laon had married Pippin the Younger, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy and later king of the Franks. He died before 762, as stated in an act of his daughter and son-in-law. Wikipedia
     Family Members
     Parents
      Martin de Laon 647 – unknown
      Bertrade de Prum 670–721
     Spouse
      Gisele d'Aquitaine
     Siblings
      Chrodelinde de Laon d'Aquitaine d'Autun 695–742
     Children
      V de Laon d'Herstal
      Berthe de Laon 726–783
      Gerberge de Laon 730 – unknown
     BURIAL     Saint Denis Basilique, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
     Created by: Memerizion
     Added: 6 May 2015
     Find A Grave Memorial 146134947.⁸
Heribert/Caribert (?) Count of Laon died before 762 at Laon, Departement de l'Aisne, Picardie, France (now); Genealogics says d. bef 762; Med Lands says d. aft 23 June 720; Find A Grave says both d. Apr 747 and d. bef 762.^8,9,2
      ; This is the same person as ”Charibert of Laon” at Wikipedia and as ”Caribert de Laon” at Wikipédia (FR).^10,11

; Per Royaume Europe:
     "Charibertus secondus d? Laudunum, Caribert IIème de Laon il est né en 695 à Laon et décédé en avril 747 fils de Mart?nus d? Laudunum et de Bertrada Franc?cus
Il a le titre de :?sextus c?m?s d? Laudunum — VIème Comte de Laon
? — Ier Comte de Laon des Arnulfiens
     "Épouse une certaine Gisèle

; Per Genealogics: "Heribert (also spelled Caribert and Charibert), count of Laon, was the son of Bertrada 'the Elder', also known as Bertrada of Prüm. One source gives his father as Martin, count of Laon, but this is not authenticated. He was the father of Bertrada of Laon, the mother of Charlemagne. On 23 June 721, with his mother Bertrada of Prüm, he signed the foundation act of the Abbey of Prüm. The same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the Abbey of Echternach. In 744 his daughter Bertrada of Laon married Pippin 'the Short', mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy and later king of the Franks. Heribert died before 762, as stated in an act of his daughter and son-in-law.“.¹

Reference: Genealogics cites: Heribert/Caribert (?) Count of Laon was also known as Charibert (?) de Laon, Count of Laon.⁸ GAV-33 EDV-34 GKJ-35.

; Per Genealogics: "founded the Prum Monastery“.¹

     Hildegardis (?) of Swabia, Countess of Vinzgau, Queen of the Franks was born between 2 May 757 and 30 April 761 at Aachen (Aix La Chapelle), Stadtkreis Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; Genealogics says b. between 02 May 0757 and 30 Apr 0761; Wikipedia says b. c754; Royaume Europe says b. 4 May 758.
     Per The Henry Project:
     "In his epitaph of Hildegarde, Paul the Deacon states that Hildegarde was twelve years old (or in her twelfth year) at the time of her marriage, and that she died twelve years (or in the twelfth year) after her marriage:
     "The main question here is how the words alter ab undecimo ... annus should be interpreted. As has been often recognized, it appears to be modelled on a statement of Vergil ["alter ab undecimo tum me iam acceperat annus" Verg. Ecl. VIII, 39, as cited in Pike (1922)]. As J. B. Pike pointed out, alter means in this case "following" or "next to" [Pike (1922)], and thus alter ab undecimo should be interpreted "the next after eleven", or twelve. The next question is whether the reckoning is inclusive or exclusive, i.e., does it mean "in the twelfth year" or "after twelve full years" (i.e., in the thirteenth year)? Since Hildegard's death on 30 April 783 is well documented, interpreting as alter ab undecimo as "in the twelfth year" would place her marriage between 1 May 771 and 30 April 772, while interpreting it as "in the thirteenth year" would place the marriage between 1 May 770 and 30 April 771. The first interpretation would then place her birthdate between 2 May 759 and 30 April 761, while the second would put her birth between 2 May 757 and 30 April 759 (assuming that we use the same interpretation for both calculations). The latter interpretation is supported by a charter of Charlemagne dated 1 May 783, the day after his wife's death, in which he states that Hidegarde died in the thirteenth year of their marriage ["a. inc. 783 in die ascensionis dom., in cuius vigilia ipsa dulciss. coniux obiit, in a. XIII coniunctionis nostrae" BM2, 107 (#262)].
     "The picture is somewhat complicated by two additional considerations. The Annals of Lorsch state that Charlemagne's mother Bertha brought the daughter of Desiderius to Francia in 770 ["... et Berta adduxit filiam Desiserii in Francia" Ann. Lauresh., s.a. 770, MGH SS 1: 30], and Einhard states that Charlemagne repudiated this daughter after being married to her for a year, and then married Hildegarde ["Deinde cum matris hortatu filiam Desiderii, regis Langobardorum, duxisset uxorem, incertumqua de causa, post annum eam repudavit, et Hildegardem de gente Suavorum, praecipuae nobilitatis feminam, in matrimonium accepit..." Einhard, Vita Caroli, c. 18, MGH SS 2: 453]. This would appear to imply that the marriage of Charlemagne and Hildegarde did not take place until 771 at the earliest, but two later sources, apparently based on an unknown common earlier source, state that he repudiated the daughter of Desiderius immediately ["770. Karolus filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum, adducente Bertha matre sua, uxorem duxit, sed statim eam repudiavit." Hermann von Reichenau, Chron., s.a. 770, MGH SS 5: 100; "3. 770. Karolus filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum uxorem duxit et statim repudiavit." Chronicon Suevicum Universale, MGH SS 13: 63]. Abel and Simson correctly pointed out that Hermann and the Suevian chronicle have less authority that Einhard, and that the account in the Suevian chronicle could very well have been adapted from Einhard's account [Abel-Simson (1883-8), 1: 672]
     "The second complication is that there appears to be a record that mentions Hildegard's eldest child Charles the younger in July 771, ["Karolus gratia Dei rex Francorum vir i[N]luster... unde legitimo redebet mitio, sub sermone tuitionis nostrae vel immunitatis ipsius monasterii, vel mundeburdo filii nostri Karoli, qui causas ipsius abbatis vel monasterii sui habet in tuitione receptas... Data mens. jul. anno III [regni nostri]" Havet (1887), 226-7 (#11); Cart. S. Calais, 18 (#11)]. If accurate, this would imply that Hildegard was married in Fall 770 at the latest. Known from a copy made in 1709, this charter had been regarded as a forgery, but Havet argued that it was genuine [Havet (1887), 46-51]. Other than the late date of the copy, the charter had the suspicious feature that large parts of the charter had been taken verbatim from an earlier charter of Charlemagne's, father Pépin le Bref, which mentions the latter's son Charles (i.e., the future Charlemagne) in nearly identical wording "Pippinus rex Francorum vir inluster... unde legitimo redebet mitio, sub sermone tuitionis nostrae vel emunitatibus ipsius monasterii, vel mundeburdo illustris viri Karoli filii nostri, qui causas ipsius abbatis vel monasterii sui habet in tuitione recept[as... Data mens. jul. anno III [regni nostri]" Havet (1887), 223 (#9); Cart. S. Calais, 14-5 (#9); underlining emphasizes one place where word order has changed, and the other differences in the passage are denoted in bold face]. In addition, there is another charter mentioning the younger Charles, dated 17 November 779 (a date which causes no doubt, since the younger Charles was clearly born by that time) in which the corresponding passage appears in wording identical to the 771 charter [Havet (1887), 228 (#12); Cart. S. Calais, 19-20 (#12)]. Thus it would seem that, genuine or not, the two later charters used the earlier charter of Pépin as a model and that some of the wording was copied verbatim from that charter.
     "If we accept the obvious and reasonable hypothesis that in 770 Bertha was bringing the daughter of Desiderius back to Francia for the purpose of getting married, then the most straightforward interpretation of Einhard's statement would put the repudiation of this wife in 771, meaning that the elder Charles could not have married Hildegarde and had the younger Charles by July 771. Havet accepted the 771 charter as genuine, and concluded that Charlemagne married the daughter of Desiderius in Spring 770 and Hildegarde in Fall 770. More cautious, Abel and Simson concluded only that the evidence was insufficient to rule it out. The ranges of 757×9 for Hildegarde's birth and 770×1 for her marriage seem more likely, simply because the marriage of a girl slightly older than twelve is more likely than the marriage of one under twelve, supported by the above charter evidence, but the entire ranges of 2 May 757 × 30 April 761 for the birth and 1 May 770 × 30 April 772 for the marriage need to be considered as possible.“
(See the original article on The Henry Project for sources cited.)^6,10,2,5 She married Charlemagne (?) King of the Franks and Emperor of the West, son of Pepin III "The Short" (?) King of the Franks and Bertha/Bertrade 'au grand pied' (?) of Laon, on 30 April 771
;
His 2nd wife.^11,3,12,2,4
Hildegardis (?) of Swabia, Countess of Vinzgau, Queen of the Franks died on 30 April 783 at Thionville, Moselle, France.^{13,14,6,10,2,5}
Hildegardis (?) of Swabia, Countess of Vinzgau, Queen of the Franks was buried after 30 April 783 at Saint Arnoul Royal Abbey, Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     757, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
     DEATH     783 (aged 25–26), France
     Hildegard of Vinzgouw, Hildegarde Empress Of The West. She was the daughter of Gerold I Duke of Swabia, Count of Vinzgouw and Count in the Anglachau and Imma Duchess of Swabia. Granddaughter of Gerold Bishop of Mayence and Hnabi, Duke of Alamannia. Born about 757 and died in 783.
     Hildegard was the second wife of Charlemagne. They were married about 771, and had the following children:
     After her death, Charlemagne married a third wife, Fastrada. in 784, and had a fourth wife, Luitgard.
     Family Members
     Parents
          Gerold I von Vinzgau 725–799
          Emma von Alemannen 726–783
     Spouse
          Charlemagne 742–814
     Siblings
          Adrian d'Orleans unknown–820
          Gerold II In der Baar
          Ermentrude von Schwaben      Children
          Pepin Carolingian of Italy 773–810
          Louis I of the Franks 778–840
     BURIAL     Saint Arnoul Royal Abbey, Metz, Departement de la Moselle, Lorraine, France
     Maintained by: Anne Shurtleff Stevens
     Originally Created by: Jerry Ferren
     Added: 26 Jan 2012
     Find A Grave Memorial 84021764
     SPONSORED BY Billie Jasper.^15,5
     ; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolin 2): “E2. Charlemagne, *Ingelheim 2.4.742, +Aachen 28.1.814, King of Franks (754-814) -cr St.Denis 28.7.754, King of Lombards (774-814), Holy Roman Emperor (800-814) -cr Aachen 25.12.800; 1m: ca 768 Himiltude; 2m: 770 Desideria (+776), dau.of Didier, King of Lombards; 3m: Aix-la-Chapelle 771 Hildegarde of Vinzgau, daughter of Duke Gerold I and Imma (*757 +30.4.783); 4m: 783 Fastrada (+794), dau.of Rodolpho III, Ct of Franconia; 5m: 794 Luitgarde (+800); for his descendants see http://genealogy.euweb.cz/carolin/carolin1.html”.¹⁶
; Per Med Lands:
     "CHARLES, son of PEPIN "le Bref" King of the Franks & his wife Bertrada [Berta] "au Grand Pied" ([near Aix-la-Chapelle[57]] 2 Apr [747/48]-Aix-la-Chapelle 28 Jan 814, bur Aix-la-Chapelle, Chapelle Sainte-Marie). He is named first son of King Pépin and Bertrada in the Cartulaire of Saint-Bertin[58]. A calendar from Lorsch records the birth “IV Non Apr” of “Karoli imperatoris et semper augusti”[59]. The year of his birth is open to debate. The Annales Fuldenses record his death in 814 at the age of about 71[60], which would suggest [742/43] which is inconsistent with the suggested marriage date of his parents (see above). The Annalium Petavianorum Continuatio record the birth in 747 of “Karolus rex”[61]. Settipani suggests that this date should be considered “Old Style”. This assumes (1) that the Lorsch calendar correctly records the day of his birth, (2) that the order of entries for that year in the Annalium Petavianorum Continuatio is chronological (the preceding sentence records Carloman’s departure for Rome which is dated to after 15 Aug 747[62]), and (3) that 2 Apr 747 was Easter Sunday which he suggests would have been noted in sources if it had been the emperor’s date of birth[63]. It seems preferable to indicate [747/48] as Charles’s possible date of birth. The conjectures about Charles’s place of birth were discussed at length by Hahn in the mid-19th century[64]. At the coronation of his father in 754, Charles was also anointed by Pope Stephen III [II][65]. On the death of his father, he received the larger part of Austrasia, Neustria and western Aquitaine, succeeding as CHARLES I joint King of the Franks, jointly with his brother Carloman, and was crowned 9 Oct 768 at Noyon. He suppressed the revolt of Hunald in Aquitaine in 769, over which he quarrelled with his brother Carloman[66]. On the death of his brother in 771, he set aside the rights of his nephew and became sole king of the Franks. He defended the Pope against the Lombards, conquering their kingdom in 773. He is recorded in charters as having used the title "rex Francorum et Langobardorum" from 5 Jun 774, adding "atque patricius Romanorum" from 16 Jul 774[67]. He accepted the submission of Saxony at Paderborn in 777. During his campaign in Spain in 778, he captured Pamplona, while Zaragoza, Huesca, Barcelona and Girona swore allegiance to him. He had his sons crowned king of the Lombards and king of the Aquitainians by Pope Adrian I at Rome 15 Apr 781. He incorporated Bavaria and Carinthia into his kingdom in 787, followed by Thuringia, Hessen and Alemannia, by 797. He re-established Pope Leo III after the latter was ambushed by the Romans in 799, and was crowned CHARLES I “Charlemagne” Emperor of the Romans in St Peter's Rome 25 Dec 800, which the Pope justified technically on the basis of an alleged vacancy of the imperial throne, which could not be occupied by a woman, during the reign at Constantinople of Empress Eirene. At the assembly of Thionville 6 Feb 806, Emperor Charles decided the division of territories between his sons. Byzantine ambassadors from Emperor Mikhael I finally recognised Charlemagne as emperor (although not "Roman Emperor") at Aix-la-Chapelle in 812[68]. After the death of his two older sons, he crowned his son Louis as associate emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle 11 Sep 813. The necrology of Prüm records the death "814 V Kal Feb" of "Karolus imperator"[69]. The Annales Fuldenses record the death "814 V Kal Feb" of "Karolus imperator" at Aachen at the age of about 71[70]. The necrology of Saint-Germain-des-Prés records the death 814 “V Kal Feb” of “domni Karoli imperatoris”[71].
     "m firstly (769, repudiated [770/early 771]) --- of the Lombards, daughter of DESIDERIUS King of the Lombards & his wife Ansa ---. Einhard calls King Charles's first wife "filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum"[72]. The Annales Fuldenses record that "Berhta regina" brought "filiam Desiderii regis Langobardorum" back from Italy as the wife for "Karolo filio suo"[73]. Her husband sent her back to her father after repudiating her.
     "m secondly (Aix-la-Chapelle 771 before 30 Apr) HILDEGARD, daughter of GEROLD Graf im Kraichgau [Udalrichinger] & his wife Imma (758-Thionville, Moselle 30 Apr 783[74], bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul[75]). Einhard refers to Hildegard as "de gente Suavorum"[76]. Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names her "Hildigardam quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was the daughter of Imma[77]. The Annales Laurissenses record the death "783 pridie Kal Mai" of "Hildegardis regina" and her burial "iuxta urbem Mettensem in basilica apostolorum et beati Arnulfi"[78]. She died from the after effects of childbirth, according to the epitaph of her daughter Hildegard[79]. Paulus Diaconus wrote an epitaph to "Hildegardis regina"[80].
     "m thirdly (Worms Oct 783[81]) FASTRADA, daughter of RADULF Graf & his wife --- (-Frankfurt-am-Main 10 Oct 794, bur Mainz, St Alban[82]). The Annales Laurissenses record the marriage in 783 at Worms of King Charles and "domne Fastradæ regina"[83]. Einhard's Annals record the king's marriage in 783 to "filiam Radolfi comitis natione Francam, nomine Fastradam"[84]. Fastrada, wife of King Charles, is referred to as "de Orientalium Francorum, Germanorum videlicet" by Einhard[85]. Her cruelty triggered the revolt of her husband's illegitimate son Pépin "le Bossu" in 792[86]. The Annales Xantenses record the death in Frankfurt in 794 of "Fastrada regina"[87]. Einhard records the death in 794 of "Fastrada regina" at Frankfurt and her burial "Mogontiaci apud sanctum Albanum"[88]. Theodulf wrote the epitaph of "Fastradæ reginæ"[89].
     "m fourthly ([794/autumn 796]) LIUTGARD, daughter of --- (-Tours 4 Jun 800, bur Tours, église Saint-Martin[90]). Einhard names "Liudgardam Alamannam" as King Charles's fourth wife, specifying that she died childless[91]. Angilbert's poem Ad Pippinum Italiæ regum names "Liutgardis" as the wife of King Charles[92]. The Annales Laurissenses Continuatio records the death "II Non Iun 800" at Tours of "domnæ Liutgardæ coniugis" and her burial at Tours[93].
     "Mistress (1): HIMILTRUD, daughter of ---. "Himiltrude nobili puella" is named mother of "Pippinum" in the Gesta Mettensium[94].
     "Mistress (2): ---. Einhard refers to "Ruodhaidem" as the daughter of King Charles and an unnamed concubine[95].
     "Mistress (3): [MADELGARD] , daughter of ---. Settipani names Madelgardis as the mistress of King Charles, and mother of Rothildis abbess of Faremoutiers[96]. However, he cites no primary source on which this is based, apart from a reference to an early 9th century list of nuns at Faremoutiers which includes the name. No reference has been found to her in any of the sources so far consulted.
     "Mistress (4): GERSWINDA, daughter of ---. Einhard names King Charles's concubine "Gersuindam Saxonici generis", and her daughter Adaltrud[97].
     "Mistress (5): REGINA, daughter of ---. 800. Einhard names King Charles's concubine "Reginam", and her sons "Drogonem et Hugum"[98].
     "Mistress (6): ADELINDIS, daughter of ---. 806. Einhard names King Charles's concubine "Adallindem", and her son "Theodricum"[99]."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Genealogics: "Hildegardis was born between 2 May 757 and 30 April 761, the daughter of Gerold I, Graf in Kraichgau und Vintzgau, and his wife Imma/Emma, the daughter of Nebi, duke of The Allemans, count in the Linzgau. On 30 April 771 Hildegardis became the second wife of the future Emperor Charlemagne, son of Pippin 'the Short', king of the Franks, and his wife Bertrada. They had nine children, of whom Pippin I, Louis I, Rotrud and Bertha would have progeny. Hildegardis died on 30 April 783."⁶

; Per The Henry Project: “(2) m. 1 May 770 × 30 April 772, Hildegarde, d. in Saxony, 30 April 783, daughter of count Gerold, and a descendant of the Alamannian duke Gottfried. For the date of the marriage, see the page of Hildegarde.”.¹⁷ GAV-31 EDV-32 GKJ-33.

; This is the same person as ”Hildegard of the Vinzgau” at Wikipedia, as ”Hildegarde de Vintzgau” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Hildegard (Frau Karls des Großen)” at Wikipedia (DE).


This is also the same person as ”Hildegarde” at The Henry Project.^10,18,19,5 Hildegardis (?) of Swabia, Countess of Vinzgau, Queen of the Franks was also known as Hildegard (?) of the Vinzgau.¹⁰

; Per Med Lands:
     "HILDEGARD (758-Thionville, Moselle 30 Apr 783, bur Metz, église abbatiale de Saint-Arnoul). Einhard refers to Hildegard as "de gente Suavorum"[773]. Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names her "Hildigardam quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was the daughter of Imma[774]. The Annales Laurissenses record the death "783 pridie Kal Mai" of "Hildegardis regina" and her burial "iuxta urbem Mettensem in basilica apostolorum et beati Arnulfi"[775]. She died from the after effects of childbirth, according to the epitaph of her daughter Hildegarde[776]. Paulus Diaconus wrote an epitaph to "Hildegardis regina"[777].
     "m (Aix-la-Chapelle 771 before 30 Apr) as his second wife, CHARLES I King of the Franks, son of PEPIN "le Bref" King of the Franks & his wife Bertrada [Berta] "au Grand Pied" ([near Aix-la-Chapelle] 2 Apr [747/48]-Aix-la-Chapelle 28 Jan 814, bur Aix-la-Chapelle, Chapelle Sainte-Marie). He was crowned CHARLES I “Charlemagne” Emperor of the Romans in 800."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Royaume Europe:
     “Hildegardis d? Vintzgau, Hildegarde de Vintzgau, Hildegard von Anglachgau née le 4 mai 758 à Aachen et décédée le 30 avril 783 à Thionville. Épouse avant le 30 avril 783 Carolus pr?mus d? Franciæ né le 2 avril 748 et décédé le 28 janvier 814 à Aachen fils de Pippinus tert?us d? Franciæ et de Bertradis d? Laudunum“.² She was Queen of the Franks between 771 and 783.¹⁰

     Gerold/Geroud I (?) Graf in Kraichgau, Vintzgau was born circa 720 at Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (now).^3,1 He married Imma/Emma (?) of Allemania, daughter of Nebi (?) Duke of Alemannia, Count in the Linzgau and Hereswinde (?), in 749.^1,4,5,6,7,8

Gerold/Geroud I (?) Graf in Kraichgau, Vintzgau died between 784 and 786 at Germany (now); Wikipedia says d. 799; Genealogcs says d. bef 786; Med Lands says d. aft 1 Jul 784.^9,1,3,6
Gerold/Geroud I (?) Graf in Kraichgau, Vintzgau was buried between 784 and 786 at Kloster Lorsch, Lorsch, Kreis Bergstraße, Hesse, Germany; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     725, Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
     DEATH     799 (aged 73–74), Germany
     Gerold of Vinzgau (also Vintzgouw or Anglachgau). Count of Vinzgau, Duke of Swabia, Count in the Anglachau. Was a count in Kraichgau and Anglachgau. His daughter married King Charlemagne in 771. In 784 generous donations to the monastery of Lorsch by Gerold and Emma are recorded.
     Family Members
     Parents
          Lantfrid II von Alemannen 704 – unknown
          Germiude von Schwaben 700 – unknown
     Spouse
          Emma von Alemannen 726–783
     Children
          Adrian d'Orleans unknown–820
          Gerold II In der Baar
          Ermentrude von Schwaben
          Hildegarde de Vintzgau Herstal 757–783
     BURIAL     Lorsch Abbey, Lorsch, Kreis Bergstraße, Hessen, Germany
     Created by: Memerizion
     Added: 8 May 2015
     Find A Grave Memorial 146206323
     SPONSORED BY Christian H. F. Riley.³
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "IMMA . "Imma" daughter of "Nebe" is named by Thegan[31]. Her marriage is suggested by Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris which names "Hildigardam [wife of Charles I King of the Franks] quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was Imma's daughter[32]. "Geroldus comes et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Creichgowe in villa Ziuternheim et in Odenheim" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 30 Jun 779[33]. "Geroldus et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Wormat. in Eichinen et Mettenheim…" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 1 Jul 784[34]. The Annales Alamannici record the death in 798 of "Imma"[35].
     "m GEROLD Graf im Kraichgau [Udalrichinger], son of ---."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Weis: "Emma, b. 735, d. abt. 788, m. Gerold of Swabia, d. abt. 795. Count in Linzgau and Prefect in Bavaria."⁸ GAV-32 EDV-33 GKJ-34.

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; This is the same person as ”Gerold of Vinzgau” at Wikipedia, as ”Gérold Ier de Vintzgau” at Wikipédia (FR), and as ”Gerold von Anglachgau” at Wikipedia (IT).^9,2,10

; Per Genealogics: "Gerold, born about 720, was a count in the Kraichgau and Vintzgau. About 749 he married Imma/Emma, the daughter of Nebi, duke of The Allemans, count in the Linzgau, and his wife Herswinde/Hersuinda. They had several children, of whom Hadrian, Ulrich I and Hildegardis are recorded with progeny, the latter marrying Emperor Charlemagne in 771. Through Ulrich I, Gerold is reckoned as the founder of the family of the Udalrichings. In 784 generous donations to the monastery of Lorsch by Gerold and Emma are recorded. Gerold died between 786 and 789."¹ Gerold/Geroud I (?) Graf in Kraichgau, Vintzgau was also known as Gérard comte en Vintzgau.⁵ Gerold/Geroud I (?) Graf in Kraichgau, Vintzgau was also known as Gerold I Graf in Kraichgau, Vintzgau.¹

; Per Racines et Histoire (Angoulême): "Gérard comte en Vintzgau ép. Imma d’Alémanie."⁵

; Per Med Lands:
     "GEROLD [I] (-after 1 Jul 784). Graf im Kraichgau: "Geroldus comes et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Creichgowe in villa Ziuternheim et in Odenheim" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 30 Jun 779[737]. "Geroldus comes" donated property "in loco…Stainbura" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 1 Jul 779[738]. "Geroldus et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Wormat. in Eichinen et Mettenheim…" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 1 Jul 784[739].
     "m IMMA, daughter of NEBE [Hnabi] Duke of Alemannia & his wife Hereswint --- (-798). "Imma" daughter of "Nebe" is named by Thegan[740]. Her marriage is suggested by Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris which names "Hildigardam [wife of Charles I King of the Franks] quæ erat de cognatione Gotefridi ducis Alamannorum" and specifies that she was Imma's daughter[741]. "Geroldus comes et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Creichgowe in villa Ziuternheim et in Odenheim" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 30 Jun 779[742]. "Geroldus et conjux mea Imma" donated property "in pago Wormat. in Eichinen et Mettenheim…" to Kloster Lorsch by charter dated 1 Jul 784[743]. The Annales Alamannici record the death in 798 of "Imma"[744]."
Med Lands cites:

     Nebi-Houching (?) Duke of Alemannia was born circa 660; Find A Grave says b. 675; Genealogics says b. ca 660.^1,6
Nebi-Houching (?) Duke of Alemannia died in 727; Find A Grave and Wikipedia (DE) say d. 744; Genealogics says d. 727.^1,6,7
     Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Weis: "Houching, b. abt. 675, Count in alamania."⁸

; This is the same person as ”Huoching” at Wikipedia and as ”Huoching” at Wikipedia (DE).^9,7

; Per Med Lands:
     "HUOCHING . Thegan's Vita Hludowici Imperatoris names "Gotefridus dux" as father of "Huochingus"[25]. m ---. The name of Huoching's wife is not known."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogics: "Parents possibly Gottfried of the Allemans & (Regentrude) of Bavaria."¹ Nebi-Houching (?) Duke of Alemannia was also known as Huoching (?) von Alemannen.⁶ GAV-34 EDV-35 GKJ-36.

     GodefroyGodfried (?) Duke of Alemannia was born circa 630.¹ He married Regentrude(?) (?) of Bavaria, daughter of Theodo II/V (?) Duke of Bavaria and Regintrude/Folchaid (?), in 657.^3,1,4

GodefroyGodfried (?) Duke of Alemannia died between 708 and 709; Genealogics says d. ca 708/709; Weis and Med Lands say d. 709.^5,6,2
      ; This is the same person as ”Gotfrid” at Wikipedia and as ”Gotfrid” at Wikipedia (DE).^7,4 GAV-35 EDV-36.

Reference: Genealogics cites: GodefroyGodfried (?) Duke of Alemannia was also known as Gotfrid (?) Duke of Alemannia.⁴ GodefroyGodfried (?) Duke of Alemannia was also known as Gotfrid AGilolfing.⁸

; Per Med Lands:
     "GOTTFRIED (-709). Duke of Alemannia. "Godafridus dux" donated "Biberburg um vicum ad Neccarum" to the monastery of St Gallen by charter dated 708[15]. The Annales Alammanici record the death of "Gotefrid" in 709[16]. The Annales Sangallenses Maiores record the death in 709 of "Cotefredus dux"[17].
     "m ---. The name of Gottfried's wife is not known."
Med Lands cites: He was living between 679 and 708; "seen in 679."⁹ He was Herzog von Alemannen
See attached map of Central Europe in the later 5th century (from Wikipedia: Von XPosition - Eigenes Werk, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26490167) between 687 and 709.^10,5

     Theodo II/V (?) Duke of Bavaria married Regintrude/Folchaid (?) circa 664.^6,4,7
Theodo II/V (?) Duke of Bavaria was born before 665; Wikipedia says b. ca 625; Wikipeda (DE) says d. "vor 665"; Royaume Europe says b. 640.^8,6,7
Theodo II/V (?) Duke of Bavaria died on 11 December 718; Med Lands says d. 11 Dec 718; Wikipedia says d. "11 December c. 716"; Wikipeda (DE) says d. "15. Oktober um 717"; Royaume Europe says d. 716 or 11 Dec 718.^1,6,8,7
      ; Per Royaume Europe (Duché de Bavière): "Theodos quartus d? Bavariæ, Theodon IVème de Bavière, Theodon vierter von Bayern il est né en 625 et décédé le 11 décembre 718 à Ratisbonne fils de Theodos tert?us d? Bavariæ et de Régintrudis Franc?cus
     "Il est le :?— quintus Dux d? Bavariæ en 680?— fünfter Herzog von Bayern
     "— Vème Duc de Bavière « Agilolfingiens »
     "Épouse vers 664 Folchaïde von Salzburg née vers 645 et décédée avant 678 fille de Chrodobert derde van Terwaan et de Théodrata van Terwaan."⁴ GAV-37 EDV-37 GKJ-38.

; Per Med Lands:
     "THEODO, son of --- (-11 Dec 718). THEODO V Duke of Bavaria. The mid-13th century Series Ducum Bavariæ lists, in order, the dukes from 514 as Theodo "dux primus"…Theodebertus, Theodo IV "qui cum filiis sanctum Corbiniacum locavit Frisinge"…[58]. The Annales Ducum Bavariæ record that "Theodo dux" led Bavaria in 712, specifying that he and his son Grimoald placed "sanctum Corbinatium in castro Frisinge"[59]. The Salzburg Annals record that "Theodo dux Bawarie" attacked Rome in 716, and died in 718[60]. The Historia Episcoporum Pataviensium et Ducum Bavariæ records the death in 718 of "Theodo dux"[61]. The necrology of Nonnberg records the death "3 Id Dec" of "Theodo dux"[62].
     "m [FOLCHAID, daughter of ---]. A listing of Dukes of Bavaria in the necrology of Salzburg St Peter names "Folchaid" next to "Theoto", other similar paired entries in the same source being shown to refer to husband and wife[63]."
Med Lands cites: He was Herzog von Bayern between 680 and 717 at Bavaria (Bayern), Germany (now).⁸

     Regintrude/Folchaid (?) was born circa 645.³ She married Theodo II/V (?) Duke of Bavaria, son of Fara (?), circa 664.^2,4,3

Regintrude/Folchaid (?) died before 678.³
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "THEODO, son of --- (-11 Dec 718). THEODO V Duke of Bavaria. The mid-13th century Series Ducum Bavariæ lists, in order, the dukes from 514 as Theodo "dux primus"…Theodebertus, Theodo IV "qui cum filiis sanctum Corbiniacum locavit Frisinge"…[58]. The Annales Ducum Bavariæ record that "Theodo dux" led Bavaria in 712, specifying that he and his son Grimoald placed "sanctum Corbinatium in castro Frisinge"[59]. The Salzburg Annals record that "Theodo dux Bawarie" attacked Rome in 716, and died in 718[60]. The Historia Episcoporum Pataviensium et Ducum Bavariæ records the death in 718 of "Theodo dux"[61]. The necrology of Nonnberg records the death "3 Id Dec" of "Theodo dux"[62].
     "m [FOLCHAID, daughter of ---]. A listing of Dukes of Bavaria in the necrology of Salzburg St Peter names "Folchaid" next to "Theoto", other similar paired entries in the same source being shown to refer to husband and wife[63]."
Med Lands cites: Regintrude/Folchaid (?) was also known as Folchaïde von Salzburg.³

; Per Wikipedia: "According to the Renaissance historians Ladislaus Sunthaym (c.1440–1512/13) and Johannes Aventinus (1477–1534), Theodo married Regintrud, possibly a daughter of King Dagobert I of Austrasia. However, the Verbrüderungsbuch codex of St Peter's Abbey, Salzburg only mentions one Folchaid, probably a daughter of the Robertian count Theutacar in Wormsgau."² GAV-37 EDV-37 GKJ-38.

; Per Genealogics: "she is not the daughter of Dagobert I.⁵'

     Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks married Wulfegundis/Wulfegunde (?)
;
His 3rd/4th wife. Married polygamously.^8,2,6,9 Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks married Bertechildis/Berthilde (?)
;
His 4th/5th wife; married polygamously.^2,6,10,9 Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks was born between 608 and 610; Genealogy.EU (Merove 2) says b. 606; Genealogics ysays b. 608/610; Find A Grave says b. 603; Med Lands says b. 610/611; Geneagraphie says b. 602.^3,11,6,2,9 He married Gomatrudis/Gometrude (?) Queen of the Franks, daughter of unknown (?), in 626
;
His 1st/2nd wife. Med Lands says m. Clichy or Reuilly 626, repudiated [629/30]; Geneagraphie says m. 625.^12,3,2,6,9 Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks and Gomatrudis/Gometrude (?) Queen of the Franks were divorced between 629 and 630.⁶ Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks married Ragnetrude (?) des Ardennes, daughter of Brunulphe (?) des Ardennes and Clotilde (?) d’Ostrogothie, in 630
;
His 1st wife per Genealogics; his mistress per Med Lands; His 2nd wife per Geneagraphie.^13,3,2,6,9 Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks married Nantechildis/Nantilda (?) Queen of the Franks in 631
;
His 2nd/3rd wife.^14,3,2,6,9
Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks died on 19 January 639; Genealogy.EU Merove 2 page says d. Nov 639; Leo van de Pas says d. 19 Jan 639.^3,11,2,6,9
Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks was buried after 19 January 639 at Basilique Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France (now); From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     603
     DEATH     19 Jan 639 (aged 35–36)
     King of France. Reigned from 628 to 637.
     Family Members
     Parents
      Chlothar II King Of The Franks 584–629
      Beretrude de Bourgogne 586–618
     Spouse
      Nanthild of Austrasia
     Siblings
      Charibert II of the Franks
     Children
      Sigebert III King Of Austrasia
      King Clovis II 635–657
     BURIAL     Saint Denis Basilique, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Added: 2 Apr 2001
     Find A Grave Memorial 21066.^15,11,6
     He and Saint Arnulf (Arnould) (?) Bishop of Metz were Maiordomus of Dagobert I of Austrasia.¹⁶ GAV-37 EDV-37 GKJ-38.

; This is the same person as:
”Dagobert I” at Wikipedia and as
”Dagobert Ier” at Wikipédia (Fr.)^17,18

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Genealogics:
     “In 622 he became king of Austrasia and in 629 of all the Frankish lands. He secured peace by making a friendship treaty with the Byzantine Emperor, Heraclius, by defeating the Gascons and the Bretons, then campaigning against the Slavs on his eastern frontier.
     “In 631 he sent an army to Spain to help the Visigothic usurper, Swinthila. He moved his capital from Austrasia to Paris, a central location from which the kingdom could be governed more effectively.
     “He then appeased the Austrasians by making his three-year-old son, Sigebert, their king in 634. Dagobert loved justice but was also greedy and dissolute. During his reign there was a revival of the arts, a revision of the Frankish law, and encouragement for learning. Dagobert founded the first great abbey of Saint Denis to which he made many gifts.
     “His chief advisers were two Austrasian aristocrats, Arnulf, bishop of Metz, and Pippin, who was made mayor of Dagobert's palace. It was a marriage arranged between Arnulf's son and Pippin's daughter that was to form the powerful dynasty known later as the Carolingians. (Encyclopaedia Britannica)”.²

; Per Enc. of World History: "Dagobert (Lothair's son), the last strong ruler of the Merovingian house, made wide dynastic alliances and found wise advisers in Bishop Arnulf and Pepin of Landen. His firm rule led to a revolt. Under the rois fainéants(lazy, “do-nothing kings,” who were rulers in name only) following Dagobert, the mayors of the palace emerged from a menial position to take a dominant role in the government both in Austrasia and Neustria."¹

; Per Geneagraphie: "Roi d' Austrasie 623-18/10/629, puis roi des Francs 18/10/629-16/01/639
* King of Austrasia 623- 639
* King of Neustria and Bourgogne 629 - 639
* King of the Franks 632-639;
     "Dagobert, the eldest son of Chlotar II and Bertrude, received the kingdom of Austrasia from his father in 623 A.D, under the control of Bishop Arnoul of Metz. When Chlotar II died in 629 A.D, Dagobert I received Neustria and Burgundy, leaving Aquitaine for his brother, Caribert II. When Caribert died in 632 AD, Dagobert reunited the Frankish kingdom and took Paris as its capital. He was the last great Merovingian king, imposing his authority on the aristocracy and attracting talented counsellors such as Ely or Didier. He defeated the Basques, Bretons, Visigoths and Lombards but failed to quell the Slavs and he signed a peace treaty with the Byzantine Emperor, Heraklius, in 631 AD. He received the full backing of the Catholic Church for he continued to convert pagans and create or extend numerous monasteries (e.g. Saint-Denis). In 634 AD, he appointed his son, Sigebert III, King of Austrasia; this shows a certain push for independence on the part of the Austrasian people. Then, before his death, he took steps to organise his succession by giving Neustria and Burgundy to his other son, Clovis II. It was during his reign that two families were united - the family of Pepin, Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia, and the family of Bishop Arnoul of Metz who founded the Carolingian dynasty.“.⁹

; Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians 2): “B2. [2m.] Dagobert I, *606, +XI.639, bur Saint-Denis, King of Austrasia (629-634), Paris, Orléans, Bourgogne, Soissons and all the Land of Franks (629-639), King of Aquitaine (631-639); 1m: 626 Gometrude (reputiated); 2m: 629 Nantilde N (+642); 3m: 630 Ragnetrude N”.¹⁹

; Per Med Lands:
     "DAGOBERT, son of CLOTAIRE II King of the Franks & his second wife Beretrudis [Bertrada or Berthe] ([610/11-Saint-Denis 19 Jan 639, bur église abbatiale de Saint-Denis). The Gesta Dagoberti names "Dagobertus" as son of "Chlotharius filius Chilperici…ex Bertedrude regina"[382]. His father appointed him as DAGOBERT I King of the Franks in Austrasia in 623, under pressure from the Austrasian aristocracy to have their own king. He was educated by Pépin de Landen, maior domus in Austrasia, and Arnoul Bishop of Metz. He succeeded his father in 629, was able to confine the government of his half-brother to the south-west of France, and even acquired this land on his half-brother's death in 631, establishing himself as sole king of the Franks based in Paris. Under pressure once again from the Austrasians for their own king, Dagobert appointed his son Sigebert to rule as king of Austrasia at Metz in [633/34]. Bede records that Æthelberg Queen of Northumbria sent her two children "in Galliam" to her friend "regi Daegberecto" after she fled to France following the death of her husband King Eadwine in battle in 633[383]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum records the death of "rex Daygobertus" from a fever at "Spinogilo villa in paygo Parisiacense urbis" and his burial "in basilica beati Dionisii martyris"[384]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XIV Kal Feb" of "Dagoberti regis Francorum, ecclesie Beati Dyonisii incliti fundatoris"[385]. Fredegar records his death from dysentery in the 16th year of his reign and his burial place[386].
     "m firstly (Clichy or Reuilly 626, repudiated [629/30]) GOMATRUDIS, sister of Queen SICHILDIS[387], daughter of ---. Fredegar records the marriage in Clichy of "germanam Sichieldæ regini nomen Gometrudæ" in the 42nd year of the reign of King Clotaire II, in a later passage reording that they marriage took place in Reuilly[388]. The Gesta Dagoberti records the marriage of King Dagobert to "germanam Sichildis reginæ Gomatrudem" in the 42nd year of the reign of his father[389]. According to Fredegar, her husband left her at Reuilly where he had married her[390]. The Gesta Dagoberti records that King Dagobert left Gomatrudis at "Romiliaco villa" because she was sterile[391].
     "m secondly ([629/30]) NANTECHILDIS, sister of LANDEGISEL, landowner in Limousin, daughter of --- (-[645]). According to Fredegar, Nantechildis was "a maiden of the bed-chamber" whom the king made queen[392]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum names "regina sua [=Dagoberti rex] Nanthilde de genere Saxonorum"[393]. The Gesta Dagoberti records the death of "germanus Nanthildis regina…Landegiselus" and his burial at Saint-Denis[394]. According to Fredegar, the king on his deathbed commended "his Queen Nantechildis and Clovis his son" to Aega[395]. She acted as regent for her son jointly with maior domus Aega[396]. After the death of the latter, Queen Nantechildis retained control. "Chlodovius rex Francorum" names "genitoris nostri Dagobercthi regis…genetrix nostra domna Nantechilda", the latter also subscribing the document, in his donation of property to the abbey of St Denis dated to [645][397]. Fredegar records that she appointed Flaochad as maior domus in Burgundy, and died later the same year[398].
     "[m] thirdly (polygamously) WULFEGUNDIS, daughter of ---. "Vulfefundis" is named as one of the three queens of King Dagobert by Fredegar who says the king "surrendered himself to limitless debauchery, having three queens and mistresses beyond number"[399]. This implies that the king's third and fourth marriages were polygamous, which is apparently confirmed by Queen Nantechildis still being queen when Dagobert died[400].
     "m fourthly (polygamously) BERTECHILDIS, daughter of ---. "Berchildis" is named as one of the three queens of King Dagobert by Fredegar[401].
     "Mistress (1): (630) RAGINTRUDIS, daughter of ---. Fredegar records the marriage of King Dagobert in the eighth year of his reign to "puella nomen Ragnetrudæ" and the birth of "filium…Sigybertum" in the same year[402]. "
Med Lands cites: Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks was King of Austrasia between 623 and 628.²⁰ He was King of all Franks
See the attached map of the kingdom of the Franks in 628 (from Wikipedia Par Romain0 — Travail personnel sur un fond de carte de historicair : Image:Blank map of Gaul 1st century BC.svg. D'après Paul Vidal de La Blache, Gaule sous Dagobert (628) Image:Frankish kingdoms in 628.jpg, Atlas général d'histoire et de géographie (1894)., Domaine public, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10037989) between 629 and 639.^20,3,21

     Ragnetrude (?) des Ardennes was born between 600 and 608.² She married Dagobert I (?) King of Austraisa, King of the Franks, son of Clothaire/Chlothachar II "Le Jeune, Le Grand" (?) King of the Franks and Beretrudis/Beretrude (?) de Bourgogne, in 630
;
His 1st wife per Genealogics; his mistress per Med Lands; His 2nd wife per Geneagraphie.^1,3,4,5,6
Ragnetrude (?) des Ardennes died in 634.²
     ; Per Genealogy.EU (Merovingians 2): “B2. [2m.] Dagobert I, *606, +XI.639, bur Saint-Denis, King of Austrasia (629-634), Paris, Orléans, Bourgogne, Soissons and all the Land of Franks (629-639), King of Aquitaine (631-639); 1m: 626 Gometrude (reputiated); 2m: 629 Nantilde N (+642); 3m: 630 Ragnetrude N”.⁷
; Per Med Lands:
     "DAGOBERT, son of CLOTAIRE II King of the Franks & his second wife Beretrudis [Bertrada or Berthe] ([610/11-Saint-Denis 19 Jan 639, bur église abbatiale de Saint-Denis). The Gesta Dagoberti names "Dagobertus" as son of "Chlotharius filius Chilperici…ex Bertedrude regina"[382]. His father appointed him as DAGOBERT I King of the Franks in Austrasia in 623, under pressure from the Austrasian aristocracy to have their own king. He was educated by Pépin de Landen, maior domus in Austrasia, and Arnoul Bishop of Metz. He succeeded his father in 629, was able to confine the government of his half-brother to the south-west of France, and even acquired this land on his half-brother's death in 631, establishing himself as sole king of the Franks based in Paris. Under pressure once again from the Austrasians for their own king, Dagobert appointed his son Sigebert to rule as king of Austrasia at Metz in [633/34]. Bede records that Æthelberg Queen of Northumbria sent her two children "in Galliam" to her friend "regi Daegberecto" after she fled to France following the death of her husband King Eadwine in battle in 633[383]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum records the death of "rex Daygobertus" from a fever at "Spinogilo villa in paygo Parisiacense urbis" and his burial "in basilica beati Dionisii martyris"[384]. The necrology of the abbey of Saint-Denis records the death "XIV Kal Feb" of "Dagoberti regis Francorum, ecclesie Beati Dyonisii incliti fundatoris"[385]. Fredegar records his death from dysentery in the 16th year of his reign and his burial place[386].
     "m firstly (Clichy or Reuilly 626, repudiated [629/30]) GOMATRUDIS, sister of Queen SICHILDIS[387], daughter of ---. Fredegar records the marriage in Clichy of "germanam Sichieldæ regini nomen Gometrudæ" in the 42nd year of the reign of King Clotaire II, in a later passage reording that they marriage took place in Reuilly[388]. The Gesta Dagoberti records the marriage of King Dagobert to "germanam Sichildis reginæ Gomatrudem" in the 42nd year of the reign of his father[389]. According to Fredegar, her husband left her at Reuilly where he had married her[390]. The Gesta Dagoberti records that King Dagobert left Gomatrudis at "Romiliaco villa" because she was sterile[391].
     "m secondly ([629/30]) NANTECHILDIS, sister of LANDEGISEL, landowner in Limousin, daughter of --- (-[645]). According to Fredegar, Nantechildis was "a maiden of the bed-chamber" whom the king made queen[392]. The Liber Historiæ Francorum names "regina sua [=Dagoberti rex] Nanthilde de genere Saxonorum"[393]. The Gesta Dagoberti records the death of "germanus Nanthildis regina…Landegiselus" and his burial at Saint-Denis[394]. According to Fredegar, the king on his deathbed commended "his Queen Nantechildis and Clovis his son" to Aega[395]. She acted as regent for her son jointly with maior domus Aega[396]. After the death of the latter, Queen Nantechildis retained control. "Chlodovius rex Francorum" names "genitoris nostri Dagobercthi regis…genetrix nostra domna Nantechilda", the latter also subscribing the document, in his donation of property to the abbey of St Denis dated to [645][397]. Fredegar records that she appointed Flaochad as maior domus in Burgundy, and died later the same year[398].
     "[m] thirdly (polygamously) WULFEGUNDIS, daughter of ---. "Vulfefundis" is named as one of the three queens of King Dagobert by Fredegar who says the king "surrendered himself to limitless debauchery, having three queens and mistresses beyond number"[399]. This implies that the king's third and fourth marriages were polygamous, which is apparently confirmed by Queen Nantechildis still being queen when Dagobert died[400].
     "m fourthly (polygamously) BERTECHILDIS, daughter of ---. "Berchildis" is named as one of the three queens of King Dagobert by Fredegar[401].
     "Mistress (1): (630) RAGINTRUDIS, daughter of ---. Fredegar records the marriage of King Dagobert in the eighth year of his reign to "puella nomen Ragnetrudæ" and the birth of "filium…Sigybertum" in the same year[402]. "
Med Lands cites: Ragnetrude (?) des Ardennes was also known as Ragnetrude (?) of Austrasia.⁸

Reference: Genealogics cites: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, 4 volumes, Marburg, 1953, 1975., W. K. Prinz von Isenburg, Reference: I 1.⁹

     Aethelwulf (?) King of Wessex was born circa 795; probably in the court of Charlemagne; Genealogy.EU (Cerdic 1 page) says b. 795/810.^8,4,5 He married Unknown (?) circa 820
;
His 1st wife.⁹ Aethelwulf (?) King of Wessex married Osburh/Osburga (?), daughter of Oslac (?) of Hampshire, the Royal Cup Bearer, of the Isle of Wight, circa 830
;
His 2nd wife.^8,4,5 Aethelwulf (?) King of Wessex married Judith (?) de France, daughter of Charles II "The Bald" (?) King of West Franks, King of Aquitaine, Holy Roman Emperor and ErmentrudeErmengardeHermintrudis (?) of Orleans, on 1 October 856 at Verberie-sur-Oise, France,
;
His 3rd wife.^{10,8,11,3,12,5,9,13,14,15}
Aethelwulf (?) King of Wessex was buried circa January 858 at Steyning, co. Sussex, England.⁸
Aethelwulf (?) King of Wessex died on 13 January 858 at England.^16,1,4,5
Aethelwulf (?) King of Wessex was buried after 13 January 858 at Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, City of Winchester, co. Hampshire, England; From Find A Grave:
     BIRTH     806
     DEATH     13 Jan 858 (aged 51–52)
     Wessex Monarch. Born the son of Egberht, King of Wessex and Rudberga. Alternate name spelling is Aethelwulf. He served as Sub-king of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey between 825 and 828. About 830 he married Osburga of Hampshire with whom he had at least seven children. He succeeded to the title of King of Wessex in February 839 upon the death of his father. He continued wars against invading Danes until 851 when an alliance with Mercia secured a victory over the Danish at Aclea. He betrothed his daughter to King Burgred of Mercia in 853 and in 855 made a pilgrimage to Rome. He donated gold chalices and silver candelabras to the clergy at St. Peter's Basilica. Upon his return in 856 he married for a second time to Judith, daughter of Charles I of France and changed the status of English Queens. Before his reign, queens in England did not hold an official title, however, due to his new wife's status as a descendent of Charlemagne she was officially made his queen. Following his return to England, his oldest surviving son, Ethelbald conspired to oppose Ethelwulf's resumption of his throne, the pair, however, reached an understanding in which Ethelbald was given western Wessex, while Ethelwulf kept central and eastern Wessex. He died two years later and was succeeded by Ethelbald. During the English civil war, Parliamentarian soldiers violated his grave and smashed the windows of the cathedral with the bones from the royal graves. With the restoration of the monarchy, the scattered bones were gathered up and placed in the present mortuary chests. Bio by: Iola
     Family Members
     Parents
          Egbert 755–839
     Spouses
          Judith de France 844–870
          Osburh Queen Consort Of Wessex
     Children
          Ethelbald 834–860
          Ethelbert, King of Kent 836–866
          Ethelred I of Wessex 844–871
          Alfred the Great 849–899
     BURIAL     Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, City of Winchester, Hampshire, England
     Maintained by: Find A Grave
     Added: 4 Mar 2000
     Find A Grave Memorial 8720.^4,17
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "JUDITH ([844]-after 870). The Genealogica Arnulfi Comitis names (in order) "Iudith et Hildegardim, Hirmintrudim et Gislam" as the four daughters of "Karolus imperator…ex Hyrmentrudi regina", specifying that she married "Balduinus comes"[250]. The Annales Bertiniani record the betrothal in Jul 856 of "Iudith filiam Karli regis" and "Edilvulf rex occidentalium Anglorum" after the latter returned from Rome and their marriage "Kal Oct in Vermaria palatio", during which "Ingmaro Durocortori Remorum episcopo" set a queen's diadem on her head[251]. Her first husband placed her "by his own side on the regal throne", contrary to normal practice in the kingdom of Wessex[252]. The Annales Bertiniani record the marriage of "Iudit reginam" and "Adalboldus filius eius [=Edilvulf regis]" in 858 after the death of her first husband[253]. Asser records that when King Æthelwulf was dead, his son Æthelbald married Judith daughter of Charles king of the Franks "contrary to God's prohibition and the dignity of a Christian, contrary also to the custom of all the pagans…and drew down much infamy upon himself"[254]. The Annales Bertiniani record that Judith returned to her father after the death of her second husband, lived at Senlis "sub tuitione paterna", and from there was abducted by "Balduinum comitem" with the consent of her brother Louis, her father consenting to the marriage the following year[255]. Flodoard names "Balduini comitis et Iudita…Karoli regis filia, Edilvulfo regi Anglorum qui et Edelboldus in matrimonium"[256].
     "m firstly (Verberie-sur-Oise, near Senlis 1 Oct 856) as his [second/third] wife, ÆTHELWULF King of Wessex, son of ECGBERT King of Wessex & his wife Redburga --- ([795/800]-13 Jan 858, bur Winchester).
     "m secondly (858) ÆTHELBALD King of Wessex, son of ÆTHELWULF King of Wessex & his [second] wife Osburga --- (-20 Dec 860, bur Sherborne).
     "m thirdly (Auxerre 13 Dec 862) BAUDOUIN I Count of Flanders, son of ODACRE [Audacer/Odoscer] Graf van Harlebeek & his wife --- ([837/840]-Arras 879, bur Abbaye de Saint-Bertin near Saint-Omer)."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Genealogy.EU (Carolingian 1): “C1. [1m.] Pss Judith, *843/844, +after 870; 1m: Verberie sur Oise 1.10.856 King Aethlwulf of Wessex (*ca 806 +17.6.857); 2m: 858 King Aethebald of Wessex (+20.12.860); 3m: 862 Ct Baldwin I of Flanders (*ca 837/840, +879)”.¹⁸ GAV-31 EDV-32 GKJ-31.

Reference: Genealogics cites:

; Per Genealogics:
     "Aethelwulf was born about 795, the elder son of Egbert of Wessex, king of England. He conquered Kent on behalf of his father in 825. Thereafter he was styled king of Kent until he succeeded his father as king of Wessex in 839, whereupon he became king of Wessex, Kent, Cornwall, the West Saxons and the East Saxons. He was crowned at Kingston upon Thames.
     "The most notable and commonly used primary source about Aethewulf is the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle._ The Chronicle makes reference to a few influential battles in which Aethelwulf took part. In 840 he fought at Carhampton against thirty-five ship companies of Danes, whose raids had increased considerably. His most notable victory came in 851 at 'Acleah', probably Ockley or Oakley in Surrey. Here Aethelwulf and his son Aethelbald fought against the heathens, and according to the Chronicle it was 'the greatest slaughter of heathen host ever made.' Around 853 Aethelwulf and his son-in-law Burgred, king of Mercia, defeated Cyngen ap Cadell of Wales and made the Welsh subject to him. The Chronicle depicts more battles throughout the years, mostly against invading pirates and Danes. This was an era in European history when nations were being invaded by many different groups; there were Saracens in the south, Magyars in the east, Moors in the west, and Vikings in the north. Before Aethelwulf's death, raiders had wintered on the Isle of Sheppey, and pillaged at will in East Anglia. Over the course of the next twenty years the struggles of his sons were to be 'ceaseless, heroic, and largely futile.'
     "In 839 Aethelwulf succeeded his father Egbert as king. Egbert had been a grizzled veteran who had fought for survival since his youth. Aelthelwulf had a worrying style of kingship. Having come naturally to the throne of Wessex, he proved to be intensely religious, cursed with little political sense and too many able and ambitious sons. One of the first acts of Aethelwulf as king was to split the kingdom. He gave the eastern half, covering Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex, to his eldest son Athelstan. Aethelwulf kept the ancient, western side of Wessex (Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset and Devon) for himself. Aethelwulf and his first wife Osburh, daughter of the earldorman Oslac, had five sons and a daughter. After Athelstan came Aethelbald, Aethelbert, Aethelred and Alfred. Each of his sons succeeded to the throne, but only Aethelred and Alfred would have progeny. Alfred, the youngest, has been praised as one of the greatest kings to ever reign in Britain. Aethelwulf's only daughter Aethelswith was married as a child to the king of Mercia.
     "Religion was always an important area in Aethelwulf's life. As early as the first year of his reign he had planned a pilgrimage to Rome. Due to the ongoing and increasing raids he felt the need to appeal to the Christian God for help.
     "In 853 Aelthelwulf sent his son Alfred, a child of about four years, to Rome. In 855, about a year after his wife Osburh's death, Aethelwulf followed Alfred to Rome. There he was generous with his wealth, distributing gold to the clergy of St. Peter's. During the return journey in 856 he married Judith, a Frankish princess and great-granddaughter of Charlemagne. She was about twelve years old, the daughter of Charles 'the Bald', king of the West Franks.
     "On their return to England in 856 Aethelwulf met with an acute crisis. His eldest surviving son Aethelbald (Athelstan had since died) had devised a conspiracy with the ealdorman of Somerset and the bishop of Sherborne to oppose Aethelwulf's resumption of the kingship. There was enough support for Aethelwulf to either have a civil war or to banish Aethelbald and his fellow conspirators. Instead Aethelwulf yielded Wessex proper to his son, and accepted Surrey, Sussex and Essex for himself. He ruled there until his death on 13 January 858. The family quarrel, had it been allowed to continue, could have ruined the House of Egbert.
     "That the king should have consented to treat with his rebellious son, to refer the compromise to a meeting of Saxon nobles, to moderate the pugnacity of his own supporters, and to resign the rule over the more important half of his dominions, is testimony to Aethelwulf's character and Christian spirit.
     "Aethelwulf's restoration included a special concession on behalf of Saxon queens. The West Saxons previously did not allow the queen to sit next to the king. In fact they were not referred to as a queen, but merely the 'wife of the king'. This restriction was lifted for Queen Judith, probably because she was a high ranking European princess.
     "Aethelwulf was first buried at Steyning, and then later transferred to the Old Minster in Winchester. His remains lie in one of several mortuary chests in Winchester Cathedral."⁵ Aethelwulf (?) King of Wessex was also known as Ethelwulf (?)¹⁹

; Per Genealogy.EU: "Ethelwulf, King of Wessex (839-855)+(857-858), King of Essex, Sussex & Kent (839-58), *ca 795/810, +13.1.858, bur Winchester Cathedral;
     1m: ca 830 Osburga (+852/5), dau.of Oslac of Hampshire or the Isle of Wight;
     2m: Verberie-sur-Oise, France 1/15.10.856 Judith of Franks (*843/444, +after 870); all issue from 1m."²⁰

; Per Weis: "Aethelwulf (1-13), King of Wessex (England), 839-858, d. 13 Jan 858; m 1) Osburh, dau. of Oslac."²¹

; Per Med Lands:
     ""ÆTHELWULF, son of ECGBERHT King of Wessex & his wife Redburga --- ([795/810]-13 Jan 858, bur Winchester Cathedral). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle names Æthelwulf as son of Ecgberht[1486]. Kirby suggests[1487] that Æthelwulf could have been born as late as 810, although this would not be consistent with the supposed date of his father's marriage and is unlikely to be correct if Æthelstan (see below) was King Æthelwulf's son. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 825 "Egbert king of Wessex…sent his son Æthelwulf…and Wulfheard his ealdorman to Kent with a great force" where they expelled King Baldred[1488]. "Æthelwulfi regis filii mei" was co-grantor of land at Canterbury to "Ciaba clericus" with "Ægberhtus rex occidentalium Saxonum" by charter dated 836[1489]. "Æthelwulf rex Cancie" was co-grantor of land in Kent with "Egberthus rex occident Saxonum pater meus" by charters dated [833/39] and 838 respectively[1490]. Under-King of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey 825-839. He succeeded his father in 839 as ÆTHELWULF King of Wessex, crowned [later in 839] at Kingston-upon-Thames. Danish raids intensified during his reign. Great damage was done in Lindsey, East Anglia and Kent in 841, and Southampton was plundered in 842. Before 850, King Æthelwulf had settled the ancient dispute with Mercia about the lands to the west of the middle Thames by transferring Berkshire from Mercia to Wessex[1491]. He defeated a large Danish army south of the Thames at Aclea in 851 after it had stormed Canterbury and London and driven Burghred King of Mercia to flight[1492]. King Æthelwulf made a pilgrimage to Rome in 855, leaving the government in the hands of his son Æthelbald. At the request of Pope Benedict III, he made a public distribution of gold and silver to the clergy, leading men of Rome and the people[1493]. William of Malmesbury records that Æthelbald rebelled against his father during his absence and, after returning, King Æthelwulf abdicated part of his realm in Wessex in favour of his son to avoid civil war, continuing to rule in the other part of Wessex, Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex[1494]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the death of King Æthelwulf two years after returning from Rome and his burial at Winchester[1495].
     "[m] [firstly] ([815/20]) ---. There is no direct proof of this supposed first marriage. However, the likely birth date of King Æthelwulf's son Æthelstan suggests a substantial age difference with his brothers, indicating that he was probably not born from the same mother.
     "m [secondly] ([830/33]) OSBURGA, daughter of OSLAC Ealdorman of the Isle of Wight & his wife --- (-[852/55]). Asser names "Osburga…daughter of Oslac the famous butler of King Æthelwulf…a Goth by nation" as the mother of King Alfred, specifying that her father was descended from "the Goths and Jutes…namely of Stuf and Whitgar two brothers…who…received possession of the Isle of Wight from their uncle King Cerdic"[1496]. She is named as mother of King Alfred by Roger of Hoveden, who also names her father, specifying that he was "pincerna regis"[1497].
     "m [thirdly] ([Verberie-sur-Oise] 1 Oct 856) as her first husband, JUDITH of the Franks, daughter of CHARLES II "le Chauve" King of the West Franks & his first wife Ermentrudis [d’Orléans] ([844]-after 870). The Annales Bertiniani record the betrothal in Jul 856 of "Iudith filiam Karli regis" and "Edilvulf rex occidentalium Anglorum" after the latter returned from Rome and their marriage "Kal Oct in Vermaria palatio", during which "Ingmaro Durocortori Remorum episcopo" set a queen's diadem on her head[1498]. She and her father are named by Roger of Hoveden when he records her marriage to King Æthelwulf[1499]. Her husband placed her "by his own side on the regal throne", contrary to normal practice according to Asser, who also says that the subservient position previously given to the queen was adopted in Wessex after the reign of King Beorhtric because of the unpopular influence of his queen Eadburh of Mercia[1500]. Queen Judith married secondly ([858/59]) her stepson, Æthelbald King of Wessex. The Annales Bertiniani record the marriage of "Iudit reginam" and "Adalboldus filius eius [=Edilvulf regis]" in 858 after the death of her first husband[1501]. She eloped with her future third husband, Baudouin I Count of Flanders, around Christmas 861 and married him at Auxerre end-863. The Annales Bertiniani record that Judith returned to her father after the death of her second husband, lived at Senlis "sub tuitione paterna", and from there was abducted by "Balduinum comitem" with the consent of her brother Louis, her father consenting to the marriage the following year[1502]. Flodoard names "Balduini comitis et Iudita…Karoli regis filia, Edilvulfo regi Anglorum qui et Edelboldus in matrimonium"[1503].
     "[Mistress (1): ---. The uncertain nature of the precise relationship of King Æthelberht to the royal family is explained below, one of the possibilities being that he was an illegitimate son of King Æthelwulf by an unknown concubine.]
Medieval Lands cites:
For further information: He was King of Wessex:
     Per Ashley [1998:3167]: "ATHELWOLF Kent, 825-839, 856-858; Wessex, July(?) 839-855. Born: France (probably the court of Charlemagne, Aachen), c795; Died: 13 January 858, aged about 62. Buried: Steyning (Sussex) but later moved to Winchester Cathedral. Married: (1) c830, Osburh (died c852), dau. Oslac of Hampshire: 5 children; (2) 1 October 856 at Verberie-sur-Oise, France, Judith (c843-post 879), dau. Charles the Bald, king of the Franks: no children. Athelwolf was the son of EGBERT, whose subjugation of most of England from 825 onward became the foundation of the future kingdom of England. Although usually listed amongst the kings of England, Athelwolf remained king of Wessex only. These territories incorporated Sussex, Kent and Essex, which Athelwolf had conquered on his father's behalf in 825 and of which Athelwolf was duly appointed sub-king. Athelwolf appointed his brother (or son) ATHELSTAN as sub-king of these territories when he became king of Wessex. However, Athelwolf did not directly rule East Anglia, Mercia or Northumbria, all of which had their own kings who acknowledged Athelwolf as their overlord. Athelwolf's direct ascent to the throne of Wessex was a rare event in the West Saxon kingdom. Over the past three centuries the kingdom had passed either to the next most appropriate local chieftain as confirmed by the council or witan or, in a few cases, by conquest. Wessex had been a fairly loose knit confederacy of smaller kingdoms, and succession did not pass directly from father to son. Egbert's rigorous readministration of the kingdom had ensured his eldest son would inherit and that there would not be the inter-dynastic squabbling that had weakened other kingdoms. The ability to appoint younger sons to sub-kingdoms helped this process. Elsewhere the leading chieftain of the shire became the ealdorman, a position of considerable privilege second only to the king. In Athelwolf's time we find that the ealdormen became of major importance in helping defend the kingdom from the Danes, whose raids increased considerably during the 840s. Athelwolf or his ealdormen succeeded in defeating the Danes on almost every occasion. The raids reached a peak in the years 850/1 when there were three assaults spread across the south. The sequence may not be as the ASC records, but it suggests that first an army landed in Devon which was defeated by the local ealdorman. A further army arrived off the Kent coast near Sandwich, where Athelstan and his ealdormen fought a sea battle, defeating the Danes and capturing nine of their ships. The Danes spent that winter in Thanet. Then, early in 851, a major force arrived in over three hundred ships which sailed up the Thames and attacked inland. It first defeated BEORHTWULF of Mercia and then turned its attention south of the Thames, where it met Athelwolf and his son ATHELBALD at a place called Acleah, somewhere in Surrey (usually associated with Ockley, though not all authorities agree). If the number of ships is correct (and not miscopied as 350 instead of 35) then the Danish force must have numbered nearly 10,000 men. The ASC notes that this was the greatest slaughter of the Danes that was known up to that time and was evidently a significant battle.
     "A few years of peace followed, and we may imagine that after the battle of Acleah Athelwolf had agreed some form of peace arrangement with the Danes, or that they sought easier places of conquest. The following year (852) Beorhtwulf of Mercia died, and a new king, BURGRED, appeared. He was almost certainly a vassal of Athelwolf's, possibly even one of his ealdormen. At Easter 853, Burgred married Athelwolf's daughter Athelswith, and later that year Athelwolf aided Burgred in his battle against the Welsh where they subjected CYNGEN AP CADELL to a major defeat.
     "Athelwolf's life was soon after tinged with sadness as his wife died, probably at the end of 853 or early 854. By all accounts Athelwolf loved her deeply. The character of this king is somewhat perplexing. Many of the chroniclers recorded his bravery in battle, and there is no reason to doubt that he was anything other than courageous; but he was a very religious man and from his youth had apparently been devoted to the church. He probably accepted his role as king as a consequence of his heritage and his role in battle as a necessary evil, but there is no reason to assume he relished fighting. In 855, even though it is recorded that the Danes had wintered in Sheppey in Kent, and thus still represented a threat, Athelwolf abdicated the throne. He first donated a tenth of his estate to the church, a measure that was bound to endear him to later chroniclers, and then set off on a pilgrimage to Rome with his youngest son ALFRED. He left the government of England to his two eldest sons, Athelbald and ATHELBERT, supported ably by his council of ealdormen. He must have been convinced that he had left England in safe hands. He was himself now approaching sixty and would have been too old to fight. The ASC records that he spent a year in Rome and on his return spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, king of the Franks, whose daughter Judith he married. This was clearly a political alliance as Judith was no more than thirteen, but it had its repercussions. At the ceremony, the officiating archbishop, Hincmar of Rheims, placed a crown upon Judith's head, thereby making her a queen. This position had been outlawed by the West Saxons sixty years earlier because of the wickedness of BEORHTRIC's wife Eadburh. It may have been this action that alienated the ealdormen of Wessex for when Athelwolf returned to England later that year (856) he was welcomed but they would not accept him as king. This has been described as a civil war, but it is unlikely to have been that destructive. Athelwolf almost certainly did not want the rigours of kingship, and was quite happy to retire to Sussex as the sub-king of the Kent, Sussex and Essex territories. He died there some eighteen months later." between 839 and 856.^16,1,8